外文翻译-液力变矩器增矩原理与构造

TorqueConverterprinciplesandstructurebymoment1）TheformoftorqueconverterandcharacteristicsTorqueconverterfluidastheworkingmediumisanon-rigidtorquevariableConverterisonetypeofhydraulictransmission.orqueconverterhasexcellentfeatures,automaticadaptive,variablespeed,goodGoodlowspeedperformanceandstability,vibrationisolation,andnomechanicalwear,istheothertransmissionelementPiecesofirreplaceable.Aftercenturiesofdevelopment,continuousexpansionoftheapplicationoftorqueconverterLarge,fromautomobiles,engineeringmachinerytothepetroleum,chemical,mining,metallurgyandmachinery,andotherareasHasbeenwidelyused.Torqueconverterflowfieldtheory,designandmanufacturing,realTestingandotherresearchwork,inrecentyears,hasalsobeenrapiddevelopment.AbroadhaveGenerallythehydraulictransmissionforcars,buses,luxurybuses,heavy-dutygasCars,sometractorsandconstructionmachinery.Thewidelyusedtorqueconverterarethefollowingforms:(1)GeneralWorkingthroughthreeroundsofclosedtypehydraulictorqueconverter.Simplestructure,startingandlowspeedvehiclesExercise,themainadvantageoftheincreasedtorqueperformancetorqueconverter,shiftwhentheuseoftorqueconverterBuffercapacity,high-speedtorqueconverterlockwillmakefulluseofefficientmechanicaltransmissionPerformance;(2)Multi-wheeltorqueconverterwork.MainlyforapplicationsthatrequirehighstartingtorqueConstructionmachineryandvehicles,andtheneedformoretorqueconverteronthemechanicalconditionsofwork;(3)guidevanetorqueconverter.Whentheloadrequiredfortwo-waymovement,onthedynamicperformanceWithaconstantspeedorconstantforcerequirementsandotherspecialtractioncharacteristics,withatorqueconvertermustbeHasanadjustablefeedbackcontrolfunctions,anddynamicindicatorsmeetcertainRequirements.Mainapplicationareas,withspecialtractionrequirementsofthevariousmilitaryandcivilmachinery,Suchasairrefuelinghosereeldragaroundmachinery,activeandpassivetwo-waymovementConstantloadtestInspectionmachinery,largefixedelevatormachinery,landorshipbasedaroundthemechanicaldragofunderwaterobjectsEtc.;(4)abrakehydraulictorqueconvertertraction.Towingcapacity,whileensuring,Fulluseofthedecelerationtorqueconverterperformance.RussiadevelopedaslightCitedabrakehydraulictorqueconverter.2）TheconstructionofhydraulictorqueconverterTorqueconvertertotheliquidasthemedium,increasedfromtheenginetransmissionandTorque.Bytherotatingtorqueconverterpumpandturbinewheel,andstationaryThreecomponents,theguidewheel.Thepiecesofaluminumalloycasting,orstampingandweldingsteelplateMade.Pumpwheelandthetorqueconvertershellintoone.Boltedtotheflywheel,turboThroughthedrivenshaftandthetransmissionsystemconnectedtothepiece.Afteralltheworkroundtheassembly,theformationofCircularringofcircularcrosssectionbody.Ithasaclosedworkingchamber,theliquidinthecavityCirculation,inwhichthepumpwheel,turbineandguiderollers,andtheinputshaft,outputshaftandshellAssociatedbodies.Powergraspinternalcombustionengine,electricmotor,etc.)drivetheinputshaftrotates,theliquidBodyturnsoutfromthecentrifugalpump,inturnthroughtheturbine,andthenreturnpumpidlerpulleywheel,WeekRebeginningtocirculate.Axisofimpellermechanicalenergyinputpassedtotheliquid.High-speedLiquiddriveaturbinerotation,theenergytotheoutputshaft.BythetorqueconverterfluidInteractionofangularmomentumandleavesthechangeoftorquetransmission.TorqueconverterDifferentfromthecouplingofthemainfeaturesisthatithasafixedguidewheel.GuidewheelDiversioneffectoftheliquidsothatthetorqueconverteroutputtorquecanbehigherorlowerthantheinputTorque,whichiscalledtorqueconverter.Andmomentcoefficientswiththeoutputspeedrises.TorqueconverterinputshaftandoutputshaftbythefluidbetweenthecontactamongthecomponentsdonotworkArigidconnection.Torqueconverterischaracterizedby:toeliminateshockandvibration,overloadProtectionperformanceandgoodstartingperformance;theoutputshaftspeedcanbegreaterthanorlessthantheinputshaftSpeed,thespeeddifferencebetweenthetwoaxeswiththesizeofthedifferenttransfertorque;haveagoodself-Dynamicspeedperformance,loadincreasesoutputspeedautomaticdecline,andviceversaautomaticallyincreased;Powermachinetoensureastableworkarea,thebasicloadtransientswillnotbereflectedTothepowermachineon.Torqueconverterefficiencyinthevicinityofthehigherratedoperatingconditions.ImpellerisTorqueconvertercore.Thetypeandarrangementofitslocationandshapeofleaves,Decisionontheroleoftheperformanceoftorqueconverter.SomehavetwoormorehydraulictorqueconverterTurbo,idlerpulleyorpumpwheel,soastogetdifferentperformance.Themostcommonisbeingtransferred,Single-stage(onlyoneturbine)torqueconverter.PerformanceofbothconverterandcouplerCharacteristicsofintegrated-typetorqueconverteras,forexample,canbefixedguidewheelcanalsobewithWiththerotatingimpellertorqueconverter.Totorqueconvertertoworkproperly,toavoidTheavoidanceofcavitationandensureheatdissipation,needsomeauxiliaryfuelsystemsupplypressureSystemandcoolingsystem.3）ThetorqueconverterworksTorqueconverterequipmentcurrentlyusedwidelyusedbythepumpwheel,turbineandguideRoundconsistingofthreecomponentsofasingle-stagetwo-phaseintegratedtorqueconverterLockup.PumpwheelandthevortexArebasin-shapedwheel.Evenwiththetorqueconverterimpellerhousingasoneoftheactivedevice;vortexWheelssuspendedinthetorqueconverter,throughthesplinedoutputshaftconnectedtoaslavedevice;guideSuspendedinthepumpwheelandturbinewheelbetweentheaxlethroughone-wayclutchandtheguidesleevefixedInthetransmissionhousing.Afterstartingtheengine,crankshaftdrivenpumpwheelrotation,thecentrifugalforcegeneratedbyrotationThepumpwheelbladesalongthebladebetweentheworkingfluidfromtheinnertotheouteredgethrown;thisdivisionAsaliquidpumpwithbothwheelsturntogetherwiththepark'ssub-circumferentialspeed,butalsotowardthevortexWheelspeedoftheaxialpoints.Theimpactoftheworkingfluidturbineblade,turbineandpumpdrivethedirectionofwheelrotationDivision.WorkingfluidflowfromtheturbinespeedcanbeseenastheworkingliquidfortheturbineSub-surfaceflowspeedoftheturbineturntogetherwiththesub-speedsynthesis.WhenthevortexComparisonofhoursofwheelspeed,theworkingfluidflowingfromtheturbineisbackward,theimpactoftheworkingfluidFrontguidewheelblades.Becausetheguidewheelislimitedtoone-wayclutchcannotturnback,Soguidewheelbladeswillguidetheworkingfluidflowsbacktomoveforwardpumpblades,Forthepumpwheelrotation,sothatthetorqueactingontheturbineincreases.Astheturbinespeedincreases,subspeedbigger,whentheturbinebladesurfaceflowPointsoutwiththeturbinespeedandthespeedwiththevelocityofrotationstartingpointsthatguidewheelThebackoftheblade,thetorqueconvertertoreachthecriticalpoint.WhentheturbinespeedtofurtherincreaseTheworkingsolutionwillimpactthebackofguidewheelblades.BecauseonewayclutchallowsguideForwardtogetherwiththepumpwheelwheelrotation,sotheworkingfluid,drivenalongtheguidepulleywheelpumpFreerotationdirectionofrotation,theworkingfluidbacktothepumpwheelsmoothly.WhentheflowfromtheturbineJustoutoftheworkingfluidexittorollerbladeinthesamedirection,thetorqueconverterdoesnotproduceBytorsion(wherethetorqueconverterfluidcouplingconditioniscalledcondition)oOne-wayclutchesarecommonlyusedone-wayrollerclutchandwedgetwo.Whentheone-wayclutchouterseatwithintheseatrelativetothedirectionofrotationtoanouterSeatandwasstuckbetweentheseatrefusestomove;whentheoutsiderelativetotheseattoanotherseatwithinAdirectionofrotation,theouterseatringcanrotaterelativetotheseat.PassedbytheworkingfluidtorqueconvertertorquetransmissionefficiencythanmechanicaltransmissionRateislow.Setinthetorqueconverterclutchlock,youcanhigh-speedconditionsLockthepumpwheelandturbinetogethertoachieveadirecttransferpowertoenhancethetransmissiontorqueconverterDynamicefficiency.Lockthetorqueconverterclutchinfrontoftheturbine,bylockingthepiston,reducingVibratingplateandtheturbinedriveboardcomposition.AutomaticlockingclutchinthehydrauliccontrolsystemUnderthecontrolofenergyattherighttimetolockswitch.4）IncreasingofthetorqueconverterprinciplemomentsGeneral,thevehicleatlowspeeds,theneedtoincreasethetorque,thepumpwheelpassRedwizardflowturbinewheel,idlerpulleyanddriventowardtheturbineflowagain,soVortexWheeltorquehasbeenincreased.Asthespeedincreases,theguidepulleydrivenflowagainTheimpactofchangesintheangleoftheturbine,theturbinetorquearesmallerincrease.Finally,theimpactofTheflowguidewheelguidewheelofthenegativeimpact,one-wayrotatingguidewheel,nolongerplayedbyAddthefunctionoftorque.Specifically,beforethecarstarted,theturbinespeedis0,theenginethroughtheTorqueconverterpumphousingdrivenwheelrotation,andthehydraulicoilwithasizeofMpoftorque,thetorqueisthetorqueconverterinputtorque.HydraulicoilpumpWheelblades,driventoacertainspeedtowardtheedgeofthebladeontheturbine,onthevortexRoundofanimpacttorque,thetorqueisthetorqueconverteroutputtorque.ThistimeTurbinestationaryandintotheturbineofthehydraulicoilflowalongtheturbinebladeundertheedgeofthevortexRoundtheloweredgeofacertainspeed,alongwiththeexitoftheturbinebladeundertheedgeofthesamesideGuidetotheredwheel,alsoproducedaguidewheelontheimpactoftorque,andalongthestationaryguideBackintotheimpellerwheelblades.Whenthehydraulicoilontheturbineandtheguidewheeltorqueanimpact,TurbineandtheguidewheelhydraulicoilalsoproducesatorqueofequalsizeandshockdirectionMtandoppositereactiontorqueMs,whereMtthedirectionofthedirectionandphaseMpInstead,thedirectionofMsandMpthesamedirection.AccordingtotheforcebalanceoftheoriginalhydraulicoilManagement,available:Mt=Mp+Ms.Sincethereactionturbineofthehydraulicoil,torqueMtAndtheimpactofhydraulicoilontheturbinetorque,equalandopposite.SoweknowthatTorqueconverteroutputtorqueisnumericallyequaltotheinputtorqueandtheguidewheelofthehydraulicAndthereactiontorqueoftheoil.Obviouslythetorqueisgreaterthantheinputtorque,thesolutionPowerconverterwithincreasedtorqueeffect.IncreasingtorqueconverteroutputtorqueIsthestationarypartoftheguidewheelhydraulicoilcirculatingtheroleoftorque,Itsvaluedependsnotonlyonredwizardfromtheturbinewheelflowrate,alsodependsonthesolutionFlowdirectionandtheanglebetweentheguidewheelblades.Whentheflowrateisconstant,leavesandThelargertheanglebetweenflow,reactiontorqueisalsogreater,increasingtorsiontorqueconverterThegreater.Thisisthetorqueconverterbymomenttheory.5)Thedevelopmentofmanufacturingmethodsoftorqueconverterstatus.Themanufactureofhydraulictorqueconverter,withtheformandstructureofthetorqueconvertershouldbeVarytogether.Themanufactureoftheimpellercanbedividedintotwocategories:assemblyOverallcastingstyle.Theformerimpellerinner,outerandgoldleafwereusedStampingormillingfromthesystem,then,bywelding,rivetingway,thethree-partgroupCompleteimpeller,themethodislowcost,single-piece,precisionandflowchannelTheadvantagesofhighsurfaceroughness,butthetoolingcosts.Whichtheimpellerinnerring,outerringFilmdirectlyfromthediecastingintoone,typicallyaluminumcastings.AccordingtotheformationofflowCoreofthesystemoflawisdifferentfromtheworkofthewholeroundofthecastingmethodisdividedintocorelawandCoremethod,suitableforacurvedsurfaceshapeoftheleafthicknessandnotsoManufacturing.Accordingtodifferentmaterialstoformthemoldcavity,theworkofthecastingwheelCanbedividedintosandcastingandmetalcasting.Metaltype,gypsumcoreCastingaluminumimpellertorqueconverterproductionmethodstoimprovecastingSurfaceroughnesstoensuredimensionalaccuracy,andcancastthebladerootofthefillet.Implementationofcomponents(suchashydrauliccylindersandhydraulicmotors)whichisthepressureoftheliquidcanbeconvertedtomechanicalenergytodrivetheloadforastraightlinereciprocatingmovementorrotationalmovement.Controlcomponents(thatis,thevarioushydraulicvalves)inthehydraulicsystemtocontrolandregulatethepressureofliquid,flowrateanddirection.Accordingtothedifferentcontrolfunctions,hydraulicpressurecontrolvalvecanbedividedintovalves,flowcontrolvalvesanddirectionalcontrolvalve.Pressurecontrolvalvesaredividedintobenefitsflowvalve(safetyvalve),pressurereliefvalve,sequencevalve,pressurerelays,etc.;flowcontrolvalvesincludingthrottle,adjustingthevalves,flowdiversionvalvesets,etc.;directionalcontrolvalveincludesaone-wayvalve,one-wayfluidcontrolvalve,shuttlevalve,valveandsoon.Underthecontrolofdifferentways,canbedividedintothehydraulicvalvecontrolswitchvalve,controlvalveandsetthevalueoftheratiocontrolvalve.Auxiliarycomponents,includingfueltanks,oilfilters,tubingandpipejoints,seals,pressuregauge,oillevel,suchasoildollars.Hydraulicoilinthehydraulicsystemistheworkoftheenergytransfermedium,thereareavarietyofmineraloil,emulsionoilhydraulicmoldingHopcategories.Theroleofthehydraulicsystemistohelphumanitywork.Mainlybytheimplementationofcomponentstorotateorpressureintoareciprocatingmotion.Hydraulicsystemandhydraulicpowercontrolsignaliscomposedoftwoparts,thesignalcontrolofsomepartsofthehydraulicpowerusedtodrivethecontrolvalvemovement.Partofthehydraulicpowermeansthatthecircuitdiagramusedtoshowthedifferentfunctionsoftheinterrelationshipbetweencomponents.Containingthesourceofhydraulicpump,hydraulicmotorandauxiliarycomponents;hydrauliccontrolpartcontainsavarietyofcontrolvalves,usedtocontroltheflowofoil,pressureanddirection;operativeorhydrauliccylinderwithhydraulicmotors,accordingtotheactualrequirementsoftheirchoice.Intheanalysisanddesignoftheactualtask,thegeneralblockdiagramshowstheactualoperationofequi-pment.Hollowarrowindicatesthesignalflow,whilethesolidarrowsthatenergyflow.Basichydrauliccircuitoftheactionsequence-Controlcomponents(twofour-wayvalve)andthespringtoresetfortheimplementationofcomponents(double-actinghydrauliccylinder),aswellastheextendingandretractingthereliefvalveopenedandclosed.Fortheimplementationofcomponentsandcontrolcomponents,presentationsarebasedonthecorrespondingcircuitdiagramsymbols,italsointroducedreadymadecircuitdiagramsymbols.Workingprincipleofthesystem,youcanturnonallcircuitstocode.Ifthefirstimplementationofcomponentsnumbered0,thecontrolcomponentsassociatedwiththeidentifieris1.Outwiththeimplementationofcomponentscorrespondingtotheidentifierfortheevencomponents,thenretractingandimplementationofcomponentscorrespondingtotheidentifierfortheoddcomponents.Hydrauliccircuitcarriedoutnotonlytodealwithnumbers,butalsotodealwiththeactualdeviceID,inordertodetectsystemfailures.DINISO1219-2standarddefinitionofthenumberofcomponentcomposition,whichincludesthefollowingfourparts:deviceID,circuitID,componentIDandcomponentID.Theentiresystemifonlyonedevice,devicenumbermaybeomitted.Practice,anotherwayistocodeallofthehydraulicsystemcomponentsfornumbersatthistime,componentsandcomponentcodeshouldbeconsistentwiththelistofnumbers.Thismethodisparticularlyapplicabletocomplexhydrauliccontrolsystem,eachcontrollooparethecorrespondingnumberwiththesystemWithmechanicaltransmission,electricaltransmissioncomparedtothehydraulicdrivehasthefollowingadvantages:1,avarietyofhydrauliccomponents,caneasilyandflexiblytolayout.2,lightweight,smallsize,smallinertia,fastresponse.3,tofacilitatemanipulationofcontrol,enablingawiderangeofsteplessspeedregulation(speedrangeof2000:1).4,toachieveoverloadprotectionautomatically.5,thegeneraluseofmineraloilasaworkingmedium,therelativemotioncanbeself-lubricatingsurface,longservicelife;6,itiseasytoachievelinearmotion/7,itiseasytoachievetheautomationofmachines,whenthejointcontroloftheuseofelectro-hydraulic,notonlycanachieveahigherdegreeofprocessautomation,andremotecontrolcanbeachieved.Theshortcomingsofthehydraulicsystem:1,asaresultoftheresistancetofluidflowandleakageofthelarger,solessefficient.Ifnothandledproperly,leakageisnotonlycontaminatedsites,butalsomaycausefireandexplosion.2,vulnerableperformanceasaresultoftheimpactoftemperaturechange,itwouldbeinappropriateinthehighorlowtemperatureconditions.3,themanufactureofprecisionhydrauliccomponentsrequireahigher,moreexpensiveandhencetheprice.4,duetotheleakageofliquidmediumandthecompressibilityandcannotbestrictlythetransmissionratio.5,hydraulictransmissionisnoteasytofindoutthereasonsforfailure;theuseandmaintenancerequirementsforahigherleveloftechnology.Inthehydraulicsystemanditssystem,thesealingdevicetopreventleakageoftheworkofmediawithinandoutsidethedustandtheintrusionofforeignbodies.Sealsplayedtheroleofcomponents,namelyseals.Mediumwillresultinleakageofwaste,pollutionandenvironmentalmachineryandevengiverisetomalfunctioningmachineryandequipmentforpersonalaccident.Leakagewithinthehydraulicsystemwillcauseasharpdropinvolumetricefficiency,amountingtolessthantherequiredpressure,cannotevenwork.Micro-invasivesystemofdustparticles,cancauseorexacerbatefrictionhydrauliccomponentwear,andfurtherleadtoleakage.Therefore,sealsandsealingdeviceisanimportanthydraulicequipmentcomponents.Thereliabilityofitsworkandlife,isameasureofthehydraulicsystemanimportantindicatorofgoodorbad.Inadditiontotheclosedspace,aretheuseofseals,sothattwoadjacentcouplingsurfaceofthegapbetweentheneedtocontroltheliquidcanbesealedfollowingthesmallestgap.Inthecontactseal,pressedintoself-seal-styleandself-styledself-tightseal(ie,sealedlips)two.From：NonlinearDyn(2007)液力变矩器增矩原理与构造一、液力变矩器的特性及形式液力变矩器是以液体为工作介质的一种非刚性扭矩变换器，是液力传动的型式之一。液力变矩器具有的优良特性，自动适应性、无级变速、良好稳定的低速性能、减振隔振及无机械磨损等，是其它传动元件无可替代的。历经百年的发展，液力变矩器的应用不断扩大，从汽车、工程机械到石油、化工、矿山、冶金机械等领域都得到了广泛的应用。液力变矩器的流场理论、设计和制造、实验等研究工作，近年来，也得到了突飞猛进的发展。国外已普遍将液力传动用于轿车、公共汽车、豪华型大客车、重型汽车、某些牵引车及工程机械等。目前广泛使用的液力变矩器主要有下列几种形式：(1)普通三工作轮闭锁式液力变矩器。结构简单，车辆起动和低速行使时，主要利用变矩器的增矩性能，换档时利用变矩器的缓冲性能，高速时将变矩器闭锁，充分利用机械传动的高效性能；(2)多工作轮液力变矩器。主要用于需要起动转矩大的工程机械和车辆，和需要液力变矩器多工况工作的机械上；(3)导叶式液力变矩器。当负载需作双向运动，对动力性能具有恒速或恒力等特殊牵引特性要求时，液力变矩器必须具有可调节反馈控制的功能，并在动态指标方面满足一定的要求。主要应用领域是，具有特种牵引要求的各种军、民用机械，如空中加油软管曳绕卷盘机械，主被动双向运动恒力加载试验机械，大型固定式提升机械，陆基或船基水下物件曳绕机械等；(4)牵引一制动型液力变矩器。在保证牵引能力的同时，充分利用液力变矩器的减速制动性能。俄罗斯研制了一种牵引一制动型液力变矩器。二、液力变矩器的构造液力变矩器以液体作为介质，传递和增大来自发动机的扭矩。液力变矩器由可转动的泵轮和涡轮，以及固定不动的导轮三元件构成。各件用铝合金精密铸造或用钢板冲压焊接而成。泵轮与变矩器壳成一体。用螺栓固定在飞轮上，涡轮通过从动轴与传动系各件相连。所有工作轮在装配后，形成断面为循环圆的环状体。它有一个密闭工作腔，液体在腔内循环流动，其中泵轮、涡轮和导轮分别与输入轴、输出轴和壳体相联。动力抓内燃机、电动机等)带动输入轴旋转时，液体从离心式泵轮流出，顺次经过涡轮、导轮再返回泵轮，周而复始地循环流动。泵轮将输入轴的机械能传递给液体。高速液体推动涡轮旋转，将能量传给输出轴。液力变矩器靠液体与叶片相互作用产生动量矩的变化来传递扭矩。液力变矩器不同于液力耦合器的主要特征是它具有固定的导轮。导轮对液体的导流作用使液力变矩器的输出扭矩可高于或低于输入扭矩，因而称为变矩器。变矩系数随输出转速的上升而下降。液力变矩器的输入轴与输出轴