2019届高考英语阅读理解精选细做：历史文化类

历史文化类1、Humanbeingshaveusedtoolsforaverylongtime.Insomepartsoftheworldyoucanstillfindtoolsthatpeopleusedmorethantwomillionyearsago.Theymadethesetoolsbyhittingonestoneagainstanother.Inthisway,theybrokeoffpiecesfromoneofthestones.Thesechipsofstonewereusuallysharpononeside.Peopleusedthemforcuttingmeatandskinfromdeadanimals,andalsoformakingothertoolsoutofwood.Humanbeingsneededtousetoolsbecausetheydidnothavesharpteethlikeothermeateatinganimals,suchaslionsandtigers.Toolshelpedpeopletogetfoodmoreeasily.Workingwithtoolsalsohelpedtodevelophumanintelligence.Thehumanbraingrewbigger,andhumanbeingsbegantoinventmoreandmoretoolsandmachines.Thestonechipwasoneofthefirsttoolsthatpeopleused,andperhapsitisthemostimportant.Somescientistssaythatitwasthekeytosuccessofmankind.Since1960anewkindoftoolhasappeared.Thisisthesiliconchip--alittlechipofsiliconcrystal.Itissmallerthanafingernail,butitcanstoremorethanamillion"bits"ofinformation.Itisanelectronicbrain.Everyyearthesechipsgetcleverer,buttheirsizegetssmaller,andtheircostgetsless.Theyareusedinwatches,calculatorsandintelligentmachinesthatwecanuseinmanyways.Inthefuturewewillnotneedtoworkwithtoolsintheoldway.Machineswilldoeverythingforus.Theywilleventalkandplaygameswithus.Peoplewillhaveplentyofsparetime.Butwhatwilltheydowithit?Humanbeingsusedstonechipsformorethantwomillionyears,buthumanlifechangedverylittleinthattime.Wehaveusedsiliconchipsforonlyafewyears,butlifeischangingfastereveryday.Whatwilllifebeliketwentyyearsfromnow?Whatwilltheworldbeliketwomillionyearsfromnow?.Fromparagraph1,wecanknow.A.whyearlyhumanbeingscutskinfromdeadanimalsB.howearlyhumanbeingsdiscoveredthetoolsC.whatearlyhumanbeingsusedthetoolsforD.whatfoodearlyhumanbeingsstored.Thestonechipisthoughttobethemostimportanttoolbecauseit.A.wasveryimportanttothedevelopmentofmankindB.ledtotheinventionofmachinesintheearlytimeC.developedcookingabilitiesofmankindD.wasoneofthefirsttoolsofmankind.WhichofthefollowingisnottrueaboutthesiliconchipA.Ithasappearedsince1960.B.Itisanelectronicbrainandcanstorealotofinformation.C.Itisachipofsiliconcrystalandisverysmall.D.Itbecomesclevererandmoreexpensiveeveryyear.Don'tleaveLondonwithouttakingthisbest-sellingtourtoWindsorCastle,StonehengeandBath,England'smostbeautifulGeorgiancity.YourdaytripincludesentrancetoWindsorCastle,StonehengeandBath'sRomanBathsandPumpRooms.WindsorCastleYourtourstartsatthehomeoftheRoyalFamilyfor900years,andtheworld'slargestandoldestoccupiedcastle.WindsorCastle'sdefencewallsdominatethedelightfultownthathasgrownuparounditovertheyears.YouwillseethedecoratedStateApartmentsandSt.George'sChapel.YouwillalsowitnesstheChangingoftheGuardinallitscolorfuldisplayandglory.(On19March,7Apriland13-16JunetheStateApartmentswillbeclosed;onthesedatesyouwillvisitQueenMary,sDollsHouse.)StonehengeGoingevenfurtherbackintime,you'lltravelthroughtherollinggreenWiltshirelandscapetoStonehenge,acollectionofstonesdraggedtothislonelyplainnearSalisbury5,000yearsago.Whobuiltit?Why?Thesequestionshavereturnedrepeatedlytothemindsofcenturiesofscholars.Setinalandscapedottedwithprehistoricsmallhillsandcarvings,Stonehengecontinuestoattracttheimaginationandarousetheheartofeveryvisitor.BathNext,it'sontoBath,famousforitselegantGeorgianarchitecture.DuringyourscenictourofBathyouwillbedelightedbythetown'sbeautifulstreetscapes.You,llseeBathAbbeyandthemuch-photographedPulteneyBridge,modeledonthePonteVecchioinFlorence.DuringthetouryouwillalsovisittheRomanBaths,thebestpreservedRomanspa温泉浴场)fromtheancientworld.SpecialOffer-Pricedisplayedcurrentlyincludesadiscountof12%offtheregularadultretailprice—BOOKNOW!.FromWindsorCastle,wecanknowthat.A.itisthebiggestandoldestcastleintheworldB.theChangingoftheGuardwillbeopen(March-June)C.QueenMary'sDollsHousewillbeclosed(March-June)D.theRoyalFamilywillgoonatourwiththevisitors.Whichplaceofinterestattractsvisitors,imagination?A.WindsorCastle.B.Stonehenge.C.RomanBaths.D.PumpRooms..WhatwillyouseewhenyouvisitBath?A.Acollectionofstones.B.QueenMary'sDollsHouse.C.Someancientbuildings.D.TherollinggreenWiltshirelandscape.Stonehenge,theworld-famouscircleofstonecolumnsmay12.havehadabrother.Amuchbigger,olderbrother.UniversityofBradfordresearchersannouncedtheyhaddiscoveredabout100stonescoveringseveralacresthoughttohavebeenbuiltaround4,500yearsago.TheStonehengeHiddenLandscapesProjectdiscoveredthemonument,whichisnearDurringtonWalls,alsoknownas“superhenge”.Stonehenge,whichisbelievedtohavebeencompleted3,500yearsago,isabout2milesaway."Whatwearestartingtoseeisthelargestsurvivingstonemonument,preservedunderneathabank,thathaseverbeendiscoveredinBritainandpossiblyinEurope,”saidVinceGaffney.Theevidencewasfoundunder3feetofearth.Someofthestonesarethoughttohavestood15feettallbeforetheyweretoppled."Ourradardatahaveshownanamazingrowofupto90standingstones,anumberofwhichhavesurvivedafterbeingpushedover,andalargebankplacedoverthestones,"saidprofessorWolfgangNeubauer,directoroftheLudwigBoltzmannInstituteforArchaeologicalProspectionandVirtualArchaeology.“Intheeast,upto30stones...havesurvivedbelow,”hesaid.“TheextraordinaryscaleanddetailsoftheevidenceproducedbytheStonehengeHiddenLandscapesProject,whichthenewdiscoveriesatDurringtonWalls,ischangingfundamentally^艮本上）ourunderstandingofStonehengeandtheworldaroundit,"Neubaueradded."EverythingwrittenbeforeabouttheStonehengelandscapeandtheancientmonumentswithinitwillneedtoberewritten,”saidPaulGarwood,ascientistandleadhistorianontheprojectattheUniversityofBirmingham.ThefindingswereannouncedonthefirstdayoftheBritishScienceFestivalbeingheldattheUniversityofBradford.tisbelievedthatthesuperhengeisearlierthantheStonehenge.A.1,000yearsB.2,500yearsC.3,500yearsD.4,500years.Whatdoresearchersthinkofthesuperhenge?A.Itisthebiggestmonumentdiscoveredintheworld.B.ItwasbuiltmuchlaterthantheStonehenge.C.ItisthelargestsurvivingstonemonumentfoundinEngland.D.ItisbetterprotectedthantheStonehenge..Whatdotheunderlinedword“toppled”mostprobablymean?A.Setup.B.Pusheddown.C.Movedaway.D.Broughtup..Whatisthebesttitleofthepassage?A.ThesouthernEnglandhasmanyhistoricsitesB.TheBritishScienceFestivalwillbeheldagainC.BiggerBrothertoStonehengehasbeendiscoveredD.TheProjectattheUniversityofBirmingham4、Manyplacesaroundtheworldhostmarathonsthataimtoprovidetheirrunnerswithaspecialexperience.Ifyou,replanningtorunarace,herearesomebeautifulmarathondestinations.IncaTrailMarathonAreyouupforachallenge?HostedatCusco,Peru,theIncaTrailMarathonisregardedasoneofthemostdifficultmarathonsintheworld.WithCusco'srichhistoryofbeingoncethecapitaloftheIncaEmpire,participantscanexploreseveralancientarcheologicalsites.Duringtherun,participantswillgettoseethesurprisinglandscapeofthe"LostCityoftheIncas",MachuPicchu,andtheSacredValley.AthensMarathonHeldinGreece,theAthensMarathonisperfectforthoseofyouwhoareinterestedinhistory,mythology（神话）,andarchitecture.TherearemanytouristspotsandhistoricsitestovisitliketheParthenonandtheAcropolisofAthens.Duringtherace,audiencewillbecheeringontheparticipantscreatinganatmospheresimilartotheOlympics.BigSurInternationalMarathonHeldatCarmel,California,theBigSurInternationalMarathonisknownastheworld'slargestruralmarathon.Beforetherace,participantsgenerallyvisittheworld-famousMontereyBayAquarium（水族馆）,whichownsrichanimals.TheJuliaPfeifferBumsStateParkisanotherattractionstretchingfrom3,000-footmountainridges仙脉）tounderwatercanyonsandrockyseasidecliffs.BigFiveMarathonLocatedatLimpopo,SouthAfrica,participantscanexploreandcheckoutthewildlifeoftheAfricansavannah.Themarathonisheldinoneofthe“BigFive”gamereservesinAfrica.TherearenofencesorriversthatseparatetherunnersfromtheAfricanwildlife.Makesuretokeepyourmindclear.Youmightfindanelephantorevenfindyourselfrunningalongsidegiraffes.1.AtIncaTrailMarathon,participants.A.makethebestperformanceB.enjoyancientarchitectureC.learnabouttheIncaEmpireD.ranthroughtheSacredValley2.WhatdoparticipantsoftendobeforeBigSurInternationalMarathonstarts?A.Theygoup3,000-footmountainridges.B.Theyseeallkindsofseacreatures.C.Theyvisitunderwatercanyons.D.Theyclimbrockyseasidecliffs.3.Forthoseinterestedinancientbuildings,whichofthefollowingistheirbestchoice?A.IncaTrailMarathon.B.AthensMarathon.C.BigSurInternationalMarathon.D.BigFiveMarathon.5、Thefirstdrawingsonwallsappearedincavesthousandsofyearsago.LatertheAncientRomansandGreekswrotetheirnamesandprotest（抗议）poemsonbuildings.Moderngraffiti（涂鸦艺术）seemstohaveappearedinPhiladelphiaintheearly1960s,andbythelatesixtiesithadreachedNewYork.Thenewartformreallytookoffinthe1970s,whenpeoplebeganwritingtheirnames,or“tags”,onbuildingsalloverthecity.Inthemid-seventiesitwassometimeshardtoseeoutofasubwaycarwindow,becausethetrainswerecompletelycoveredinspray喷射）paintingsknownasmasterpieces.Intheearlydays,the“taggers”werepartofstreetcrowdswhowereconcernedwithmarkingtheirterritory（领地）.Theyworkedingroupscalled“crews”andcalledwhattheydid“writing”—theterm“graffiti”wasfirstusedbyTheNewYorkTimesandthenovelistNormanMailer.ArtgalleriesinNewYorkbeganbuyinggraffitiintheearlyseventies.Butatthesametimewhenitbegantoberegardedasanartform,JohnLindsay,thethenmayorofNewYork,declaredthefirstwarongraffiti.Bythe1980sitbecamemuchhardertowriteonsubwaytrainswithoutbeingcaught,andinsteadmanyofthemoreestablishedgraffitiartistsbeganusingroofsofbuildings.Thedebateoverwhethergraffitiisartordeliberatedamageisstillgoingon.PeterVallone,aNewYorkcitycouncilor（顾问），thinksthatgraffitidonewithpermissioncanbeart,butifitisonsomeoneelse,spropertyitbecomesacrime.“Ihaveamessageforthegraffitidestroyersoutthere,”hesaidrecently,“andyourfreedomofexpressionendswheremypropertybegins.”Ontheotherhand,Felix,amemberoftheBerlin-basedgroupReclaimYourCity,saysthatartistsarereclaiming（开拓，改造）citiesforthepublicfromadvertisers,andthatgraffitirepresentsfreedomandmakescitieslivelier.Fordecadesgraffitihasbeenaspringboard（跳板）tointernationalfameforafew.Jean-MichelBasquiatbegansprayingonthestreetinthe1970sbeforebecomingarespectedartistinthe80s.TheFrenchmanBlekleRatandtheBritishartistBanksyhaveachievedinternationalfamebyproducingcomplexworkswithstencils（模板），oftenmakingpoliticalorhumorouspoints.WorksbyBanksyhavebeensoldforover£100,000.Graffitiisnowsometimesbigbusiness..Whywastheseventiesanimportantdecadeinthehistoryofgraffiti?A.Thatwaswhenmoderngraffitifirstappeared.B.Thatwaswhenmoderngraffitifirstbecamereallypopular.C.ThatwaswhengraffitifirstreachedNewYork.D.Thatwaswhengraffitifirstappearedonsubwaycarwindows..Whatdoestheunderlinedword“taggers”inthesecondparagraphmean?A.Namesofpeoplewhodrawgraffiti.B.Buildingwherepaintsweresprayed.C.Peoplewhomarkedsurfacewithgraffiti.D.Peoplewhowereinterestedingraffiti..TheBerlin-basedgroupReclaimYourCityholdstheviewthat.A.involvingyoungpeopleingraffitistopsthembeinginvolvedwithseriouscrime.B.graffitihelpsthepublictoownthestreetsandtakecontrolawayfromadvertisers.C.graffitiactuallyincreasesthevalueofpropertybymakingtheareamoreattractive.D.graffiticanfreeartistfrombeingcaughtbythepolice..Whatistheauthor,sfinalopinionaboutgraffiti?A.Graffitihasnowbecomemainstreamandcanbenefitartists.B.Graffitiisnotagoodwaytobecomearespectedartist.C.Somepopulargraffitiartistsendupbeingignoredbytheartworld.D.Somegraffiticausedinconveniencetothelocalenvironment.6、Punks,Ravers,ModsandTeddyBoys.No,thesearen,tsomehotnewbands,butthenamesofanumberofBritishyouthsubculturesfromthelast70years.YouthClub,aUKnot-for-profitorganization,releasedabookearlierthisyearcelebratingmanydifferentsubculturesfromthroughoutBritain,srecenthistory.“Acatalyst（催化剂）forcreativityontheworldwidestage,BritishyouthculturemovementsfromtheTeddyBoysofthe1950stotheGrimeSceneofthe2000scontinuetoplayapioneeringroleinmusic,fashionandcreativityacrosstheglobe,”itwroteonitswebsite.Thesesubculturesweretraditionallyawayforyoungpeopletoshowtheirpersonalitiestoothers.WalkingaroundLondoninthe1970swouldhavemeantseeingdozensofyoung“punks”一peopledressedinrippeddenim（破洞牛仔裤）,leatherjackets,bodypiercings（穿孔）andwithbrightly-dyedhair-onthestreets.Andinthe90s,“ravers”wereyoungpeoplewhothrewall-nightpartiesinabandonedbuildingsorcarparks.So,whatwasthereasonbehindthesesubcultures?“OnbothsidesoftheAtlantic,moreandmoreyoungdisappointedteenagerswerelookingforanescapefromtheboredomandrestrictionsofsociety,”wroteIanYoungs,BBCentertainmentreporter.“Unemployment,racialtensionsandsocialchangesaddedfueltotheirfires.”YouthsubcultureshaveallbutdisappearedintheWest.Someexpertsbelievethereasonforthisistheinstantandlow-pricedavailabilityofmusicandclothingintheinternetage.“Fashionandmusic,they,remuchcheaperandthey,remuchfastertoday,”RuthAdams,aculturelectureratKing,sCollegeLondontoldTheGuardian.“WhenIwasateenager,youhadtosticktoonetypeofmusicorfashion,becauseitcostmoremoney.Now,it'sallabitmoremisty,”shesaid,believingthatit'shardertofigureoutsomeone'spersonalityormusictastesnowadaysjustbylookingatthem.Despitethis,Adamsbelievesthattoday,syoungpeoplearestillfindingtheirownwaytoexpressthemselves,butinamoremodernway.“It,scertainlyhappeningonline,”shesaid."It,saloteasiertousepersonas伪装）onlinejustbyshowcasingcertaintypesofmysteriousknowledge.”l.Accordingtothetext,Britishyouthsubcultures.A.couldbetracedbacktothe1970sB.werestartedbyYouthClubtopromotecreativityC.wereawayforyouthtoexpresstheiridentitiesD.hadagreaterimpactonfashionthanmusic.Whatcontributedtothepopularityoftheseyouthsubcultures?Youngpeople,sdesireforfreedomandfun.Youngpeople,slongingforfameandwealth.Thesocialpressureyoungpeoplesuffered.Theeasyaccesstomusicandclothing.A.a,bB.a,cC.b,dD.c,d.WhichofthefollowingwouldRuthAdamsprobablyagreewith?A.Musicandfashiontrendsdeveloptoofastforyoungpeopletofollowtoday.B.Youngpeopletodayarelesswillingtoexpressthemselvesasherpeersdid.C.Youngpeopletodayarelessinterestedinmusicandfashionthanherpeersusedtobe.D.Theinternetmakesithardertofigureoutthepersonalitiesofyoungpeopletoday..What,stheauthor,sattitudetowardsubcultures?A.ObjectiveB.Negative.C.Doubtful.D.Supportive.7、InthedepthsoftheFrenchGuianeserainforest,therestillremainunusualgroupsofindigenous（土著的）people.Surprisingly,thesepeoplelivelargelybytheirownlawsandtheirownsocialcustoms.Andyet,peopleinthisareaareinfactFrenchcitizensbecauseithasbeenacolony（殖民地）oftheFrenchRepublicsince1946.Intheory,theyshouldlivebytheFrenchlawisoftenignoredorunknown,thusmakingthemintoaninterestingareaof“lawlessness”intheworld.ThelivesofthesepeoplehavefinallybeenrecordedthankstotheeffectsofaFrenchmanformPariscalledGin.Ginspentfivemonthsinearly2015exploringthemostremotecornersofthisarea,whichsitsontheedgeoftheAmazonrainforest,withhalfitspopulationofonly250,000livinginitscapital,Cayenne.“IhaveaspeciallovefortheFrenchGuianesepeople.Ihaveworkedthereonandoffforalmosttenyears,”saysGin.“I’vebeenabletokeepfirmfriendshipswiththem.ThusIhavebeenallowedtogainaccesstotheirlivingenvironment.Idon,tseeitasalawlessland.ButratherIseeitasanareaoffreedom.”“Iwantedtoshowtheaudienceaphotographicrecordtouchingupontheuncivilizedlife,”continuesGin.“Iprefertoworkinblackandwhite,whichallowsmetoshowdifferentspecificworldsmoreclearly.”Hisblack-and-whitepicturespresentaworldalmostlostintime.Thesepicturesshowpeopleseeminglypushedintoaworldthattheywereunpreparedfor.Theselocalcitizensnowhavetobalancetheirtraditionalself-supportinghuntinglifestylewiththelifestyleofferedbythemodernFrenchRepublic,whichbringswithitnotonlynecessarystatewelfare,butalsoalcoholism,betrayalandevensuicide..WhydoestheauthorfeelsurprisedabouttheindigenouspeopleinFrenchGuiana?A.TheyseldomfollowtheFrenchlaw.B.TheyoftenignoretheGuianeselaw.C.Theyareseparatedfromthemodernworld.D.TheyarebothGuianeseandFrenchcitizens..GinintroducedthespecialworldoftheindigenousGuianeseas.A.atourguideB.ageographerC.afilmdirectorD.aphotographer.WhatisGin,sattitudetowardsthelivesoftheindigenousGuianese?A.Cautious.B.Doubtful.C.Uninterested.D.Appreciative..Whatdoestheunderlinedword“it”inthelastparagraphreferto?A.ThemodernFrenchlifestyle.B.Theself-supportinghunting.C.Theuncivilizedhunting.D.TheFrenchRepublic.8、Languageshavebeencomingandgoingforthousandsofyears,butinrecenttimestherehasbeenlesscomingandalotmoregoing.Whentheworldwasstillpopulatedbyhunter-gatherers,small,tightlyknit(联系)groupsdevelopedtheirownpatternsofspeechindependentofeachother.Somelanguageexpertsbelievethat10,000yearsago,whentheworldhadjustfivetotenmillionpeople,theyspokeperhaps12,000languagesbetweenthem.Soonafterwards,manyofthosepeoplestartedsettlingdowntobecomefarmers,andtheirlanguagestoobecamemoresettledandfewerinnumber.Inrecentcenturies,trade,industrialisation,thedevelopmentofthenation-stateandthespreadofuniversalcompulsoryeducation,especiallyglobalisationandbettercommunicationsinthepastfewdecades,allhavecausedmanylanguagestodisappear,anddominantlanguagessuchasEnglish,SpanishandChineseareincreasinglytakingover.Atpresent,theworldhasabout6,800languages.Thedistributionoftheselanguagesishugelyuneven.Thegeneralruleisthatmildzoneshaverelativelyfewlanguages,oftenspokenbymanypeople,whilehot,wetzoneshavelots,oftenspokenbysmallnumbers.Europehasonlyaround200languages;theAmericasabout1,000;Africa2400;andAsiaandthePacificperhaps3,200,ofwhichPapuaNewGuineaaloneaccountsforwellover800.Themediannumber(中位数)ofspeakersisamere6,000,whichmeansthathalftheworld,slanguagesarespokenbyfewerpeoplethanthat.Alreadywellover400ofthetotalof,6,800languagesareclosetoextinction(消亡),withonlyafewelderlyspeakersleft.Pick,atrandom,BusuuinCameroon(eightremainingspeakers),ChiapanecoinMexico(150),LipanApacheintheUnitedStates(twoorthree)orWadjiguinAustralia(one,withaquestion-mark):noneoftheseseemstohavemuchchanceofsurvival..Whatcanweinferaboutlanguagesinhunter-gatherertimes?A.Theydevelopedveryfast.B.Theywerelargeinnumber.C.Theyhadsimilarpatterns.D.Theywerecloselyconnected..Whichofthefollowingbestexplains“dominant”underlinedinparagraph2?A.Complex.B.Advanced.C.Powerful.D.Modern..Howmanylanguagesarespokenbylessthan6,000peopleatpresent?A.About6,800B.About3,400C.About2,400D.About1,200.Whatisthemainideaofthetext?A.Newlanguageswillbecreated.B.People'slifestylesarereflectedinlanguages.C.Humandevelopmentresultsinfewerlanguages.D.Geographydetermineslanguageevolution.答案以及解析1答案及解析：答案：1.C;2.A;3.D2答案及解析：答案：1.A;2.B;3.C解析：1.细节理解题。根据WindsorCastle部分的首句“YourtourstartsatthehomeoftheRoyalFamilyfor900years,andtheworld,slargestandoldestoccupiedcastle.”可知,答案为A项。根据段尾括号中的内容可知B、C两项错误,D项在文中没有依据。.细节理解题.根据Stonehenge部分的最后一句"Stonehengecontinuestoattracttheimaginationandarousetheheartofeveryvisitor.”可知,答案为B项。.细节理解题。根据Bath部分中的第一句“Next,it,sontoBath,famousforitselegantGeorgianarchitecture."可知，在这里可以看到英国乔治王朝时代的建筑,所以选C项.3答案及解析：答案：1.A;2.C;3.B;4.C解析：1.细节理解题。根据第二段第一句中的“...thoughttohavebeenbuiltaround4,500yearsago.”和第二段第三句中的whichisbelievedtohavebeencompleted3,500yearsago，可知,超级巨石阵比巨石阵早了1000年。.细节理解题.根据第二段中的“…isthelargestsurvivingstonemonument...thathaseverbeendiscoveredinBritainandpossiblyinEurope”可知,C项与题意相符。.词义猜测题。根据画线词前面的“Someofthestonesarethoughttohavestood15feettallbeforetheywere..."中的tohavestood可推断，该词应该是“倒塌;使倒塌”的意思，所以选B项。.主旨大意题。根据文章第一段中的"...mayhavehadabrother.Amuchbigger,olderbrother.”可知,文章主要讲述的是巨石阵还有一个‘大哥哥"的事情，故选C项。4答案及解析：答案：1.C;2.B;3.B解析：1.细节理解题。根据第二段的第三句“亚他Cusco,srichhistoryofbeingoncethecapitaloftheIncaEmpire,participantscanexploreseveralancientarcheologicalsites.”可知，参加印力口小道马拉松，参赛者可以探索几个考古遗址,了解印加帝国的历史。.细节理解题。根据第四段的第二句"Befbretherace,participantsgenerallyvisit