2023年六级真题卷一

作文题目：Forthispart，youareallowed30minutestowriteanessayonhowtobalanceacademicstudyandextracurricularactivities。Youshouldwriteatleast150wordsbutnomorethan200words。PartIIlisteningcomprehension

ConversationoneM:Hey,Ijustreadagreatbookaboutphysics.Ithinkyou'dlikeit.ItiscalledThePhysicsoftheWorld.ItiswrittenbyascientistnamedSylviaMundus.W:OhIreadthatbook.Itwasgreat.Thewriterisawarmandcompetentguidetothemysteriesofphysics.Ithinkitpromisesenrichmentforanyreaderfromthosewhoknowlittleaboutsciencetothecareerphysicist.M:Andit'srefreshingtoseeastrongcuriouscleverwomanaddinghervoicetothescientificdiscourseandafieldthathasbeentraditionallydominatedbymen.Ithinkshehastobecommendedformakinganefforttoincludeanecdotesaboutlittleknownfemalescientists.Youknow,theywereoftenvictimsofagenerationfirmlyconvincedthatthewomen’splacewasinthehome.W:Ilikehowthebookisclearlywrittenwitheachchapterbroughttolifebypiecesoffascinatingknowledge.Forexampleinonechapter,sheexposesamyththatI’veheardtaughtbyuniversityphysicsprofessors.I’veoftenheardthatmedievalglasswindowsarethickeratthebottombecauseglassflowslikefluid.This,sheshows,isnottrue.Thedistortionisactuallythankstoapeculiarityoftheglassmakers’process.M:Yeah,IlikehowshecultivatesscientificengagementbyprovidingthehostofDoItYourselfexperimentsthatbringthesamefoundationofprinciplesofclassicalphysicsthatgoverneverythingfromthesolarsystemtoyourkitchentable.Fromusingcomplexlawsofpsychicstotestwhetheraspinningeggiscooked,tomeasuringatmospherepressurebyliftingapieceofcardboard.Herhands-onexamplesmakeherbookatrulyinteractiveread.W:Yes,Imustsaythisequation-freebookisanidealreadforscientistsofallstripes,anyoneteachingscienceandevenpeoplewhodislikepsychics.Questions1-4arebasedontheconversationyouhavejustheard.Q1:Whatdoesthewomansayaboutthebookthemanrecommended?Q2:Whatcanwefindinthebookthemanrecommended?Q3:Howdoestheauthorbringherbooktolife?Q4:Howdoesthebookcultivatereaders’interestinpsychics?ConversationTwoM:Hiprofessor!IwashopingIcouldhaveamomentofyourtime,ifyouarenottoobusy.I'mhavingsomeproblemsgettingstartedonmydissertationandIwashopingyoucouldgivemesomeadviceonhowtobegin.W:Sure.Ihavequiteafewstudentsthough.Socanyouremindmewhatyourtopicis?M:ThegeneraltopicIchoseisaesthetics.Butthat'sasfarasI'vegot.Idon'treallyknowwheretogofromthere.W:Yeah,that'smuchtoolargeatopic.Youreallyneedtonarrowitdowninordertomakeitmoreaccessible,otherwiseyouwillbewritingabook.M:Exactly.That'swhatIwantedtoaskyouabout.Iwashopingitwouldbepossibleformetochangetopics.I'mreallymoreinterestedinnaturethanbeauty.W:I'mafraidyouhavetoadheretotheassignedtopic.Still,ifyouareinterestedinnature,thenthatcertainlycanbeworkedintoyourdissertation.We'vetalkedaboutHumebeforeinclassright?M:Ohyeah.He'sthephilosopherwhowroteaboutwhereourideasofbeautycomefrom.W:Exactly.Isuggestyougotothelibraryandgetacopyofhisbiography.Startfromthere.Butremembertosticktotheparametersoftheassignment.Thispaperisalargepartofyouraccumulativegrade,somakesuretofollowtheinstructions.Ifyoutakealookathisbiography,youcangetagoodideaofhowhislifeexperiencesmanifestthemselvesinhistheoriesofbeauty,specifically,thewayhelookedtowardsnatureastheoriginofwhatwefindbeautiful.M:Great!Thanksfortakingthetimetoanswermyquestions,professor.I'llletyougetbacktoclassnow.W:Ifthereisanythingelseyouneed,pleasecomeseemeinmyofficeanytime.Questions5-8arebasedontheconversationyouhavejustheard.Q5:Whatistheman'sproblem?Q6:Whatdoestheprofessorthinkoftheman'stopic?Q7:Whatisthemanreallymoreinterestedin?Q8:Whatdoestheprofessorsaythemanhastodo?

听力篇章

Passage1:DuringtheArcticwinterfromOctobertoMarch,theaveragetemperatureinthefrozennorthtypicallyhoversaroundminus20degreesCelsius.Butthisyear,theArcticisexperiencingmuchhighertemperatures.OnFebruary20th,thetemperatureinGreenlandclimbedabovefreezingorzerodegreeCelsiusanditstayedthereforover24hours.Then,onFebruary24th,thetemperatureonGreenlandnortherntipreached6degreeCelsius.Climatescientistsdescribedthephenomenonasstunning.WeatherconditionsthatdrivethisbizarretemperaturesurgehavevisitedtheArcticbefore.Theytypicallyappearaboutonceinadecade.However,thelastsuchincreasingtemperaturetookplacetwoyearsago.ThisistroublingasclimbingArctictemperaturescombinedwithrapidsea-icelossarecreatinganewtypeofclimatefeedbackloopwhichcouldaccelerateArcticwarming.Indeed,sea-icecoverintheArcticismeltingfasterthanexpected.Withoutthosemassesofcoolingseaice,warmairbroughttotheArcticcanpenetratefurtherinlandthaniteverdidbefore.Theaircanstaywarmer,andlongertoo.Thisdrivesadditionalmelting.Overall,Earthiswarmingatarapidpace—throughrankasthehottestyearsonrecord—andtheArcticiswarmingtwiceasfastasanyplaceelseonEarth.ThisraisesuniquechallengesforArcticwildlifeandindigenouspeoplewhodependonArcticecosystemstosurvive.Previously,climateforecastspredictedthatArcticsummericewoulddisappearentirelybyaround2060.Butbasedonwhatscientistsareseeingnow,theArcticmaybefacingsummerswithouticewithin20years.Q9:Whatdidclimatescientistsdescribeasstunning?Q10:WhatdoesthepassagesayaboutthetemperaturesurgeintheArctic?Q11:Whatmayoccurin20yearsaccordingtoscientists'recentobservations?Passage2Agooddoseofwillpowerisoftennecessarytoseeanytaskthrough,whetherit’sstickingtoaspendingplanorfinishingagreatnovel.Andifyouwanttoincreasethatwillpower,anewstudysuggests,youjustsimplyhavetobelieveyouhaveit.Accordingtothestudy,whatmattersmostiswhatwethinkaboutourwillpower.Ifwebelieveit’safiniteresource,weactthatway.Wefeelexhaustedanybreaksbetweendemandingmentaltasks.However,peoplewhoviewtheirwillpowerasalimitlessresourcegetenergizedinstead.Theresearchersusedapsychologicalassessmenttooltotestthevalidityofthestudy.TheyaskedonethousandonehundredAmericansandonethousandsixhundredEuropeanstogradedifferentstatementssuchas“afterachallengingmentalactivity,myenergyisdepletedandImustresttogetitrefueledagain”or“Icanfocusonamentaltaskforlongperiodswithoutfeelingtired.”Althoughtherewaslittledifferencebetweenmenandwomenoverall,Americansweremorelikelytoadmittoneedingbreaksaftercompletingmentallychallengingtasks.Europeanparticipants,ontheotherhand,claimedtheywereabletokeepgoing.Basedonthefindings,theresearcherssuggestthatthekeytoboostingyourwillpoweristobelievethatyouhaveanabundantsupplyofit.Yourfeelingsaboutyourwillpoweraffectthewayyoubehave.Butthesefeelingsarechangeable,theysaid.Changingyourbeliefsaboutthenatureofyourself-controlcanhavepositiveeffectsoncharacterdevelopment.Thisleadstohealthierbehaviorsandperceptionsofotherpeople.12.Whatisoftennecessaryforcarryingthroughatask?13.Whatisthefindingofthenewstudy?14.WhatdowelearnaboutEuropeanparticipantsascomparedwiththeirAmericancounterparts?15.Whatdotheresearcherssayconcerningpeople’sfeelingsaboutwillpower?

发言/报道/讲座

Recording1HereismybabynieceSarah.HerMonisadoctorandherdadisalawyer.BythetimeSarahgoestocollege,thejobsherparentsdoaregoingtolookdramaticallydifferent.In,researchersatOxfordUniversitydidastudyonthefutureofwork.Theyconcludedthatalmostoneineverytwojobshaveahighriskofbeingautomatedbymachines.Machinelearningisthetechnologythat'sresponsibleformostofthisdisruption.It'sthemostpowerfulbranchofartificialintelligence.Itallowsmachinestolearnfromdataandcopysomeofthethingsthathumanscando.Mycompany,Kaggle,operatesonthecuttingedgeofmachinelearning.Webringtogetherhundredsofthousandsofexpertstosolveimportantproblemsforindustryandacademia.Thisgivesusauniqueperspectiveonwhatmachinescando,whattheycan'tdoandwhatjobstheymightautomateorthreaten.Machinelearningstartedmakingitswayintoindustryintheearly90’s.Itstartedwithrelativelysimpletasks.Itstartedwiththingslikeassessingcreditriskfromloanapplications,sortingthemailbyreadinghandwrittenzipcodes.Overthepastfewyears,wehavemadedramaticbreakthroughs.Machinelearningisnowcapableoffar,farmorecomplextasks.In,Kagglechallengeditscommunitytobuildaprogramthatcouldgradehigh-schoolessays.Thewinningprogramswereabletomatchthegradesgivenbyhumanteachers.Now,giventherightdata,machinesaregoingtooutperformhumansattaskslikethis.Ateachermightread10,000essaysovera40-yearcareer.Amachinecanreadmillionsofessayswithinminutes.Wehavenochanceofcompetingagainstmachinesonfrequent,high-volumetasks.Buttherearethingswecandothatmachinescan'tdo.Wheremachineshavemadeverylittleprogressisintacklingnovelsituations.Machinescan'thandlethingstheyhaven'tseenmanytimesbefore.Thefundamentallimitationsofmachinelearningisthatitneedstolearnfromlargevolumesofpastdata.Buthumansdon't.Wehavetheabilitytoconnectseeminglydifferentthreadstosolveproblemswe'veneverseenbefore.Question16:WhatdidtheresearchersatOxfordUniversityconclude?Question17:WhatdowelearnaboutKagglecompany’swinningprograms?Question18:Whatisthefundamentallimitationofmachinelearning?Recording2We’vetalkedrecentlyabouttheimportanceofsustainableenergy.We'vealsotalkedaboutthedifferenttheoriesonhowthatcanbedone.Sofar,ourdiscussionshaveallbeentheoretical.NowIhaveapracticalquestionforyouall.Canyourunaonehundredandfortythousandkilogramtrainonjustthesteamgeneratedbysolarpower?Well,oneengineer,Timcouncilmanbelievesit'spossible.AndhishomecityofSacramento,Californiashouldseethetechnologiesfirsttestaspartoftheupgradingofitsrailyard.Councilman,whoisaninventorandself-proclaimedsteamvisionary,iscampaigningforanewsteamtrainthatrunswithoutanyfireandcouldrunonanexistingtenkilometerline,drawingtouristsandperhapsofferingcitycommutersagreenalternativetotheircars.Councilmanwantstobuildanarrayofsolarmagnifyingmirrorsatoneendofthelinetocollectandfocusheatontowaterfilledtubes.Thiswouldgeneratesteamthatcouldbeusedtofilltanksonasmallsteamtrainwithouttheuseoffire.Supplyingpowertotrainsinthiswaywouldoffertheshortestdistancefromwelltowheels,hesays,withtheleastamountofenergylost,accordingtoharryvalentine,aCanadianengineerwhowasresearchingmodernsteamtechnology,aspecialtankmeasuringtwobytenmeterscouldstoreoversevenhundredandfiftykilowatthoursofenergyashighpressuresteamenoughtopullatwocartrainforanhourorso.Energytodriveasteamlocomotivecanbestoredinothermaterialsbesideswater.Forexample,ateamatTohokuUniversityinjapanhasstudiedmaterialsthatcanstorelargeamountsofheat.Whenhedid,thesematerialsturnedfromasolidintoaliquid,absorbingenergyastheychangephase.Theliquidismaintainedaboveitsmeltingpointuntilsteamisrequired,atwhichpointtheliquidisallowedtoturnbackintoasolid,releasingitsstoredenergy.AnotherteamatNagoyaUniversityinjapanhastestedcalciumcompoundasanenergystoragematerial,heatingthischemicalcompounddrivesoffcarbondioxidegas,leavingcalciumoxide.Thegascanbestoredunderpressureinatanktorecovertheenergy.Thegasisbentbackoverthecalciumoxide.Intheory,saysValentine,thiscancreateahighenoughtemperaturetogeneratesuperheatedsteam.Question19:Whathasthespeakerpreviouslytalkedabout?Question20:WhatisTimCouncilmantryingtodoinSacramento?Question21:WhathasaJapaneseresearchteamtriedtodo?Recording3Today’scrisisincareforolderpeopleinEnglandhastwomaincauses.First,peoplearelivinglongerwithalotmorecomplexneeds.Second,theyrelyonasystemthathaslongbeenmarkedbyapoorrelationbetweennationalhealthandsocialcareservices.Currentservicesoriginatedintwokeymeasures.TheyaretheNationalHealthServiceandthe1948NationalAssistanceAct.Thisrequiredlocalgovernmenttoprovideresidentialaccommodationforolderpeopleandsupervisecarehomesrunbyindependentorganizations.Theyalsoprovidehomeandcommunityservicesincludingmeals,daycentersandhomehelpersandothersubsidizedservices.TheNationalHealthServicewasfreeandwhollypubliclyprovided.Itdeliveredthebesthealthcareforall.Nosuchvisionguidedresidentialandcommunitycarethough.Thecarewassubstantiallyprovidedbyvoluntaryserviceswhichworktogetherwithlocalauthoritiesastheylonghadwitheligibilitybasedonincome.Today,lifeexpectancyhasrisenfrom66foramaleatbirthin1948toaround80now.Inaddition,thereisbetteroverallhealthandimprovedmedicalknowledgeincare.Thismeansanunprecedentednumberofpeoplearesurvivinglongerinconditionsrequiringex-birthsupport.Familiesprovideatleastasmuchofcareastheyeverdid.Evenso,theycanrarelywithoutsubsidizedsupportaddressseriouspersonalneeds.Careforolderpeoplefacedpersistentcriticismasthesetrendsbecameapparent.Fromtheearlynineteensixties,localauthoritieswererequiredtoplanhealthandwelfareservices.Theaimwastoenableolderpeopletoremainintheirownhomesforaslongaspossible.Butthisincreasedconcernaboutthelackofcoordinationbetweenfreehealthandpaidforsocialcare.Through