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Chapter13CultureandInternationalBusinessText1BackgroundKnowledgeTheterm"culture,"whichoriginallymeantthecultivationofthesoulormind,acquiresmostofitslatermodernmeaningsinthewritingsofthe18th-centuryGermanthinkers,whowereonvariouslevelsdevelopingRousseau'scriticismof″modernliberalismandEnlightenment″.Thusacontrastbetween"culture"and"civilization"isusuallyimpliedintheseauthors,evenwhennotexpressedassuch.Twoprimarymeaningsofcultureemergefromthisperiod:cultureasthefolk-spirithavingauniqueidentityandcultureascultivationofwaywardnessorfreeindividuality.Thefirstmeaningispredominantinourcurrentuseoftheterm"culture,"althoughthesecondstillplaysalargeroleinwhatwethinkcultureshouldachieve,namelythefull"expression"oftheuniqueor"authentic"self.ElementsofcultureCulturalvaluesIndividualismandcollectivismindexPowerdistanceindexUncertaintyAvoidanceIndexCulturalValuesandConsumerBehavior.RitualssymbolslanguageAestheticsassymbolsbeliefsThoughtprocessElementsofcultureWordsandExpressionsritualn.风俗；习惯(Aritualisawayofbehavingoraseriesofactionswhichpeopleregularlycarryoutinaparticularsituation,becauseitistheircustomtodoso.)CocktailsatthePlazawasanightlyritualoftheirsophisticatedworld.到广场饭店喝鸡尾酒是他们这个高雅时髦的圈子中的人每晚必做的事情。a.仪式性的；传统的(Ritualactivitieshappenaspartofaritualortradition.)...fastingsandritualdancing.斋戒和传统舞蹈femininity

n.1.女性(Awoman'sfemininityisthefactthatsheisawoman.)...thedrudgerybehindtheideologyofmotherhoodandfemininity.贤妻良母这一观念背后的繁重劳作2.女性气质；女人特质；阴柔(Femininitymeansthequalitiesthatareconsideredtobetypicalofwomen.)...thiscourageousGermantennisstar‘suniqueblendofstrengthandfemininity.这位勇气十足的德国网球明星融力量与柔美为一体，气质独特.pertainv.与……相关；属于；适用（于）(Ifonethingpertainstoanother,itrelates,belongs,orappliestoit.)IwouldmuchratherthatyouaskedMrsZuckermananyquestionspertainingtoherself.我宁愿你问楚克尔曼夫人的是与她本人相关的问题。...matterspertainingtonavaldistrictdefense.有关海防区防御的问题aptadj.恰当的，适当的；有……倾向的；易于……的；聪明的，灵巧的Thewordsofthisreportareasapttodayasin1929.这份报告的措词用在今天和用在1929年一样贴切。...anaptdescriptionofthesituation.对这种情况恰如其分的描述Thistypeofweatherisapttobemorecommoninwinter.这种天气在冬季往往更为常见。egalitarianadj.主张平等的；平等主义的n.平等主义；平等主义者Istillbelieveinthenotionofanegalitariansociety.我仍然相信构建人人平等的社会的理念。sentences1.CulturesthatscorehighinIDVreflectan"I"mentalityandtendtorewardandacceptindividualinitiative,whereasthoselowinindividualismreflecta"we"mentalityandgenerallysubjugatetheindividualtothegroup.此句为whereas引导的并列句，前后部分形成对比。mentalityn.心态；思维方式Runningabusinessrequiresaverydifferentmentalityfrombeingasalariedemployee.经营企业所要求具备的心态和上班族的心态截然不同。subjugatev.使（愿望、渴望）退居其次；使让位于Afterhavingbeensubjugatedtoambition,yourmaternalinstinctsareatlaststartingtoassertthemselves.你那被雄心壮志压制已久的母性本能终于开始展现出来。2.Culturesscoringlowinuncertaintyavoidanceareassociatedwithalowlevelofanxietyandstress,atoleranceofdevianceanddissent,andawillingnesstotakerisks.anxietya.焦虑的atoleranceofdevianceanddissent对于偏差与不同意见的包容。Text2CulturalDifferencesinInternationalBusinessBackgroundKnowledgeGenderroleisatheoreticalconstructinvolvingasetofsocialandbehavioralnormsthat,withinaspecificculture,arewidelyconsideredtobesociallyappropriateforindividualsofaspecificsex.Theperceptionofgenderrolesincludesattitudes,actions,andpersonalitytraitsassociatedwithaparticulargenderwithinthatculture.Genderrolesarepredominantlyconsideredwithinafamilycontextaswellaswithinsocietyingeneralandmaycollectivelybereferredtoasgenderstereotypes.Genderrolesareculturebased,andwhilemostculturesdistinguishonlytwogenders,somerecognizemore.Androgyny,forexample,hasbeenproposedasathirdgender.Othersocietieshavebeenclaimedtoseemorethanfivegenders,andsomenon-Westernsocietieshavethreegenders–man,womanandthirdgender.Genderexpressionreferstotheexternalmanifestationofaperson'sgenderidentity,throughmasculine,feminine,orgender-variantorgenderneutralbehavior,clothing,hairstyles,orbodycharacteristicsGenderrolesareculturebased,andwhilemostculturesdistinguishonlytwogenders,somerecognizemore.Androgyny,forexample,hasbeenproposedasathirdgender.Othersocietieshavebeenclaimedtoseemorethanfivegenders,andsomenon-Westernsocietieshavethreegenders–man,womanandthirdgender.Genderexpressionreferstotheexternalmanifestationofaperson'sgenderidentity,throughmasculine,feminine,orgender-variantorgenderneutralbehavior,clothing,hairstyles,orbodycharacteristics.CulturalDifferencesinInternationalBusinessformalityStylesofdresstimeToleranceofconflictSocialcustomsGenderrolesCulturalDifferencesWordsandexpressionsstaggeringa.1.人大吃一惊的；令人震惊的(Somethingthatisstaggeringisverysurprising.)Ahandfulofpeopletookstaggeringriskswithamerica‘slargestfinancialinstitutions.一小撮人使美国最大的金融机构承担了巨大的风险。vibrant

a.充满生气的；精力充沛的；活跃的(Someoneorsomethingthatisvibrantisfulloflife,energy,andenthusiasm.)...Shakespeare‘svibrantlanguage…莎士比亚鲜活的语言polychronic

a.多次发生的Generallyspeaking,chineseoftenfollowpolychronictimepattern,whreasamericansoftenfollowmolychronictimepattern.通常而言，中国人遵守多元时间模式；美国人遵守单一时间模式。blatant

a.公然的；露骨的；明目张胆的(Youuseblatanttodescribesomethingbadthatisdoneinanopenorveryobviousway.)...ablatantattempttospreadtheblameforthefiasco...公然企图推卸这次惨败的责任sentences1.Ignoringcross-culturalsimilaritiesandintra-culturalvariationcanleadtostereotypingpeoplefromdifferentbackgrounds,exaggeratingandcaricaturizingtheotherculture,andjudgingitscommunicationpracticesasradicallydifferentandimplicitlywrong.cross-cultural跨文化的intra-cultural文化内的本句中，leadto后面的stereotyping...,exaggerating...与judging...为并列成分。2.Americans,likemostnorthernEuropeans,havewhatanthropologiststermamonochronicviewoftime,seeingitasanalmosttangiblesubstance.seeing引导的部分用来修饰monochronicview,单一惯性的时间观like引导的部分为插入语。KeytoexercisesText1I.Decidewhetherthefollowingstatementsaretrueorfalse:1—5:TTTFF6—10:TFTFFII.Makethebestchoicetocompletethesentences:1—5：CAABC6—8：BCD

III.Cloze1—5:BDCAB6—10:BACCD11—15:CBADDText2I.Answerthefollowingquestions:Omitted.

II.Tran