2023年全国医学博士英语统考真题及参考答案

全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试卷答题须知请考生首先将自己姓名、所在考点、准考证号在原则答题卡上认真填写清晰，并按“考场指令”规定，在原则答题卡上，将准考证号对应位置涂好。试卷一（paperone）和试卷二（papertwo）答案所有做在原则答题卡上，书面表达一定要用黑色签字笔或钢笔写在原则答题卡上指定区域，不要做在试卷上。试卷一答题答题时必需使用2B铅笔，将所选答案按规定在对应位置涂黑；如要改正，先用橡皮擦洁净。原则答题卡不可折叠，同步必需保持平整洁净，以利评分。听力考试只放一遍录音，每道题后有15秒左右答题时间。PaperOnePartIListeningcomprehension(30%)SectionADirections:Inthissectionyouwillhearfifteenshortconversionsbetweentwospeakers.Attheendofeachconversion,youwillhearaquestionaboutwhatissaid.Thequestionwillbereadonlyonce.Afteryouhearthequestion,readthefourpossibleanswersmarkedA,B,CandD.ChoosethebestanswerandmarktheletterofyourchoiceontheANSWERSHEET.Listentothefollowingexample.Youwillhear:Woman:Ifeelfaint.Man:Nowonder.Youhaven’thadabiteallday.Question:What’sthematterwiththewoman?Youwillread:A.Sheissick.B.Shewasbittenbyanant.C.Sheishungry.D.Shespilledherpaint.HereCistherightanswer.SampleAnswerCABDCNowlet’sbeginwithquestionNumber1.A.She’slookingforagift.B.Sheneedsanewpurse.C.She’sgoingtogiveabirthdayparty.D.Shewantstogoshoppingwithhermom.A.Shehearsnoisesinherearsdayandnight.B.Shehasbeenoverworkingforalongtime.C.Herrightear,hurtinanaccident,istroublingher.D.Herearringsaregivinghertroubledayandnight.A.He’llgotoseeMr.Whiteat10:30tomorrow.B.He’dliketomakeanearlierappointment.C.He’dliketocanceltheappointment.D.He’dliketoseeanotherdentist.A.8:00B.8:15C.8:40D.8:45A.Inahotel.B.Atafastfoodbar.C.Inthesupermarket.D.Inthedepartmentstore.A.Toresignrightaway.Toworkonemoredayaschairman.Tothinktwicebeforehemakethedecision.Toreceivefurthertraininguponhisresignation.A.Shedidn’tdoanythinginparticular.ShesendawoundedpersontotheER.ShehadtoworkintheER.Shewentskiing.A.Acustomsofficer.B.Theman’smother.C.Aschoolheadmaster.D.Animmigrationofficer.A.Itfeelsasiftheroomisgoingaround.Itfeelslikeakindofunsteadiness.Itfeelsasifsheisfallingdown.Itfeelsasifsheisgoingaround.A.Johnhashiddensomethinginthetree.Johnhimselfshouldbeblamed.Johnhasadogthatbarksalot.Johnisunlucky.A.Thechemistryhomeworkisdifficult.Thechemistryhomeworkisfun.Themathhomeworkisdifficult.Themathhomeworkisfun.A.Hisbackache.B.Hisbrokenleg.C.Hisskinproblem.D.Hiseyecondition.A.Whoopingcough,smallpoxandmeasles.Whoopingcough,chickenpoxandmeasles.Whoopingcough,smallpoxandGermanmeasles.Whoopingcough,chickenpoxandGermanmeasles.A.Saturdaymorning.B.Saturdaynight.C.Saturdayafternoon.D.Nextweekend.A.He’slosthisnotebook.Hishandwritingismessy.He’llmissclasslatterthisweek.Hecannotmakeitforhisappointment.SectionB

Directions:Inthissectionyouwillhearoneconversionandtwopassages,aftereachofwhich,youwillhearfivequestions.Aftereachquestion,readthefourpossibleanswersmarkedA,B,CandD.ChoosethebestanswerandmarktheletterofyourchoiceontheANSWERSHEET.ConversationA.Heishavingaphysicalcheckup.Hehasjustundergoneanoperation.Hehasjustrecoveredfromanillness.Hewillbedischargedfromthehospitalthisafternoon.A.Hegotaninfectioninthelungs.Hehadhisgallbladderinflamed.Hewassufferingfrominfluenza.Hehaddevelopedabigkidneytone.A.Alotbetter.B.Terriblyawful.C.Couldn’tbebetter.D.Okay,butabitweak.A.Tobeconfinedtoawheelchair.Tostayindoorsforacompleterecovery.Tostayinbedanddrinkalotofwater.Tomoveaboutandenjoythesunshine.A.From4pmto6pm.B.From5pmto7pm.C.From6pmto8pm.D.From7pmto9pm.PassageOneA.Thelinkbetweenweightlossandsleepdeprivation.Thelinkbetweenweightgainandsleepdeprivation.Thelinkbetweenweightlossandphysicalexercise.Thelinkbetweenweightgainandphysicalexercise.A.Morethan68,000.B.Morethan60,800.C.Morethan60,080.D.Morethan60,008.A.Sever-hoursleepersgainedmoreweightovertimethan5-hourones.Five-hoursleepersgainedmoreweightovertimethan7-hourones.Short-sleeperswere15%morelikelytobecomeobese.Short-sleepersconsumedfewercaloriesthanlongsleepers.A.Overeatingamongthesleep-deprived.Littleexerciseamongthesleep-deprived.Lowermetabolicrateresultingfromlesssleep.Highermetabolicrateresultingfromlesssleep.A.Exerciseeveryday.B.Takedietpills.C.Goonadiet.D.Sleepmore.PassageTwoA.Sheistoohardonme.Sheaskstoomanyquestions.Sheisalwaysconsiderateofmyfeelings.Sheisthemeanestmotherintheneighborhood.A.Auniversityinstructor.B.Ateachingassistant.C.AphDstudent.D.Apsychiatrist.A.Theyusuallysayno.Theyusuallysayyes.Theyusuallywaitandsee.Theyusuallyrefusetosayanything.A.Theyareoverconfident.Theirbrainsgrowtoofast.Theyarepsychologicallydependent.Theirbrainsarestillimmatureinsomeareas.A.Beeasyonyourteen.Trytobemeantoyourteen.Saynotoyourteenwhennecessary.Don’tcareaboutyourteen’sfeelings.PartIIVocabulary(10%)SectionADirections:Inthissectionallthestatementsareincomplete,beneatheachofwhicharefourwordsorphrasesmarkedA,B,CandD.ChoosethewordorphrasethatcanbestcompletethestatementandmarktheletterofyourchoiceontheANSWERSHEET.31.Anumberofblackyouthshavecomplainedofbeingbythepolice.A.harassedB.distractedC.sentencedD.released32.Herapidlybecamewithhisownpowerintheteam.A.irrigatedB.irradiatedC.streetlightD.torchlight33.Throughouthispoliticalcareerhehasalwaysbeeninthe.A.twilightB.spotlightC.streetlightD.torchlight34.Wethatdietisrelatedtomosttypesofcancerbutwedon’thavedefiniteproof.A.suspendB.superveneC.superviseD.suspect35.Apatientwhoisdyingofincurablecancerofthethroatisinterriblepain,whichcannolongerbesatisfactorily.A.alleviatedB.abolishedC.demolishedD.diminished36.Thetelevisionstationissupportedbyfromfoundationsandothersources.A.donationsB.pensionsC.advertisementsD.accounts37.Morelegislationisneededtoprotectthepropertyrightsofthepatent.A.integrativeB.intellectualC.intelligentD.intelligible38.Officialsaresupposedtothemselvestothewelfareandhealthofthegeneralpublic.A.adaptB.confineC.commitD.assess39.Youshouldstopyourconditionanddosomethingaboutit.A.drawingonB.touchingonC.leaningonD.dwellingon40.Theauthorofthebookhasshownhisremarkablykeenintohumannature.A.perspectiveB.dimensionC.insightD.reflectionSectionBDirections:Inthissectioneachofthefollowingsentenceshasawordorphraseunderlined,beneathwhicharefourwordsorphrase.Choosethewordorphrasewhichcanbestkeepthemeaningoftheoriginalsentenceifitissubstitutedfortheunderlinedpart.ThenmarktheletterofyourchoiceontheANSWERSHEET.Thechemicalwasfoundtobedetrimentaltohumanhealth.A.toxicB.immuneC.sensitiveD.allergicItwillbeadevastatingblowforthepatient,ifthecliniccloses.A.permanentB.desperateC.destructiveD.suddenHekepttellingusabouthisoperationinthemostgraphicdetail.A.verifiableB.explicitC.preciseD.ambiguousThedifficultcasetestedtheingenuityofeventhemostskillfulphysician.A.credibilityB.commitmentC.honestyD.talentHeleftimmediatelyonthepretextthathehadtocatchatrain.A.claimB.clueC.excuseD.talentThenursewasfilledwithremorseofnotbelievingher.A.anguishB.regretC.apologyD.griefThedoctortriedtofindatactfulwayoftellingherthetruth.A.delicateB.communicativeC.skillfulD.considerateWhetherapersonlikesaroutineofficejobornotdependslargelyontemperament.A.dispositionB.qualificationC.temptationD.endorsementThedoctorruledoutFriday’ssurgeryforthepatient’sunexpectedcomplications.A.confirmedB.facilitatedC.postponedD.cancelledItisnoteasytoremaintranquilwheneventssuddenlychangeyourlife.A.cautiousB.motionlessC.calmD.alertPartIIICloze(10%)Directions:Inthissectionthereisapassagewithtennumberedblanks.Foreachblank,therearefourchoicemarkedA,B,CandDlistedontherightside.ChoosethebestanswerandmarktheletterofyourchoiceontheANSWERSHEET.Expertssayabout1%ofyoungwomenintheUnitedStatesarealmoststarvingthemselvestoday.Theyaresufferingfromasicknesscalledanorexia.Theseyoungwomenhaveanabnormalfearofgettingfat.They51starvethemselvessotheyweighat15%lessthantheirnormalweight.TheNationalInstituteofMentalHealthsaysone52tencasesofanorexialeadstoseriousmedicalproblems.Thesepatientscandiefromheartfailureorthediseasecanleadyoungwomento53themselves.Forexample,formergymnastChristyHenrichdiedatage22.Sheweighedonly61pounds.Apersonwithanorexiafirstdevelopsjointandmuscleproblems.Thereisalackofironintheblood.54thesicknessprogresses,ayoungwoman’sbreathing,heartbeat,andbloodpressureratesslowdown.Theimportantsubstancecalciumis55fromthebones,somethingcausingbonestobreak.Sometimesthebraingetssmaller,causingchangesin56apersonthinksandacts.Scientistssaymanypatientshavefurthermentalandemotionalproblems.Theyhave57opinionsaboutthemselves.Theyfeelhelpless.Theirattemptstobecomeextremelythinmay58effortstotakecontroloftheirlives.Theymaybecomedependentonillegaldrugs.Somepeoplealsofeeltheneedtocontinuallyrepeata(n)59.Forexample,theymayrepeatedlywashtheirhandsalthoughtheirhandsareclean.Anorexiaisaseriouseating60.Ifitisnottreatedontime,itcanbefatal.51.A.specificallyB.purposelyC.particularlyD.passionately52.A.fromB.ofC.atD.in53.A.killB.starveC.abuseD.worsen54.A.WhenB.WhileC.AsD.Since55.A.lostB.derivedC.generatedD.synthesized56.A.whatB.whyC.howD.which57.A.goodB.highC.lowerD.poor58.A.representB.makeC.presentD.exert59.A.medicationB.illusionC.motionD.action60.A.habitB.behaviorC.disorderD.patternPartIVReadingComprehension(30%)Direction:Inthisparttherearesixpassages,eachofwhichisfollowedbyfivequestions.ForeachquestiontherearefourpossibleanswersmarkedA,B,CandD.ChoosethebestanswerandmarktheletterofyourchoiceontheANSWERSHEET.PassageOneChildrenshouldavoidusingmobilephonesforallbutessentialcallsbecauseofpossiblehealtheffectsonyoungbrains.Thisisoneoftheexpectedconclusionsofanofficialgovernmentreporttobepublishedthisweek.Thereportisexpectedtocallforthemobilephoneindustrytorefrainfrompromotingphoneusebychildren,andtostartlabelingphoneswithdataontheamountofradiationtheyemit.TheIndependentExpertGrouponMobilePhones,chairedbyformergovernmentchiefscientistWilliamStewart,hasspenteightmonthsreviewingexistingscientificevidenceonallaspectsofthehealtheffectsofusingmobilephones.Itsreportisbelievedtoconcludethatbecausewedon’tfullyunderstandthenonthermaleffectsofradiationonhumantissue,thegovernmentshouldadoptaprecautionaryapproach,particularlyinrelationtochildren.Thereiscurrentlynoevidencethatmobilephonesharmusersorpeoplelivingneartransmittermasts.Butsomestudiesshowthatcell-phonesoperatingatradiationlevelswithincurrentsafetylimitsdohavesomesortofbiologicaleffectonthebrain.JohnTattersall,aresearcheronthehealtheffectsofradiationattheDefenseEvaluationandResearchAgency’ssiteatPortonDown,agreesthatitmightbewisetolimitphoneusebychildren.“Ifyouhaveadevelopingnervoussystem,it’sknowntobemoresusceptibletoenvironmentalinsults,”hesays,“Soifphonesdidprovetobehazardous——whichtheyhaven’tyet——itwouldbesensible.”In1998,Tattersallshowedthatradiationlevelssimilartothoseemittedbymobilephonescouldaltersignalsfrombraincellsinslicesofratbrain,“Whatwe’vefoundisaneffect,butwedon’tknowifit’shazardous,”hesays.AlanPreeceoftheUniversityofBristol,whofoundlastyearthatmicrowavesincreasereactiontimesintestsubjects,agreedthatchildren’sexposurewouldbegreater.“There’salotlesstissueintheway,andtheskillisthinner,sochildren’sheadsareconsiderablycloser,Stewart’sreportislikelytorecommendthatthecurrentBritishsafetystandardsonenergyemissionsfromcell-phonesshouldbecuttothelevelrecommendedbytheInternationalCommissiononNon-IonizingRadiationProtection,whichisone-fifthofthecurrentBritishlimit.“Theextrasafetyfactoroffiveissomewhatarbitrary,”saysMichaelClarkoftheNationalRadiologicalProtectionBoard.“Butweacceptthatit’sdifficultfortheUKtohavedifferentstandardsfromaninternationalbody.”61.Justbecauseithasnotbeenconfirmedyetwhethermobilephoneemissionscanharmhumantissue,accordingtothegovernmentreport,doesnotmeanthat.A.thegovernmentshouldprohibitchildrenfromusingcell-phonesB.weshouldputdownthephoneforthesakeofsafetyC.theindustrycanhavearighttopromotephoneuseD.childrenaresafeusingcell-phones62.Tattersallarguesthatitiswisetorefrainmobilephoneusebychildrenintermsof.A.theirneuraldevelopmentB.theirill-designedcell-phonesC.thefrequencyoftheirirrationaluseD.theirignoranceofitspossiblehealtheffects63.Ontheissueinquestion,Preece.A.doesnotagreewithTattersallB.triestoremovetheobstaclesinthewayC.asksforfurtherinvestigationD.wouldstandbyStewart64.WhatisworrisomeatpresentisthattheUK.A.isgoingtoturndeafearstothevoiceofStesart’splanB.findsitdifficulttocutthecurrentsafetystandardsonphoneuseC.maintainsdifferentstandardsonsafetylimitfromtheinternationalonesD.doesnotevenimposesafetylimitonthemobilephones’energyemissions65．Whichofthefollowingcanbithebestcandidateforthetitleofthepassage?A.BrainWaveB.ForAdultsOnlyC.CatchThemYoungD.TheAnswerintheAirPassageTwoAdvancesincosmeticdentistryandplasticsurgeryhavemadeitpossibletocorrectfacialbirthdefects,repairdamagedteethandtissue,andpreventorgreatlydelaytheonsetoftoothdecayandgumdisease.Asaresult,morepeoplesmilemoreoftenandmoreopenlytodaythaneverinthepast,andwecanexpectmoresmilesinthefuture.Evidenceofthesmile’sascentmaybeseeninfamouspaintingsinmuseumsandgalleriesthroughouttheworld.Thevastmajorityofprosperousbigwigs(要人),voluptuousnudes,ormiddle-classfamilymembersinformalportraitsanddomesticscenesappeartohavetheirmouthsfirmlyclosed.Soldiersinbattle,childrenatplay,beggars,oldpeople,andespeciallyvillainsmayhavetheirmouthsopen;buttheirsmilesareseldomattractive,andmoreoftensuggeststrainorviolencethanjoy.Smilesconveyawiderangeofmeaningsindifferenterasandcultures,saysarthistorianAngusTrumble,currentlycurator(馆长)ofYaleUniversity’sCenterforBritishArt,inhisbookABriefHistoryoftheSmile.Compare,forinstance,thevaryingimpressionsmadebytheshydimples(酒窝)ofLeonardo’sMonaLisa;therosy-cheeked,mustachioedLaughingCavalierofFransHals;andthe”SmileyFace”logoperfected(thoughnotinvented)in1963byAmericangraphicartistHarveyR.Ball.Insomenon-Westerncultures,Trumblenotes,evenawarm,opensmiledoesnotnecessarilyindicatepleasureoragreement.Itcansimplybeapolitemasktocoveremotionsconsideredtoorudeorshockingtobiopenlydisplayed.Subtledifferencesinmusclemovementcanconveyenormousdifferencesinemotion,fromthetranquilityofbronzeBuddhas,totheeroticblissofcouplesentwinedinstoneonHindutemples,tothefiercesmirk(假笑)ofaguardiandemonattheentrancetoaChinesetomb.TrumbleexpectstheimpactofWesternmedicineandmassmediatofurtherincreasethepressureonpeopletogrinbroadlyandlaughopenlyinpublic.”Faintsmilesareincreasinglythoughtofinscientificandpsychologicalcirclesassomethingthatfallsshortofthetruesmile,”andthereforesuggestinsincerityorlackofenthusiasm,hesays.Withtattooing,bobypiercing,andpermanentcosmeticsalreadywellestablishedasfashiontrends,onecanimaginetomorrow’sbeautyshopsaddingplasticsurgeonsanddentiststotheirstaffs.Thesecomer-storecosmeticianswouldofferstylemakeoverstoreshapeourlips,teeth,andjawlinestomimicthesignaturesmileofone’sfavoritecelebrity.Whatcanyousaytothatexcept”Haveaniceday？”66.Haditnotbeenforcosmeticadvances,asinferredfromthepassage,.A.peoplewouldnothavebeenashappyastheyaretodayB.therateoffacialbirthdefectwouldnothavedeclinedC.therewouldnothavebeenmanymoreopensmilesD.wewouldnothaveseensmilingfacesinpublic67.Accordingtothepassage,itseemsthatwhetherthereisasmileornotintheportraitsorpicturesisdecidedby.A.one’sinternalsenseoftheexternalworldB.one’sidentityorsocialpositionC.one’stimesofexistenceD.Alloftheabove68.Trumble’sstudyonsmilesshowsthat.A.anopensmilecanserveasacover-upB.thefamousportraitsradiatevaryingsmilesC.eventhehumanmusclescanarousevaryingemotionsD.smilescanrepresentmisinterpretationsofdifferenterasandcultures69.WhatTrumbleexpectstoseeis.A.theincreasingtendencyofbroadgrinsandopensmilesinpublicB.furtherimpactofWesternmedicineuponnon-WesternculturesC.awiderrangeofmeaningstobeconveyedbysmilesD.moreofsincerityandenthusiasminpublic70.Attheendofthepassage,theauthorimplicates.A.afortunetocomewithcosmeticadvancesB.anidenticalsmileforeverybobyC.futurechangesinlifestyleD.thefutureofsmilesPassageThreeAdolfHitlersurvivedanassassinationattemptin1944withthelampofpenicillinmadebytheAllies,amicrobiologistintheUKclaims.IftheNazileaderhaddiedfrombacterialinfectionofhismanywounds,theSecondWorldWarmighthavebeenoverayearearlier,savingmillionsoflives,saysMiltonWainwrightoftheUniversityofInapapertobepublishedsooninPerspectivesinBiologyandMedicine,Wainwrightrevealsfirst-handevidencethatHitlerwastreatedwithpenicillinbyhispersonaldoctor,TheoMorrell,followinganassassinationattemptinwhichabombinasuitcaseexplodednexttoHitler’sdesk.Hitlerwasbadlyhurt,fleeingthescenewithhishairandtrousersonfire,abadlybleedingarmandcountlesswoodensplinterwoundsfromtheoaktablethatprobablysavedhislife.WainwrightfoundconfirmationthatMorrellgaveHitlerantibioticsasaprecautioninarecenttranslationofMorrell’sowndiary.“Ihappenedtobereadingitforinterestwhenthewordpenicillinjumpedoutatme,”hesays.HethensetabouttryingtoestablishwhereMorrellmighthavegotthedrug.Atthetime,penicillinwasavailableonlytotheAllies.GermanandCzechoslovakianteamshadtriedwithoutmuchsuccesstomakeit,Wainwrightsays,butthesmallquantitiesthatwereavailablewereweakandimpure.“It’sgenerallyacceptedthatitwasnogood,”saysWainwright.HereasonsthatMorrellwouldonlyhaveriskedgivingHitlerpenicillintopreventinfectionsifhewereconfidentthattheantibioticwouldcure,notkilltheGermanpremier.“MyresearchshowsthatMorrell,inaverydodgy(危险)positionasHitler’sdoctor,wouldonlyhaveusedpurestuff.”AndtheonlyreliablepenicillinwasthatmadebytheAllies.SowheredidMorrellgetit?Wainwright’sinvestigationsrevealedthatAlliedairmencarriedpenicillin,sotheGermansmayhaveconfiscatedsomefromprisonersofwar.TheothermorelikelysourceisfromneutralcountriessuchSpain,whichreceivedpenicillinfromAlliedcountriesforhumanitarianpurposes,perhapsfortreatingsickchildren.“IhaveprooftheAlliesweresendingittothesecountries,”saysWainwright.“I’msayingthiswouldhavegotthroughindiplomaticbags,reachingHitler’sdoctorandthehigherechelons(阶层)oftheNaziparty.Sothiswasalmostcertainlypure,Alliedpenicillin.”“WecanneverbecertainitsavedHitler’slife,”saysWainwright.ButhenotesthatoneofHitler’shenchmen(死党)，ReinhardHeydrich,diedfrombloodpoisoningaftersurvivingacar-bombassassinationattempt.“Hairfromhisseatwentintohiswoundsandgavehimsepticemia,”saysWainwright.MorrellmayhavebeenanxioustoensurethatHitleravoidedthesamefate.71.AccordingtoWainwright,AdolfHitler.A.mighthaveusedbiologicalweaponsinthewarB.couldnothavecommittedsuicideasconfirmedC.couldhavediedofbacterialinfectionD.mighthavesurvivedabacterialplague72.Followinghisassassinationin1944,AdolfHitler.A.begantoexerciseprecautionsagainsthispersonalattacksB.wasanxioustohavepenicillindevelopedinhiscountryC.receivedanjinjectionofpenicillinforbloodpoisoningD.wassuspectedofbeinglikelytogetinfected73.AsWainwrightreasons,Hitler’spersonaldoctor.A.cannothavedaredtoprescribeGerman-madepenicillintohimB.neednothaveusedpureantibioticforhissuspectinfectionC.wouldhavehadeveryreasontoassassinatehimD.musthavetriedtoproducepenicillin74.WainwrightimpliesthattheThirdReich.A.metthefateofcollapseasexpectedB.butcheredmillionsoflivesontheearthC.wasseverelystruckbybacterialplaguesD.didhavechannelstoobtainpurepenicillinWhichofthefollowingcanbethebesttitleforthepassage?HowHitlerManagetoSurviveAssassinationAttempts?MorrellLoyaltoHisGermanPrimier?HitlerSavedbyAlliedDrugs?PenicillinAbusedinGerman?PassageFourGetreadyforanewkindofmachineatyourlocalgym:onethatdoesn’tinvolvehuffingandpuffingasyouburnoffcalories.Instead,allyouhavetodoisstandstillfor30secondswhilethemachinemeasuresyourbodyfat.Itcouldthentellyouexactlywhereyoucoulddowithlosingafewpoundsandevenadviseyouonexercisesforyourproblemareas.Ifthebodyfatscannerturnsouttobeaccurateenough,itsmakershopeitcouldonedayhelpdoctorsspotdisease.Thescannerworksbysimultaneouslybuildingupanaccurate3Dimageofthebody,whilemeasuringthebody’seffectonanelectromagneticfield.Combiningthetwomeasurementsallowstheresearcherstoworkoutthedistributionoffatandwaterwithin.Neithermethodisnewonitsown,saysHenriTapp,attheInstituteofFoodResearchinNorwichintheUK.“Thesmartthingisthatwe’veputtheminonemachine.”Andit’snotjustforgymusers.Thebodyfatscannercouldbeusedtostudyfatdepositionaschildrendevelop,whilepatientsrecoverfrominjury,orduringpregnancy.AndsinceitusesradiowavesratherthanX-rays,Tapp’sdeviceissafetouserepeatedly.Bodyshapeisknowntobeariskindicatorforheartdiseaseanddiabetes.Soaccuratelyquantifyingfatdistributioncouldhelpdoctorssuggestpreventivemeasurestopatientsbeforeproblemsarise.Atthemoment,doctorsestimatefatcontentfromknowingbodyvolumeandwatercontent.Toagoodapproximation,saysTapp,anythingthatisn’tfatiswater.Theamountofwaterinthebodyisoftenmeasuredbygivingthesubjectadrinkofwaterthatcontainsaradioactivetracer.Theleveloftracerinthepatient'surineafterthreehoursrevealsthetotalwatervolume.Tofindoutabody’svolume,subjectsareweighedwhiletotallysubmergedinwater,andthisissubtractedfromtheirnormalweighttogivetheweightofwaterdisplaced,andhencethesubject’svolume.Butitisscarcelypracticalforseriouslyillpeople.Thereareotherwaystodirectlymeasurebodyfat,suchaspassingaminusculecurrentbetweenthewristsandfeet.Theoverallfatcontentcanthenbeestimatedfromthebody’sresistance.Butthismethoddoesn’ttakebodyshapeintoaccount——soasubjectwithparticularlyskinnylegsmightregisterahigherfatcontentthanthetruevalue.That’sbecauseskinnylegs—withalowercross-sectionalarea——willpresenthigherresistancetocurrent.Sothemachinethinksthewatercontentofthebodyislower——ratingthesubjectasfatter.Also,thesystemcanonlygiveanoverallmeasurementoffat.Tapp’smethodusessimilarcalculations,butismoresophisticatedbecauseittellsyouwhereyouarepilingonthepounds.76.Thenewmachineisdesigned.A.topicturethebody’shiddenfatB.toidentifythoseatriskforobesityC.toh