安全工程专业文献翻译

安全工程专业文献翻译 sAlthoughaccidentinvestigationisanafter-the-factapproachtohazardidentification,itisstillanimportantpartofthisprocess.Attimeshazardsexist,whichnooneseemstorecognizeuntiltheyresultinanaccidentorincident.Incomplicatedaccidentsitmaytakeaninvestigationtoactuallydeterminewhatthecauseoftheaccidentwas.Thisisespeciallytrueincaseswheredeathresultsandfewornowitnessesexist.Anaccidentinvestigationisafact-findingprocessandnotafault-findingprocesswiththepurposeofaffixingblame.Theendofanyresultofanaccidentinvestigationshouldbetoassurethatthetypeofhazardoraccidentdoesnotexistoroccurinthefuture.Yourcompanyshouldhaveaformalizedaccidentinvestigationprocedure,whichisfollowedbyeveryone.Itshouldbespelledoutinwritingandendwithawrittenreportusingasafoundationofyourstandardcompanyaccidentinvestigationform.Itmaybeyourworkers’compensationformoranequivalentfromyourinsurancecarrier.Accidentsandevennearmissesshouldbeinvestigatedbyyourcompanyifyouareintentonidentifyingandpreventinghazardsinyourworkplace.ThousandsofaccidentsoccurthroughouttheUnitedStateseveryday.Thefailureofpeople,equipment,supplies,orsurroundingstobehaveorreactasexpectedcausesmostoftheaccidents.Accident ccurByusingtheinformationroughaninvestigationasimilaroredisastrousaccidentmaybeccidentinvestigationsshouldbewithaccidentpreventioninmindInvestigationsarenottoplaceblame.AnaccidentisanyunplannedeventthatpersonalinjuryorinpropertynthepersonalinjuryrequireseornotreatmentitisminorIfitsinafatalityorinapermanenttotaltpartialortemporarytotallostsabilityitisseriousSimilarlydamagemaybeminororseriouseallaccidentregardlessofthefinjuryordamageAccidentsarepartgroupofeventsthatadverselyhecompletionofataskTheseeventsentsForsimplicitytheproceduresinlatersectionsreferonlytotsTheyarehoweveralsoapplicabletoincidents.1.AccidentPreventionAccidentsareusuallycomplex.Anaccidentmayhave10ormoreeventsthatcanbecauses.Adetailedanalysisofanaccidentwillnormallyrevealthreecauselevels：basic，indirect，anddirect.Atthelowestlevel,anaccidentresultsonlywhenapersonorobjectreceivesanamountofenergyorhazardousmaterialthatcannotbeabsorbedsafely.ThisenergyorhazardousmaterialistheDIRECTCAUSEoftheaccident.Thedirectcauseis lytheresultofoneormoreunsafeactsonsorbothUnsafeactsandconditionsaretheindirectcausesorsymptoms.Inturn,indirectcausesareusuallytraceabletopoormanagementpoliciesanddecisions,ortopersonalorenvironmentalfactors.Thesearethebasiccause.itymostaccidentsarepreventablebyeliminatingoneormorecauses.Accidentinvestigationsdeterminenotonlywhathappened,butalsohowandwhy.Theinformationgainedfromtheseinvestigationscanpreventrecurrenceofsimilarorperhapsmoredisastrousaccident.Accidentinvestigationsareinterestedineacheventaswellasinthesequenceofeventsthatledtoanaccident.Theaccidenttypeisalsoimportanttotheinvestigator.Therecurrenceofaccidentofaparticulartypeorthosewithcommoncausesshowsareasneedingspecialaccidentpreventionemphasis.vestigativeProceduresTheactualproceduresusedinaparticularinvestigationdependonthenatureandresultsoftheaccident.Theagencyhavingjurisdictionoverthelacationdeterminestheadministrativeprocedures.Ingeneral,responsibleofficialswillappointanindividualtobeinchargeoftheinvestigation.Anaccidentinvestigationshouldusemostofthefollowingsteps: specifictaskstoeach(preferablyinwriting).getupdatedinformation.osewhowerepresentbeforethedthosewhoarrivedatthesitertheaccidentKeepaccurateeachinterviewUseataperecorderifdesiredandifapproved.accident.ablecausesdirectindirectbasicstionstopreventatributethereportaccordingtoapplicableinstructions.Aninvestigationisnotcompleteuntilalleportiscompleted.Inpractice,theinvestigationwork, ationsproceedimespentontheinvestigation.3.Fact-FindingInvestigatorcollectsevidencefrommanysourcesduringaninvestigation,getsinformationfromwitnessesandobservationaswellasbyreports,interviewswitnessesassoonaspossibleafteranaccident,inspectstheaccidentsitebeforeanychangesoccur,takesphotographsandmakessketchesoftheaccidentscene,recordsallpertinentdataonmaps,andgetscopiesofallreports.Documentscontainingnormaloperatingproceduresflowdiagrams,maintenancechartsorreportsofdifficultiesorabnormalitiesareparticularlyuseful.Keepcompleteandaccuratenotesinaboundnotebook.Recordpre-accidentconditions,theaccidentsequenceandpost-accidentconditions.Inaddition,documentthelocationofvictims,witnesses,machinery,energysource,andhazardousmaterials.Insomeinvestigation,aparticularphysicalorchemicallaw,principle,orpropertymayexplainasequenceofevents.Includelawsinthenotestakenduringtheinvestigationorinthelateranalysisofdata.Inaddition,gatherdataduringtheinvestigationthatmaylenditselftoanalysisbytheselaws,principles,orproperties.Anappendixinthefinalreportcanincludeanextendeddiscussion.4.Interview conductinterviewsIfpossible,theteamassignedtothistaskshouldincludeanindividualwithalegalbackground.Afterinterviewingallwitnessestheteamshouldanalyzeeachwitness’statement.Theymaywishtoreinterviewoneormorewitnessestoconfirmorclarifykeypoints.Whiletheremaybeinconsistenciesinwitnesses’statement,investigatorsshouldassembletheavailabletestimonyintoalogicalorder.Analyzethisinformationalongwithdatafromtheaccidentsite.Notallpeoplereactinthesamemannermpleawitnesswithincloseproximitytotheaccidentmayhaveanentirelydifferentstoryfromonewhosawitatadistance.Somewitnessesmayalsochangetheirstoriesaftertheyhavediscusseditwithothers.Thereasonforthechangemaybeadditionalclues.Awitnesswhohashadatraumaticexperiencemaynotbeabletorecallthedetailsoftheaccident.Awitnesswhohasavestedinterestintheresultoftheinvestigationmayofferbiasedtestimony.Finallyeyesighthearing,reactiontime,andthegeneralconditionofeachwitnessmayaffecthisorherpowersofobservation.Awitnessmayomitentiresequencesbecauseofafailuretoobservethemorbecausetheirimportancewasnotrealized.5.ReportofInvestigation AsnotedearlieranaccidentonisnotcompleteuntilareportdsubmittedtoproperpecialreportformsarenmanycasesOthersinstancesmayreextendedreportSuchrepotsryelaborateandmayincludeaetitlepageabstracttableofentaryornarrativediscussioncausesandasectiononconclusionsandrecommendations.ccidentinvestigationshouldbeanartofyourwrittensafetyandogramItshouldbeaformalsuccessfulaccidentinvestigationesnotonlywhathappenedbutalsoandwhytheaccidentoccurredtionsareanefforttopreventaperhapsmoredisastroussequenceofucanthenusetheresultingandrecommendationstopreventfutureaccidents.recordsisalsoveryimportanttoizingandreducinghazardsAreviewofntandinjuryrecordsoveraperiodofanhelppinpointthecauseofviewofntsIfacertainworkershowsupaltimesontherecordasbeinginjuredndicatethatthepersonisphysicallyitedforthejobisnotproperlytraineddsbettersupervisionIfoneortwoonsexperienceahighpercentageofcidentinaworkplacetheyshouldberefullyanalyzedandcountermeasuresshould kentoeliminatethecauseIfthereareltipleaccidentinvolvingonemachineorprocessitispossiblethatworkproceduresmustbechangedorthatmaintenanceisneeded.ecordsthatshowmanyaccidentsduringahortperiodoftimewouldsuggestanenvironmentalproblem.dshavebeenidentifiedthentheinformationandsourcemustbeanalyzedtodeterminetheiroriginandthepotentialtoremoveormitigatetheireffectsupontheworkplaceAnalysisofhazardsforcesustotakeaseriouslookatthem.尽管事故调查是一种事后危害识别的方法，它依旧是危害识别的一个重要组成部分。有时系统中存在人们无法识别的危害，直到事故或事件发生才能得以辨识。对于复杂的事故，也许经过事故调查才能真正发现事故原因，这种情况尤其适用于发生人员死亡或缺少目击者的事故。事故调查是一个不断发现事实的过程而不是以追责为目的的发现错误的过程。一项事故调查的最终结果应当确定危害或事故不存在或以后所有员工都应当去遵守它。这个程序应该以书面方式