中国人民大学考博英语真题2003年

2003年中国人民大学博士生入学考试真题Ⅰ.Vocabulary(10points)PartA(5points)Directions:Beneatheachofthefollowingsentences,therearefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.ChoosetheonethatbestcompletesthesentenceandmarkthecorrespondingletterwithasinglebaracrossthesquarebracketonANSWERSHEET.1.Hewas______whenheheardtheunexpectednews,butIfinallyconvincedhim.A.incredibleB.inevitableC.incredulousD.indifferent2.Wehadamarvelousholiday;onlythelasttwodayswereslightly______byweather.A.damagedB.enhancedC.spoiledD.diminished3.NASAiscastingawidernetinthespaceshuttleinvestigationastowhatcausedthespacecrafttoswingoutofcontroland______momentsbeforeitwastoland.A.disassembleB.disembarkC.disintegrateD.disinherit4.Thediscussionwassoprolongedandexhaustingthat______wehadtostopforrefreshments.A.atlargeB.ateaseC.atrandomD.atintervals5.AluxuryexpresstrainjumpedthetracksonabridgeineasternIndia,killingatleast50onthespot.AccordingtotheNorthernRailwayspokesman,thedeath______isexpectedtorise.A.figureB.tollC.spanD.yield6.ParticipantsintheShanghaiCo-operationForum______regionalteamworktopromoteinvestmentandeconomicdevelopment.A.cursedB.echoedC.bouncedD.hailed7.Turningcultivatedlandbackintoforestsorpastureisafundamentalwaytostemsoil______anddesertificationinthelongrun.A.erosionB.depletionC.violationD.delusion8.Thediscrepancyinthecompanyaccountsisso______thatnoauditorcouldhavefailedtonoticeit.A.spontaneousB.conspicuousC.notoriousD.superfluous9.RussianwomenhadtowearprotectivemasksastheywalkedinMoscow,whichwas______byaheavysmogyesterday.A.shroudedB.unveiledC.decayedD.deprived10.Inthatcountry,apersonwhomarriesbeforelegalagemusthaveaparent's______toobtainalicense.A.sanctionB.warrantC.malignanceD.affirmationPartB(5points)Directions:Ineachofthefollowingsentencesthereisonewordorphraseunderlined.BelowthesentencearefourchoicesmarkedA,B,C,andD.Choosetheonethatisclosestinmeaningtotheunderlinedpart.MarkthecorrespondingletterwithasinglebaracrossthesquarebracketonANSWERSHEET.11.Withtearsinhereyes,thechampionwasoblivioustothecheeringinthestands.A.gratefultoB.unawareofC.consciousofD.pleasedwith12.Ican'tunderstandhowhecanfeelthathiscolleaguesarealwaysreadytodenouncehim.A.complimentB.criticizeC.flatterD.challenge13.OnthisbarrenplaceonAikhanomHill,overlookingfieldspepperedwithlandmines,soldierscometolayastoneorsayaprayerforfriendslostinyearsofwar.A.infertileB.disastrousC.plausibleD.impeccable14.Thecoalitionpartieshaveaskedthegovernmenttoconsiderusingmore.fundstohelpsupporttheailingmarket.A.rapidlyexpandingB.steadilyimprovingC.makingchangesD.havingdifficulties15.Loomingoverthedebateabouthumaninterferenceintheworld'sborealforestsisanasyetunanswerablequestion.Willtheeffectsofglobalwarmingeventuallydwarfman'simpact?A.raisetogreaterimportanceB.makemoredifficulttomeasureC.causetoappearsmallD.bringtoanabruptend16.Hiswifesaysthathewasmorefrugalinhisyouththanlateryears.A.listlessB.robustC.thriftyD.gullible17.WehavedoneallwecouldandnowourcherishedprojectisatthemercyofournewCEO.A.undertheguidanceofB.inthepowerofC.withtheassistanceofD.ontheagendaof18.HeseemedinsuchaninconsolablestatethatIdidn'tknowwhethertoleaveorstay.A.distractedB.enragedC.overjoyedD.brokenhearted19.Shewasdeliriouslastnight,butsheseemsquitelucidthismorning.A.rationalB.peacefulC.patientD.insane20.Thehumanitarianclaimsthatheveneratesallmen,regardlessoftheirpositioninlife.A.lovesB.distrustsC.servesD.respectsⅡ.Cloze(10points)Directions:Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordforeachnumberedblankandmarkthecorrespondingletterwithasinglebaracrossthesquarebracketonANSWERSHEET.ManypeopleinvestinthestockmarkethopingtofindthenextMicrosoftandDell.However,Iknow21personalexperiencehowdifficultthisreallyis.Formorethanayear,Iwas22hundredsandsometimesthousandsofdollarsadayinvestinginthemarket.Itseemedsoeasy.Idreamedof23myjobattheendoftheyear,ofbuyingasmallapartmentinParis,oftravelingaroundtheworld.Butthesedreams24toasuddenanddramaticendwhenastockI25,Texascellularphonewholesaler,fellbymorethan75percent26aoneyearperiod.Onthe27day,itplungedbymorethan$15ashare.Therewasarumorthecompanywas28salesfigures.ThatwaswhenIlearnedhowquicklyWallStreet29companiesthatmisrepresentthe30Ina31,Isoldallmystockinthecompany,paying32margindebtwithcashadvancesfrommy33card.BecauseIownedsomanyshares,I34asmallfortune,halfofitfrommoneyIborrowedfromthebrokeragecompany.Onemonth,Iama35Myfatherwasastockbroker,aswasmygrandfather36him.(Infact,hefoundedoneofChicago'searliestbrokeragefirms.)Butlikesomanythinginlife,wedon'tlearnanythinguntilwe37itforourselves.Theonlywaytoreallyunderstandtheinner38ofthestockmarketistoinvestyourownhard-earnedmoney.Whenallyourstocksaredoing39andyoufeellikeawinner,youlearnverylittle.It'swhenallyourstocksarelosingandeveryoneisquestioningyourstock-picking40thatyoufindoutifyouhavewhatittakestoinvestinthemarket.21.A.atB.inC.fromD.by22.A.makingB.spendingC.sellingD.buying23.A.losingB.retiringC.gettingD.quitting24.A.turnedB.cameC.wentD.seemed25.A.ownedB.owedC.rentedD.sold26.A.overB.byC.fromD.with27.A.busyB.slowC.worstD.fast28.A.cheatingB.exaggeratingC.announcingD.beating29.A.punishesB.defeatsC.tellsD.shows30.A.tradeB.truthC.lieD.lies31.A.despairB.worryC.panicD.moment32.A.allB.offC.overD.up33.A.creditB.identityC.identificationD.loan34.A.wonB.lostC.gainedD.found35.A.winnerB.champagneC.geniusD.mentor36.A.afterB.beforeC.forD.and37.A.rememberB.liveC.imagineD.experience38.A.workingsB.inningsC.priceD.shares39.A.moreB.greatC.muchD.up40.A.facilityB.facultyC.abilityD.powerⅢ.ReadingComprehension(20points)Directions:Readthefollowingpassage,decideonthebestoneofthechoicesmarkedA,B,C,andDforeachquestionorunfinishedstatementandthenmarkthecorrespondingletterwithasinglebaracrossthesquarebracketonANSWERSHEET.PassageOneTheCommercialRevolutionwasnotconfined,ofcourse,tothegrowthoftradeandbanking.Includedinitalsowerefundamentalchangesinmethodsofproduction.ThesystemofmanufacturedevelopedbythecraftguildsinthelaterMiddleAgeswasrapidlybecomingdefunct.Theguildsthemselves,dominatedbythemastercraftsmen,hadgrownselfishandexclusive.Membershipinthemwascommonlyrestrictedtoafewprivilegedfamilies.Besides,theyweresocompletelychokedbytraditionthattheywereunabletomakeadjustmentstochangingconditions.Moreover,newindustrieshadsprungupentirelyoutsidetheguildsystem.Characteristicexampleswereminingandsmeltingandthewoolenindustry.Therapiddevelopmentoftheseenterpriseswasstimulatedbytechnicaladvances,suchastheinventionofthespinningwheelandthediscoveryofanewmethodofmakingbrass,whichsavedabouthalfofthefuelpreviouslyused.Intheminingandsmeltingindustriesaformoforganizationwasadoptedsimilartothatwhichhasprevailedeversince.ButthemosttypicalformofindustrialproductionintheCommercialRevolutionwasthedomesticsystem,developedfirstofallinthewoolenindustry.Thedomesticsystemderivesitsnamefromthefactthattheworkwasdoneinthehomesofindustrialartisansinsteadofintheshopofamastercraftsman.Sincethevariousjobsinthemanufactureofaproductweregivenoutoncontract,thesystemisalsoknownastheputtingoutsystem.Notwithstandingthepettyscaleofproduction,theorganizationwasbasicallycapitalistic.Therawmaterialwaspurchasedbyanentrepreneurandassignedtoindividualworker,eachofwhomwouldcompletehisallottedtaskforastipulatedpayment.Inthecaseofthewoolenindustrytheyamwouldbegivenoutfirstofalltothespinners,thentotheweavers,fullers,anddyerinsuccession.Whentheclothwasfinallyfinished,itwouldbetakenbytheclothierandsoldintheopenmarketforthehighestpriceitwouldbring.41.Accordingtothearticle,whatchangesdidtheCommercialRevolutionbringabout?A.MethodsofproductionB.AppearanceofcraftguildsC.IncreasedtradevolumeD.Growthoftrade,bankingandmethodsofproduction42.Theword"defunct"inthefirstparagraphmostprobablymeans______.A.popularB.obsoleteC.potentialD.extensive43.Accordingtothearticle,inwhichareawasitmoreenergy-efficient?A.SmeltingindustryB.MiningindustryC.BankingD.Weaving44.Theauthorimpliesthat______.A.Theguildsystemwasmoreefficient.B.Thedomesticsystemwascapitalistic.C.Thetechnicaladvancesstimulatedtheguildsystem.D.Thedomesticsystemwasnotasefficientastheguildsystem.45.Accordingtothearticle,whichoneofthefollowingstatementsisNOTtrue?A.Technicaladvancesstimulatedthedevelopmentofenterprises.B.Inthewoolenindustry,weaverswouldpassontheirproductstospinners.C.Thedomesticsystemisalsoknownastheputtingoutsystem.D.Theword"clothier"issynonymousto"entrepreneur"inthiscontext.PassageTwoAndresearcherssaythatlikethoseliteraryromanticsRomeoandJuliet,theymaybeblindtotheconsequencesoftheirquestsforanidealizedmatewhoservestheireveryphysicalandemotionalneed.Nearly19in20never-marriedrespondentstoanationalsurveyagreethat"whenyoumarryyouwantyourspousetobeyoursoulmate,firstandforemost,"accordingtotheStateofourUnions:2001studyreleasedWednesdaybyRutgersDavidPopenoe,aRutgerssociologistandoneofthestudy'sauthors,saidthatviewmightspelldoomformarriages."Itreallyprovidesaveryunrealisticviewofwhatmarriagereallyis,"Popenoesaid."Thestandardbecomessohigh,it'snoteasytobailoutifyoudidn'tfindasoulmate."Thesurveypointstoafundamentaldilemmainwhichyoungerpeoplewantmorefromtheinstitutionofmarriagewhiletheyseeminglyareunwillingtomakethenecessarycommitments.Thesurveyalsosuggeststhatsomerespondentsexpecttoomuchfromaspouse,includingthekindofemotionalsupportrenderedbysame-sexfriends.Theauthorsofthestudyalsosuggestthatthegenerationthatwaspolledmaymorequicklyleaveamarriagebecauseofinfidelitythanpastgenerations.Popenoesaidthepoll,conductedbytheGallupOrganization,isthefirstofitskindtoconcentrateonpeopleintheir20s.Atotalof1,003marriedandsingleyoungadultsnationwidewereinterviewedbytelephonebetweenJanuaryandMarch.Themarginoferrorwasplusorminusfourpercentagepoints.Respondentssaidtheyeventuallywanttogetmarried,realizeit'salotofworkandthinktherearetoomanydivorces.Theybelievethereisonerightpersonforthemouttheresomewhereandthinktheirownmarriageswon'tendindivorce.Sincethepollisthefirstofitskind,researcherssayitisimpossibletosayifexpectationsaboutmarriagearechangingorstatic.Butscholarssaythesearchforsoulmateshasincreasedoverthelastgeneration--andthelastcentury--asmarriagehasbecomeaninstitutioncenteringonromanceratherthanutility."Onehundredyearsago,peoplemarriedforfinancialreasons,fortyingfamiliestogether,theymarriedforpoliticalreasons,"saidJohnDeLamater,asociologistattheUniversityofThoseconditionsarenolongerthecaseforyoungadultslikeDavidAsher,a24-yearwaiterinaTrentoncafewhohasbeeninarelationshipforabouttwoyears.Hewantstowaittomakesurehe'sreadytoexchangevows."Iknowalotofithastodowithfinancialreasons,"hesaid."Maybeifyou'regoingtohavechildren,marriageisthebestbet."Butthemainreasonformatrimony:"Ifyou'reinlovewithsomeone,it'ssortoflikepromisingtothemyouareinlove."That'sallwellandgood,saidHeatherHelms-Erikson,anassistantprofessorofhumandevelopmentandfamilystudiesattheUniversityofNorthCarolinaatGreensboro,butpassionpartlyinendorpin--causedphysiologicalphenomenon--hasbeenknowntodiminishintime.46.What'sthebesttitleofthispassage?A.MarriageScholarsWorrySearchfor"SoulMates"isUnrealistic.B.PeopleShouldSeekforRomanticLovelikeRomeoandJuliet.C.MarriageShouldHappenbetweenSoulMates.D.Searchfor"SoulMates"ShouldbeSupersededbyReality.47.Thenewstudyinthispassageshowsthat______.A.manyAmericanareverypracticalwhentheysearchforaspouseB.American20-somethingshavealargelyromanticviewofmarriageC.RomanticviewofmarriagemightleadmarriagetoahappyendingD.Americansarefondofmarriagelifesotheywillnotcarecohabitation48.Itcanbeinferredthattheauthorwouldmostlikelyagreewithwhichofthefollowingstatementsregardingmarriage?A.Itusuallyinvolvesidealizedmateswhocanservetheireveryphysicalandemotionalneed.B.Itmaynotberealizedunlessthecoupleconsidercarefullyabouttheirresponsibilityandcommitment.C.Itbecomesmoreunrealisticnowadaysthaninthepastbecausemostpeoplecenteronromanceinsteadofutility.D.Itresultsfrommanyreasonssuchasfinancialreasons,familyreunion,andpoliticalreasons.49.Whichofthefollowingisnotoneofthedifferencesbetweenthisgenerationandthepastgenerationsasfarasmarriageisconcerned?A.Theyoungpeoplenowadaysrequiremorefrommarriagebuttheyseemnottobewillingtomakenecessarycommitments.B.Thisgenerationexpectstoomuchfromtheirspousesandtheycannotkeeptobefaithfultotheirhusbandsorwives.C.Theyoungpeopleatpresentpaymoreattentiontolookforsoulmatesthanthepastgenerationswhentheysearchforpartners.D.Nowsomeyoungpeopleusuallymarryforthesamereasonsastheoldergenerationssuchasfinancialonesandchildren.50.WhichofthefollowingsentenceswillHeatherHelms-Erikonusetoillustrateherownargument?A.Tenyearsintoamarriage,youwillstillhavegreatpassionandyounoticesomeoneelseandsay,"Onlymywifeorhusbandismysoulmate."B."Theromanticpartofmarriage-whileitcanbethere-shouldnotbesubstitutedbyotherthingssuchassharedvaluesantisocialstatus."C."Thecoupleshouldfocusonthe'threeCs'-communication,conflictresolutionandcommitmenttomakemarriagethefirstpriority."D."Tenyearsintoamarriage,youdon'thavethatanymoreandyounoticesomeoneelseandthink,'maybethispersonismysoulmate."PassageThreeVisitingaNationalParkcanberelaxing,inspiringandrejuvenating,butitcanalsobedisturbing.AsyoudriveintoRockyMountainBytracingthehistoryofourNationalParks,wecanunderstandtheproblemandseewhyweneedactivemanagement.Intheearlypartofthe20thcentury,settlersexploitedwildlifeheavily,resultinginnear-extinctionofmanyspecies.Therefore,severalNationalParkswereestablishedbyCongressprimarilytosaveendangeredanimals.However,stricterwildlifeprotectionlawsandimprovedwildlifemanagementtechniquesresultedingreaterpopulationsofanimalsovercrowdinginareasofhighconcentration,suchastheYellowstoneelkherds.Complicatingtheproblem,theNationalParkServiceintheearlypartofthe20thcenturyadoptedapolicyofaggressivepredatorelimination,thusreducingnaturalwildlifepopulationcontrol.Subsequently,elkanddeerpopulationsexplodedinmanyNationalParks,resultinginseveredamagetonativevegetation.VigorousforestfireandinsectsuppressionintheNationalParksthroughoutthe20thcenturyfurtheralteredthenaturalenvironmentbyallowingforeststoover-mature,withoutnaturalthinningprocesses.Parkmanagersthoughtthattheywereprotectingtheland,butactuallytheywereremovingimportantcontrolsfromtheforestecosystems.Clearly,wemustactimmediatelyifwewanttopassdowntoourchildrenandgrandchildrenthegreenlegacyofourNationalParks;wemuststepinandrestorethenaturalprocesseswhichwehavealteredthroughourwell-intentioned,butmisguided,policiesinthepast.51.Accordingtothearticle,strictwildlifeprotectionlawsandimprovedwildlifemanagementtechniques______.A.causedthenearextinctionoftheendangeredanimals.B.intervenedthenaturalprocess.C.madethevisitofNationalParksrelaxing,andinspiringandrejuvenating.D.savedtheelksintheRocky52.Accordingtotheauthor,therewouldnotbestarvingelks,damagedmeadowsordyingforestsinNationalParksif______.A.thegovernmentintroducedstricterwildlifelaws.B.theNationalParkServiceemployedmorewildlifemanagementtechniques.C.thenaturalprocesseswererestored.D.ifwecontinuedtoimproveournaturalenvironment.53.Accordingtothearticle,thepopulationexplosionofelkanddeerwascausedalsoby______.A.theadoptionofapolicyofaggressivepredatorelimination.B.theincreasednumberofNationalParks.C.thedeceasingnumberofvisitorstoNationalParks.D.theheavyexploitationofendangeredanimalsinthe20century.54.Fromthearticle,wecandeducethattheauthor______.A.isinsupportofthepresentpolicies.B.appreciatesthepresentmanagementtechniques.C.thinksthattheforcesinnatureshouldbealtered.D.isstronglyinfavorofthenaturalprocesses.55.WhichoneofthefollowingstatementsisNOTtrueaccordingtothearticle?A.Parkmanagersinterruptedtheforestecosystemsthroughoutthe20thcentury.B.Flesh-eatinganimalsshouldnotbeeliminated.C.Insectsuppressionmaycausetheforeststoover-mature.D.Severedamagetonativevegetationintheforestiscausedbyfire.PassageFourAtthefall2001SocialScienceHistoryAssociationconventioninChicago,theCrimeandJusticenetworksponsoredaforumonthehistoryofgunownership,gunuse,andgunviolenceintheUnitedStates.Ourpurposewastoconsiderhowsocialsciencehistoriansmightcontributetothepublicdebateoverguncontrolandgunrights.Todate,wehavehadlittleimpactonthatdebate.Ithasbeendominatedbymainstreamsocialscientistsandhistorians,especiallyscholarssuchasGaryKleck,JohnLott,andMichaelBellesiles,whosework,despiteprofoundflaws,ispoliticallycongenialtoeitheropponentsorproponentsofguncontrol.KleckandMarkGertz,forinstance,argueonthebasisoftheirwidelycitedsurveythatgunownerspreventnumerouscrimeseachyearintheUnitedStatesbyusingfirearmstodefendthemselvesandtheirproperty.Iftheirsurveyrespondentsaretobebelieved,Americangunownersshot100,000criminalsin1994inself-defense--apreposterousnumber.Lottclaimsonthebasisofhisstatisticalanalysisofrecentcrimeratesthatlawsallowingprivateindividualstocarryconcealedfirearmsdetermurders,rapes,androbberies,becausecriminalsareafraidtoattackpotentiallyarmedvictims.However,hebiaseshisresultsbyconfininghisanalysistotheyearbetween1977and1992,whenviolentcrimerateshadpeakedandvariedlittlefromyeartoyear.Hereportsonlyregressionmodelsthatsupporthisthesisandneglectstomentionthateachofthosemodelsfindapositiverelationshipbetweenviolentcrimeandrealincome,andaninverserelationshipbetweenviolentcrimeandunemployment.ContrarytoKleckandLott,BellesilesinsiststhatgunsandAmerica's"gunculture"areresponsibleforAmerica'shighratesofmurder.InBellesiles'sopinion,relativelyfewAmericansownedgunsbeforethe1850sorknowhowtouse,maintain,orrepairthem.Asaresult,hesays,gunscontributedlittletothehomiciderate,especiallyamongwhite,whichwasloweverywhere,evenintheSouthandonthefrontier,wherehistoriansonceassumegunsandmurderwenthandinhand.AccordingtoBellesiles,thesepatternschangeddramaticallyaftertheMexicanWarandespeciallyaftertheCivilWar,whengunownershipbecamewidespreadandculturalchangesencouragedtheuseofhandgunstocommandrespectandresolvepersonalandpoliticaldisputes.Theresultwasanunprecedentedwaveofgun-relatedhomicidesthatnevertrulyabated.Tothisday,theUnitedStateshasthehighesthomiciderateofanyindustrialdemocracy.Bellesiles'slowestimatesofgunownershipinearlyAmericaconflict,however,withthoseofeveryhistorianwhohaspreviouslystudiedthesubjectandhavethusfarprovenirreproducible.Everyhomicidestatistichepresentsiseithermisleadingorwrong.GiventheinfluenceofKJeck,Lott,Beliesiles,andotherpartisanscholarsonthedebateoverguncontrolandgunrights,wefeltaneedtopulltogetherwhatsocialsciencehistorianshavelearnedtodateaboutthehistoryofgunownershipandgunviolenceinAmerica,andtoconsiderwhatresearchmethodsandprojectsmightincreaseourknowledgeinthenearfuture.56.Whichofthefollowingstatementsistrueaboutthepublicdebateoverguncontrol?A.IthaslittleinfluenceontheforumsponsoredbytheCrimeandJusticenetwork.B.Neithersupportersoropponentsofguncontrolcitetheworldsofscholars.C.Theworksofmainstreamsocialscientistshavegreatimpactonit.D.Manysocialsciencehistorianshavesofarfailedtotakepartinit.57.TheauthormentionsKleck,Lott,andBellesilesmainlyto______.A.illustratetheinfluencetheyhaveontheissueofguncontrolB.refutetheclaimthatprivateownershipoffirearmswilldeterviolentcrimesC.supportthethesisthatgunownershipleadstomoreviolenceD.demonstratewhyresearchmethodsshouldbeimprovedinthestudyofthegunownershiphistory58.Theauthor'smaincriticismofjohnLottisthathe______.A.advocatesprivateownershipoffirearmsB.isnotobjectiveinhisanalysis.C.hasanalyzedawrongperiodD.hasciteddubiousstatistics59.WithwhichofthefollowingwillBellesilesmostprobablyagree?A.Gun