汉字的发展英文版介绍

汉字的发展英文版介绍第1页/共45页壹贰叁肆contentonetwothreefour汉字的简介

汉字的发明汉字的发展汉字的结构第2页/共45页汉字的简介世界上最古老的，承传的手写文字最早出现于5,000多年前中国的古老汉字构思来自形象和意象,简单的形象结合在一起可以构成复杂的意象汉字是方块字第3页/共45页TheChineseLanguageIstheoldest,continuouswrittenlanguageintheWorldFirstwrittenover5,000yearsagoTheinventorsofthewrittenlanguagedrewpicturestoexpresswordsorideas,SimplepictureswerecombinedtomakemorecomplexthoughtsIssquare-shaped.第4页/共45页Chinesecharacterswereinitiallymeanttobesimplepicturesusetohelppeoplerememberthings.Afteralongperiodofdevelopment,itfinallybecameauniquecharactersystemthatembodiesphoneticsound,image,idea,andrhymeatthesametime.汉字是从原始人用以记事的简单图画，经过演变发展最终成为一种兼具音·形·意·韵的独特文字。第5页/共45页形意音韵soundimageidearhyme第6页/共45页

Chinesecharactersareusuallyroundoutsideandsquareinside,whichisrootedinancientChinesebeliefsofanorbicularskyandarectangularearth.汉字结构“外圆内方”源于古人“天圆地方”的观念。第7页/共45页第8页/共45页汉字的发明

TheinventionoftheChinesecharactersKeeprecordsbytyingknots(结绳说）TheEightDiagrams(八卦说）Cangjiecreatedthecharacters(仓颉造字说）第9页/共45页

传说上古时期有个名叫仓颉（jīé）的人，他是黄帝的史官。据说他长着4只眼睛，上面两只观日月星辰，下面两只观看山川鸟兽，据万物的形状创造了汉字。后人尊他为“造字圣人”。实际上，汉字这样的文字系统，不是一人一时所能创造的，而是在发明、积累及形成过程中，由许多人慢慢丰富起来的。第10页/共45页Inlegend,therewasafigureinremoteantiquitynamedCangJiewhowasanofficialhistorianofHuangdi(knownastheYellowEmperor).Itwassaidthathehad4eyes,andtheupper2wereforwatchingthesun,themoonandthestarswhilethelower2forwatchingmountains,rivers,beastsandbirds.Anditwashe,asthelegendgoes,whohadcreatedtheChinesecharactersaccordingtotheshapesofallthings.第11页/共45页Sohehasthetitleof“SageofCharacter-creation”,aslatergenerationsaddressedhim.Nevertheless,itisimprobableforanysinglepersontocreateacomplicatedcharactersystematonetime.Thecharactersisactuallydevelopedbymanypeoplegraduallyinthelongprocessofinvention,accumulation,andevolution.第12页/共45页

汉字的发展

thedevelopmentofChinesecharactersOracleBoneInscription甲骨文BronzeInscriptions金文SealScript篆书OfficialScript隶书RegularScript楷书CursiveScript草书Runningscript行书第13页/共45页

TheoldestChineseinscriptionsaretheOraclebonescript甲骨文(BC.14-11).MostofOracleBoneInscriptionaredivinationrecords,engravedonthetortoiseshellsoranimalbones.Nowwehavebeenfoundmorethan4600oracles,includingabout1000recognized.Oracleiscarvedwithaknife,verylittleiswritten,becausewordshavenotunified,manywordscanwrite,writeback,strokessimplifieddiffer,Chinesecharactercomponentisnotfixed,andsomanyvariantcharacters（异体字）.divination第14页/共45页

BronzeInscriptions（金文）refertoancientinscriptioncastorcarvedonthebronzeware（青铜器）.TheyareusedFromShang,ZhoutoQin,Handynasties,butthemainfindingsarethewordsonthebronzewareofwesternzhoudynasty.第15页/共45页SealScript（篆书）canalsobecalledas“ScriptofQin”,including“Dazhuan（大篆）”and“Xiaozhuan（小篆）”.AtthebeginningoftheQinDynasty,TheFirstEmperorcontendedtheideathatthewrittenscriptshouldbestandardizedinformbecausethecharacterformsweredifferentfromareatoareainZhoutimes.ItwassaidthatLiSi（李斯）compiledandTheScriptemergedfinally.

第16页/共45页Inordertomakewritingmoretime-saving,heinventedanewformwhichwasappreciatedbyTheFirstEmperor.ItisLishu(隶书）TheformationoftheOfficialscriptisanimportantturning-pointinhistorybecauseitlaysafoundationforthesquattershapeofChinesecharacters.第17页/共45页It’ssaidthattheRegularscript（楷书）emergedintheLaterHanperiod.Itisakindofmorebeautifulandsimplerformandcouldsetangoodexampleforwriting.Soitiscalled“Kaishu”inChinesebecause“Kai”meansgoodexamples.Inaddition,famouscalligrapherssuchasYanZhenqing（颜真卿）andLiuGongquan（柳公权）leftquantitiesofmasterpiecesforus.ThedevelopmentofChinesecharactersgrewintoahigherlevel.Regularscript（楷书）第18页/共45页ItbecamepopularintheJinDynasty（晋朝）asweknowthefamouscalligrapherssuchasWangXizhi（王羲之）,WangXianzhi（王献之）

andthelike.Regularscript（楷书）第19页/共45页Cursivescript草书

CursiveScript（草书）includeZhangcao,JincaoandKuangcao,allhardtorecognize.ZhangcaoemergedatZhangemperorofeasternHan;JincaoemergedattheendoftheLaterHanperiod.Kuangcaowascreatedinthetangdynasty,changing,andverydifficulttoidentify,turnedintoapureart,therearefewpracticalvalue.第20页/共45页

Runningscript（行书）

emergedattheendoftheEasternHanperiod.itisakindofformbetweenregularscriptandcursivescript.Ithashighartistryandpracticality.第21页/共45页汉字的结构thestructureoftheChinesecharacterThestructureuniteoftheChinesecharacter汉字的结构单位Theorderofstrokesofcharacter汉字的笔顺Theformationofcharacter汉字的造字法第22页/共45页1、ThestructureuniteoftheChinesecharacter（汉字的结构单位）

TherearethreeaspectstothestructureofaChinesecharacter:thestrokes,thecomponentsandthewholecharacter.Forexample,thecharacter“木”consistsofthestrokes"—","丨","丿","乀".Itisabasiccharacterandisalsousedasacomponentforsomeothercharacters.Forexample,“林”consistsoftwo"木"characters.ThecomponentsarethecorestructureofaChinesecharacter.Chinesecharacterscanbedividedintocharacter-partsandnon-character-parts.Forexample,"院"canbedividedintothefollowingthreeparts:"阝","宀","元"ofwhich"元"isacharacter-part,while"阝"and"宀"arethenon-character-parts.ThekeytolearningChinesecharacterswellistomastertheircomponents.第23页/共45页

Chinesecharactersarewrittenbycombiningvariouskindsof"strokes".Thesestrokescanbedividedinto"basic"strokesand"combined"strokes.第24页/共45页第25页/共45页第26页/共45页

Structurallyspeaking,Chinesecharactersfallintocategories:thesingle-componentcharactersandthemulti-componentcharacters.AllofthebasicChinesecharactersaresimple-componentcharacters,suchas"人","口","目","山","火","手","刀","马","牛","日","月","羊".Themulti-componentcharactersconsistormorecomponents,suchas"爸","妈","你","们","朋".Theorderofwritingcomponentsinacharacterissimilartothestrokeorderofwritingacharacter.Therearethreebasictypesofconfigurationformulti-componentcharacters.第27页/共45页第28页/共45页ThebasicruleofChinesecharactersstrokeorderis:2、Theorderofstrokesofcharacter

（汉字的笔顺）第29页/共45页3、Theformationofcharacter（汉字的造字法）

TheformationofcharacterreferstothemethodtocreatetheChinesecharacters.Generallyspeaking,AncientChinesemethodofcreationtherearefourcategories:pictographs(shape),self-explanatory(mean),semasiography(knowing),andPictophonetic.ThecurrentcomparedwiththeancientChinesecharacters,andtherearesomespecialcases.第30页/共45页RénpeopleKǒumouth第31页/共45页mùeyemountainshān第32页/共45页sunfirerìhuǒ第33页/共45页goatswordyángdāo第34页/共45页

HieroglyphicCharacters（象形），thiscreationmethodisclosertothepicture,butcomplexthings,abstractconceptcan'tpictograph,sorelyonpictographcancreateveryfewcharacters,butitisthebasisoftheformationofChinesecharacters.第35页/共45页第36页/共45页

Thewaytoformacharacterusingsymbolstoindicatethecharacter'smeaningiscalled"Self-explanatoryCharacters（指事）".Therearetwotypesofindication:oneispurelysymbolic,e.g.shorterhorizontaloveralongermeans"上（up）",andtheoppositemeans"下（down）";theothertypeistoaddasymboltohieroglyphiccharacter,e.g.e.g.addinga"一"to"木",ifupmeanstheendofatree(末)，ifdownmeanstherootofatree(本).Here,the"一"isnotthenumeric.Forinstance,aknife(刀)withanadditionaldotindicateswherethebladeis.Theleftandrightin"人"indicatesarmpits.Thedotshereareallindicationsymbol.第37页/共45页第38页/共45页第39页/共45页第40页/共45页

CharactersformedwithtwoormoreindependentcharacterstoindicateanewmeaningarecalledAssociativeCharacters（会意）.Forinstance,"人”（or”亻”）leaningagainst"木（tree）"means"休（torest）";two