NI自动化测试与自动系统控制解决方案

Automated

Test

System

Automation

&

ControlCase

Studies:

Solar

PowerAgendaSolar

Energy

FundamentalsAutomated

TestPhotovoltaic

(PV)

cellI‐V

characterizationSystem

Automation

and

ControlPVsemiconductor

process

control

and

monitoringPVpowerplant

electrical

monitoring

andsuntrackingcontrolAvailabilityWith

a

solar

cell

efficiency

of20

percent,

anareathesize

ofTexascould

supply

the

entire

world’senergy

demands

[1].The

black

dots

represent

the

land

area

required

toreplace

the

total

primary

energy

supply

withelectricity

from

solar

cells.Available

solar

energy

(left)

greatly

exceedsglobal

energy

consumption.The

Solar

Energy

MarketSolarenergy

technologies,

which

harness

the

sun’senergy

to

generate

electrical

power,

areone

of

thefastest

growingsourcesof

renewable

energy

on

the

market

today.US

Photovoltaic

Shipments,

1997-2006*Courtesy

US

Energy

InformationAdministrationSolar

Power

Generation

TechnologiesPhotovoltaic

(PV)

solar

cellsSolar

thermal

collectorsIndustry

Challenges

for

Solar

PowerDesign

more

efficient

solar

cellsIncreasing

the

amount

of

power

per

area(watt/m2)through

better

design

andtestingIncrease

theeconomic

viability

of

new

technologies,such

as

solartrackingtoincrease

solar

celloutputLower

the

production

costofsolar

cellsIncrease

automation

for

more

efficientmanufacturingwith

less

scrapAgendaSolar

Energy

FundamentalsAutomated

Testl ‐System

Automation

and

ControlPVsemiconductor

process

control

and

monitoringPVpowerplant

electrical

monitoring

andsuntrackingcontrolPhtoovoltaic(PV)celIVcharacerizationtCase

Study:

Automated

Semiconductor

Characterization

and

ValidationA

test

system

that

can

automaticallycharacterize

an

integrated

circuit

undervarying

conditionsEngineering

Challenge:

synchronizemultiple

instruments

and

maintain

verytight

timing

and

triggeringIC

Characterization

SystemThe

system

contains

a

mix

ofdigital

and

analog

instruments

forcontroland

measurement

including:100MHzfrequency

generators

to

triggersand

synchronizes

otherdevices

and

provide

a

common

base

clock.A

100

MS/s

arbitrary

waveform

generatorAhigh‐speed

digital

I/Omodule

to

output

amodulated

digital

pattern

tothe

chipKeyadvantages

of

this

implementationIntegrationof

the

analog

and

digital

instruments

in

one

systemVery

tight

controlover

timing,

minimizing

jitterSoftwareflexibilityto

adaptto

each

IC’s

controlrequirementsEnablingTechnologiesPrecision

DC

instrumentationMeasurement

of

voltage,

current,

resistance,andotherfactorsCharacterizing

a

Solar

Cell’s

PerformanceMeasureVoltage

and

CurrentRatings

(VOC

and

ISC)Maximum

Current,

Isc

occurs

whenthe

load

is

a

shortMaximum

Voltage,VOC

occurs

whenthe

load

is

openCalculate

EfficiencyMaximum

Power

(PMAX)Power

=

0

at

Isc

and

VOCPower

reaches

maximum

at

VMP

and

IMPFillFactorMain

measure

of

cell

qualityCompare

maximum

power

(PMAX)

to

theoretical

maximum

power

(PT)

based

on

Isc

and

VocEfficiency(η)Ratio

ofoutput

power(POUT)

toInput

Power

(PIN)Formaximum

efficiency,

POUT

=

PMAXPIN

is

the

product

ofirradiance(W/m2)

andthe

areaofthecell

(m2)

PMAX

PoutPinMAXPinFactors

that

affect

EfficiencyEfficiencyisreduced

byparallel

shunt

(RSH)

andseries

(RS)

resistancesApproximate

RSH

and

RSfrom

IVcurveDirect

Semiconductor

ResistivityMeasurement4

point

probeWidely

used

method

to

measure

resistivity

ofsemiconductorFlowing

current

into

thecircuitconnected

to

1,4

pointof

contactMeasuring

voltage

connectedto2,3pointof

contactResistivityρis

below:ρ=2πLp(V/I)1234Measurement

HardwareSource

Measure

Unit

(SMU)Sourcesbothpositive

&

negativecurrents,

thenmeasures

theresultingvoltageAlso

used

to

sink

(ordissipate)

current

whentesting

outputshort

circuitcurrents

and

leakage

currentsNIPXI‐4130

Power

SMU• +/‐

20V,

2A

isolated

output10nA

/100uV

source

resolution5currentranges–

2A

to

200uA4‐quadrantoperation

–

up

to

10WSinkRemote

sense

capabilitySMU

ChannelQuadrant

DiagramDemo

–

Solar

Cell

Characterization4‐quadrant

IV

tracingLabVIEW

analysis

and

displayAgendaSolar

Energy

FundamentalsAutomated

TestPhotovoltaic

(PV)

cellI‐V

characterizationSystem

Automation

and

Controlr•controlPVsemiconudctoproesscontrocdmonitoigrPVpowerplantleeccrtrialmonitoigadsntrackingunnnlanCase

Study:GigaMat

TechnologiesPerform

automated

semiconductor

wafer

sorting

based

upon

physical

and

electrical

characteristicsMeet

or

exceed

the

precision

andrepeatability

of

industry

standardequipment

but

with

greater

throughput,

flexibility

and

user

friendliness,

and

atmuch

lower

costGigaMat

Sorting

SystemNI

LabVIEW

is

used

to

synchronize

motion,vision,

and

instrumentationThis

project

wouldn’t

have

been

economicallyviable

without

LabVIEW

and

NI

synchronizedmotion,

vision,

and

DAQ

products.

EdmondAbrahamians,

President

and

CEO

ofGigamatEnablingTechnologiesSynchronized

motion,

automated

visualinspection,

and

measurementReal‐time,

deterministic

controlManufacturing

silicon‐basedPhotovoltaic

(PV)

cellsRefining

rawmaterialMelting

&

growing

crystalSlicing&treatmentPoly-siliconIngotWaferEtching,coating,inserting

electrodeCircuitconnecting

&

PackingIntegratingwithcontrol/monitoringsystemPV

CellPV

ModulesPlant

SystemPV

Control

&Measurement

RequirementsPoly-silicon&

IngotWaferPVcellPVmodulePlantsystemRequiredcontrol

&measurementtechnologiesTemperaturemonitoringInspection

ofcrystal

growthTemperaturemonitoringMachinevisionGeneratedvoltageTemperaturecontrolI-V

Curve

TestI-V

Curve

testMeasuringinsulatedresistorInvertercontrolSun

trackingElectricalProcesscontrolinspection4

point

probeMicro

crackinspectionMicro

crackinspectionpower

qualitymonitoringProgrammable

Automation

Controllers

(PACs)PLC

ruggedness

andreliabilityPCopenness

andperformanceSynchronized

measurement

and

motioncontrolMeasurements

withPACsVoltage,

current,

temperature,

pressure,

stress/strain,…Digital,

counter/timers,pulse

width

modulation,

…Encoders,

resolvers,

LVDTs,

…Acquisition

speeds

beyond

800,000

Samples/secondNetworking

withPACsStandard

communication

to

PLCs,touch

panels,handheldsSupportforindustrial

networkssuch

as

Ethernet,

Modbus,CANOPC

ServersLocal

or

networked

dataloggingControl

withPACsDigital

true/false

logicState

chartsFPGA‐basedprotectioninterlocksHigh

speed

PID

controlAdvanced

andcustom

control

algorithms

(gain

scheduling,modelpredictive

control,

…)Attributes

of

a

Real‐Time

SystemReliability24

hour

operationwithout

crashesDeterminismEvent

ResponseClosed-LoopControlDiscreteManufacturingPIDProcess

ControlImagescourtesy

ofSchlumbergerLimited

andDanaCorporationDemo

–

Introduction

toLabVIEW

Real‐TimeMotion

Control

System

for

Sun

TrackerKey

Concepts:Timed

LoopsReading

and

Writing

I/OPID

controlDownloading

and

executingcodeon

a

real‐time

targetNICompactRIOPAC

ArchitectureReal‐TimeProcessorReconfigurable

FPGAExtreme

Ruggedness‐40to

70°C

temperaturerange50g

shock,5g

vibrationI/OModules•I/O

Modules

with

built‐in

signal

conditioning

for

connection

to

sensors/actuators•Reconfigurable

FPGA

for

high‐speed

and

custom

I/Otiming,

triggering,

control•Real‐Time

Processor

fordeterministic,

stand‐alone

operation,

logging

and

analysisLow

Power

Consumption9to

35

VDCpower,

7‐10WtypicalIntroductionto

Field

Programmable

Gate

Arrays

(FPGAs)•What

isit?A

silicon

chip

with

unconnected

gates•How

it

worksDefine

behavior

in

softwareCompile

and

download

to

the

hardware•AdvantagesHigh

performance

and

reliabilityApplication

runs

in

dedicated

hardwareReplace

expensive

custom

PCBsExtremely

flexible

and

reconfigurableFPGA

Technology:

Using

Software

to

DesignHardwareReplace

custom

hardware

with

software-programmable

FPGA

logicHigh

speed

control

(1MHz

digital

/counter-timer,200

kHz

motion

control/analog

PID)DedicatedlogicinsiliconforhighestreliabilitySignal

processing

(decoding

industrial

sensor

signals)33LabVIEW

FPGA

CodeAbstractionCoutnerAnalog

I/O I/O

with

DMALabVIEWFPGAVHDL

66Pages

~4000

lineDemo

‐

Introduction

toLabVIEW

FPGAExplore

LabVIEW

FPGAmotorcontrolKey

Concepts:Pulsewidthmodulation(PWM)for

motorcontrolHigh

speed

loops

executinginparallelFixed

point

signal

processing

foranalog

encodersensorsMotion

Control

RequirementsPrecision

Position

ControlMultiaxis

coordinationPickandplace,

profile

cuttingAutomatedtest,

DUT

handlingAccurate

Velocity

ControlConveyors,

variable

speed

motorsHigh

speed

I/O

synchronizationCustom

Motion

ProfilesMotion

Control

DevicesHardware SoftwareMotion

Controllers • Fast

Configuration

andTestPXI

and

PCI

InterfacesStepper

and

Servo

ControlMulti‐axis

coordination

(upto

8axis)Integrated

I/OEncoder

inputInteractive

testingInteractive

auto‐tuningRapid

Development

withMotion

AssistantDrives

and

MotorsUp

to

10Apeakstepper

and

servodrivesConnection

to

third‐partydrivesNEMAstandard

size

stepper

motorsPreview

windowsfor

visualizationLabVIEW

code

generationDemo‐

IntegratingTextBased

Code

in

LabVIEWIntegrate

onopen

source

sunangle

calculator

algorithmKey

Concepts:LabVIEW

openness

totextbasedcode

such

asC,HDL

andMathScriptUsing

the

LabVIEW

FormulaNodeDemo

‐

Putting

it

all

together2‐axis

Sun

Tracking

MotionControl

SystemKey

Concepts:Combiningmeasurement,control,and

algorithmsTwo

axis

PIDcontrolTime

travelSummary:

Enabling

TechnologiesPrecision

DC

instrumentationVoltage,current,

resistance,

etc…Synchronized

motion,

automated

visual

inspection,

and

measurementReal‐time,

deterministic

control演讲完毕，谢谢观看！附录资料：不需要的可以自行删除QTP自动化测试自动化测试的好处快速QuickTest执行测试比人工测试速度快多了。可靠QuickTest每一次的测试都可以正确的执行相同的动作，可以避免人工测试的错误。可重复QuickTest可以重复执行相同的测试。可程序化QuickTest可以以程序的方式，撰写复杂的测试脚本，以带出隐藏应用程序中的信息。广泛性QuickTest可以建立广泛的测试脚本，涵盖应用程序的所有功能。可再使用QuickTest可以重复使用测试脚本，即使应用程序的使用接口已经改变。QTP背景BTO：BusinessTechnologyOptimization业务科技优化方案使IT系统既能满足质量和成本的需求，又能适应多变的业务需求，可随之改变QTP是HP花费45亿美元购买的Mecury公司测试产品套件之一QTP是继WR后推出以VBS为内嵌语言的测试工具用于功能测试QC产品协作进行自动化测试开发（BPT）BusinessProcessTesting特点：价格高昂但是容易掌握QTP应用范围自带插件ActiveX

Database

StdWindows

TEA

VisualBasic

Web

Xml额外购买插件Java

DotNet

PeopelSoftVisualAgesiebelOracleQTP基本功能介绍HP

QuichTest

Professinal支持功能测试和回归测试自动化，用于每个主要软件应用程序和环境。此解决方案使用关键字驱动的测试概念，简化了测试创建和维护过程。它使测试人员能够使用专业的不惑技术直接从应用程序屏幕中捕获流程来构建测试案例。测试专家还可以通过集成的脚本和调试环境完全访问内在测试和对象属性。QTP的基本功能介绍TestActionActionActionFunctionFunctionFunctionFunctionLibraryStepStepStep以Test为测试运行单位，每个Test包含若干类型Action。

以Action为最小单位映射对象库，多个Action之间可以共享统一对象库

Action内的Step可以包含用户录制操作或者函数库内对Function的调用StepStep使用QuickTest进行测试测试和业务组件测试：组织成一个或多个操作的步骤集合，用于验证应用程序是否按预期执行。业务组件：表示应用程序中单任务的步骤集合。业务组件（也称为组件）在MercuryQualityCenter中由业务流程测试组合为特定的场景以建立业务流程测试。测试流程使用QuickTest测试包括三个主要阶段创建测试或组件以下列一种或两种方式向测试中添加步骤在应用程序或网站上录制会话。建立对象库并使用这些对象在关键字视图或专家视图中手动添加步骤然后，使用特殊的测试选项或编程语句来修改测试或组件。通过用参数替换固定值拓宽测试或组件的范围使用设计的数据表中的数据QuickTest生成随机数据使用QuickTest中众多的功能测试功能来增强测试或组件，或添加编写语句来实现更复杂的测试目标。运行测试或组件运行测试或组件检查网站或应用程序运行测试或者组件以对其进行调试单步执行单步跳过单步退出设置断点使测试或组件在预定点暂停分析结果在“结果”窗口中查看结果。报告在运行会话过程中检测到的缺陷。QuickTest窗口标题栏&菜单栏文件工具栏调试工具栏测试工具栏操作工具栏测试窗格：关键字、专家试图数据表运行窗口调试查看器基本使用介绍各个按钮介绍QuickTest如何识别对象确定对象符合的测试对象类对测试对象进行分类标准Windows对话框(Dialog)Web按钮(WebButton)

VisualBasic滚动条对象(VbScrollBar)强制属性列表添加辅助属性特殊的顺序标识应用测试对象模型在录制时执行应用程序的相应操作，则QuickTest将标识QuickTest测试对象类（表示执行了操作的对象），并创建相应的测试对象读取应用程序中对象属性的当前值，然后将属性和属性值列表与测试对象一起存储选择该对象的唯一名称，一般使用该对象某个重要属性的值使用适当的QuickTest测试对象方法录制对对象执行的操作实例<INPUTTYPE="submit"NAME="Find"VALUE="Find">对象标识为WebButton测试对象创建一个名为Find的WebButton对象为FindWebButton对象存储属性和属性值属性值typeFindnameresetHtmltaginput实例（续）录制对WebButton执行了Click方法关键字视图专家视图Browser("MercuryInteractive").Page("MercuryInteractive").WebButton("Find").Click核心功能清单对象库描述性编程检查点对象属性运行期间变更数据驱动错误恢复自动化对象核心功能-对象库入口：

tools->ObjectRepository

Ctrl+R

功能

保存被测试对象属性，

在编写执行步骤时使用核心功能-对象库对象库中的对象可以在录制过程中自动产生，也可以手动添加指定对象对象库分为本地对象库和共享对象库，区别是:

本地对象库只应用于本地Action调用共享对象库以.tsr扩展名文件形式存在，可以被其他Action调用。对象库面板具有定义以及更新对象的功能，并且能够进行在被测软件和对象库之间双向查找对象。对象属性可以在对象库中被任意修改，并且其属性描述支持正则表达式。核心功能-对象库智能识别是鸡肋，辅助标识符要慎用对象库与描述性编程的区别：对象库将对象收集起来，以可视化的方式呈现给用户描述性编程在运行步骤中通过对象属性指定对象。结合使用时应注意：描述性编程的子对象不可以是对象库中的对象，反之可以。具体采用哪种方式指定对象因具体情况和个人喜好所定，并非描述性编程更“高人一筹“核心功能-对象库-简单的对象识别原理用户通过录制或指定对象属性的方式将一个对象添加到对象库，在录制过程中添加的对象是根据Tools->ObjectIdentification中的