信息通信技术对企业之间协调的影响

HughYan1《信息通信技术对企业之间协调的影响》

---对该文的学习体会论文作者论文标题：TheImpactofInformationandCommunicationTechnologyonInterorganizationalCoordination论文作者：MarielledenHengstandHenkG.Sol,DelftUniversityofTechnology,FacultyofTechnology,

PolicyandManagement发表时间：2001发表刊物：Proceedingsofthe34thHawaiiInternationalConferenceonSystemSciencesItiswidelybelievedthatInformationandCommunicationTechnology(ICT)enableorganizations:todecreasecosts;toincreasecapabilities;tochangeinterorganizationalcoordinationAbstractICTcouldbedrivingforcetochangeinterorganizationalcoordination;however,otheraspectshavealsoimpactsoninterorganizationalcoordination.Thoseaspects:aredescribedandcombinedwithICT;areguidelinespresentedtoindicatethedirectionofchanginginterorganizationalcoordination;Theseguidelinesaretranslatedtothecontainertransportindustryforevaluationpurpose;conclusionsleadtofurtherresearchontheimpactofICToninterorganizationalcoordination.AbstractOrganization’sbusinessenvironmentischangingquickly：Overthepastyears,organizationalfocushasshiftedfromtheorganizationalleveltowardstheinterorganizationallevel,becauseoftheincreasinginterestinginbusinesstrends:IntroductionOrganization’sbusinessenvironmentischangingquickly：InformationandCommunicationTechnology(ICT).Thefirstbusinesstrend.ICTcandecreasecostsandincreasecapabilitiesoforganization.Forexample,EDI,e-mail,worldwidewebsite.ICThaseasilycrossedtheboundaryamongorganizationsandhasbecomethemainfactorofinformationintensiveprocess.ICTtrends:Exchangedocumentsbetweenorganizations;Newwaystodobusiness;examples:Electronictradingmarkets;Electronicauctions;Electronicbookstore;ICThasdevelopedfromaminorforcetodominantforce.IntroductionOrganization’sbusinessenvironmentischangingquickly：Outsourcing.Thesecondbusinesstrend:Organizationsconcentrateontheirowncorebusiness;Organizationsspecializeinmainactivitiestoreducecosts;Avoidoccurringturbulenceofinstabilityorfrequentchanges;Avoidoccurringturbulenceofrandomnessorunpredictabilities.IntroductionOrganization’sbusinessenvironmentischangingquickly：Globalization.Thethirdbusinesstrend:Internationaltradeagreements,suchas:EuropeanUnion;WorldTradeOrganization(WTO);NorthAmericanFreeTradeAgreement;GeneralAgreementonTariffsandTrade;Organizationscompetetowininaworldwidemarket.IntroductionGuidelinesofBusinessProcessRedesign(BPR)：Itrepresentsanorganization’scapabilities.BusinessProcessRedesignistheresearchfieldinwhichguidelinesarepresentedaccordingtowhichorganizationscandealwiththeirchangingenvironment.Thispaperfocusesoninterorganizationallevel:increasingandchangingcommunicationbetweenorganizations;shiftingorganizationalboundaries;expandinggeographicallyrelationshipsbetweenorganizations;thechangesallaffectcoordinationbetweenorganizations;becauseapositiverelationshipexistsbetweentherangeofbenefitsobtainedfromcoordinationandlevelofICTsupport,guidelinesneedtobedesignedfornewcombinationsofcoordinationandICTataninterorganizationallevel.IntroductionGuidelinesofBusinessProcessRedesign(BPR)：BusinessProcessRedesignistheresearchfieldinwhichguidelinesarepresentedaccordingtowhichorganizationscandealwiththeirchangingenvironment.Thispaperfocusesoninterorganizationallevel:Introduction协调理论：Coordinationismanagingdependenciesbetweenactivities。Therearethreecategoriesofdependenciesthatmustbemanagedininterorganizationalrelationships:流程依赖关系（Floworsequentialrelationships）:Managingproducer-consumerrelationships.Operationalcoordination.Focusingonmanagingsequentialrelationshipsandflowofgoodsandservices.Ithappensduringtheexecutionofthecustomerorder.InterorganizationalCoordination企业间协调

协调理论：CoordinationTheory共享依赖关系（ShareorCompetitiveResource）:Managingsharedresources。Organizationscompeteforlimitedresources.Strategiccoordination.Onetypeofinterorganizationalcoordination.Focusingonmanagingcompetitiveresource.Decisionsmustbemadeastowhatprocessareneededforthefulfillmentofacustomerorder?Whichorganizationsareselectedfortheexecutionoftheseprocesses?Chainbetweenorganizationscanbedetailedas:messages,sharedperformancerequirements,andproceduresareagreeandconflictsaresolved.Itisablueprintspecifyingamongothers.InterorganizationalCoordination企业间协调

协调理论：CoordinationTheory共享依赖关系（ShareorCompetitiveResource）:Managingsharedresources。Organizationscompeteforlimitedresources.InterorganizationalCoordination企业间协调

等级与市场协调结构(HierarchicalandMarketCoordinationStructure).Itisatanabstractlevel.Itcanbeviewedasacollectionofelementsandthesetofrelationshipsthatconnecttheseelements.Inaninterorganizationalcoordinationstructure,theelementsaretheorganizationsandtherelationshipsarecoordinationrelated.InterorganizationalCoordination企业间协调

等级与市场协调结构(HierarchicalandMarketCoordinationStructure).

Hierarchicalcoordinationstructure.Itischaracterizedbylonglastingrelationshipsbetweenorganizations:oneorganizationhascontrolovertheotherorganizations;withfixedrulesofbehavior;andclearauthorityrelationships.StrategiccoordinationhappensforallcustomerordercollectivelyOperationalcoordinationhappensforeachcustomerorder;Itmainlyreliesonauthorities.InterorganizationalCoordination企业间协调

等级与市场协调结构(HierarchicalandMarketCoordinationStructure).

Marketcoordinationstructure.Itcoordinatesviabiddingandpricingsystems.Organizationshavetobuildarelationshipforeachnewcustomerorder;Organizationsarefullyautonomousandmakedecisionthemselves;Strategiccoordinationexistsoneachcustomerorder;Operationalcoordinationfollowseachstrategiccoordination;Itmainlyreliesonprices.InterorganizationalCoordination企业间协调

等级与市场协调结构(HierarchicalandMarketCoordinationStructure).

InterorganizationalCoordination企业间协调

非集中化与集中化协调结构(DecentralizationandCentralizationCoordinationStructure).DecentralizedCoordinationStructure.Allbuyerscancontactallsellersbynegotiatingfortransactions.CentralizedCoordinationStructure.Abrokerasaintermediateagencyconnectsbuyersandsellerstodothetransactions.Buyersandsellersnegotiateindirectlythroughabroker.thebrokeroperatesonbehalfofagroupofbuyers;thebrokeroperatesonbehalfofagroupofsellers;thebrokeroperatesonbehalfofabuyer;thebrokeroperatesonbehalfofaseller;thebrokeroperatesonbehalfofbothbuyersandsellers.InterorganizationalCoordination企业间协调

非集中化与集中化协调结构(DecentralizationandCentralizationCoordinationStructure).InterorganizationalCoordination企业间协调

非集中化与集中化协调结构(DecentralizationandCentralizationCoordinationStructure).InterorganizationalCoordination企业间协调

非集中化与集中化协调结构(DecentralizationandCentralizationCoordinationStructure).InterorganizationalCoordination企业间协调

主导型和中介型协调结构(DominatedandNeutralCoordinationStructure).DominatedCoordinationStructure.Oneorganizationsetsthepricesandrules;otherstakethepricesandrules.NeutralCoordinationStructure.Itenablesorganizationstointroducetheirpricesandrulesandtonegotiatethemamongeachother.Itismuchsimilartoadecentralizedstructurewithabroker.InterorganizationalCoordination企业间协调

主导型和中介型协调结构(DominatedandNeutralCoordinationStructure).InterorganizationalCoordination企业间协调

主导型和中介型协调结构(DominatedandNeutralCoordinationStructure).InterorganizationalCoordination企业间协调

参与协调的参与者数目(NumberofparticipantsintheCoordination).Thenumberofbuyersorsellersthattakepartinthecoordinationandcanwarybetweenoneorganizationandthetotalnumberofbuyersandsellersinthenetwork.Aparticipantmaybuyorsellsomething.Theselectingparticipantistheorganizationthatwantstosellsomethingorthatwantsbuysomething.Theselectedparticipantistheorganizationthatiscontactedfortheirbuyingorselling.Themoreparticipantsthattakepartinthestrategiccoordinationphases,thebettersupplyanddemandcanbecoordinated.Thenumberwouldbenotequalindifferentphasesofstrategicandoperationalcoordination.

InterorganizationalCoordination企业间协调

Transactioncoststheory:ItiswidelybelievedthattheuseofICTenablespeopletochangecoordination:moreeffectiveandmoreefficientcoordinationprocesses,newcoordinationstructures.Williamsonclaimsthatcostscomefromtwosources:ProductionCosts.Theyaretheresultsoftheflowofmaterials,producingandsupplyingproductsandservicesbythedeploymentofsources.lowproductioncostsinthecaseofMarketCoordinationStructure.信息和通信技术的影响TheImpactofICT

Transactioncoststheory:CoordinationCosts.Theyareassociatedwiththeneedforessentialinformationtocarryoutthetransaction.lowcoordinationcostsinthecaseofhierarchyCoordinationStructure.ICTcanlowercoordinationcosts,thismayleadtoanoverallshifttowardssmallerfirmsandproportionallyextrauseofmarkets.TheuseofICTcanincreasethecomplexityofcoordination:Morecoordinationprocessesareused;Moreorganizationsareinvolved;Morecommunicationactivities;Moreinformationtobetakenintoaccountwhenmakingadecision;Introducinganintermediarycandealwiththecomplexity.信息和通信技术的影响TheImpactofICT

UseofICTimpactsoncoordinationstructures:UseofICTchangescoordinationstructurestobemorecentralized.Indecentralizedstructurecoordination,themaximumcommunicationnumber=mn;Inonebrokercentralizedstructurecoordination,themaximumcommunicationnumber=m+n;这里：当m>1,n>1,k=1时，mn–(m+n)=(m-1)(n-1)>=1Inkbrokercentralizedstructurecoordination,themaximumcommunicationnumber=k(m+n);当m>k,n>k,k>0时，mn–k(m+n)=(m-k)(n-k)>=kDecentralizedstructureneedsmorecommunicationsthancentralizedstructure.信息和通信技术的影响TheImpactofICT

UseofICTisnotexpectedtoinfluencetheaspectofdominatedversusneutral.Adominatedstructurewillstaydominated;Aneutralstructurewillstayneutral,butByreducingcoordinationcostsICTwillimprovetheefficiencyofaneutralcoordinationstructure;ICTwillreducetheprofitoftheparticipantselectedbecauseoftheincreasedcompetitionamongtheparticipantsselected.ItisimpossibletoavoidtheusageofICT.信息和通信技术的影响TheImpactofICT

UseofICTisnotexpectedtoinfluencetheaspectofdominatedversusneutral.Bakossuggeststhreestrategiestobeusedbyparticipantsselectedtominimizethenegativeeffect:Emphasizingserviceoverpriceinformation,Makingitincreasinglydifficulttocomparethepriceofalternativeofferings;Increasingthedifferentiationofofferings.信息和通信技术的影响TheImpactofICT

UseofICTenablesthenumberofparticipantsduringstrategiccoordinationphaseincrease.TheuseofICTcanfacilitateanincreaseinthenumberoforganizations.Thenumberoforganizationscontactedwillincrease.Itwillincreaseduringstrategiccoordinationphase;Noguaranteethatthenumberoforganizationswithwhichanagreementissettledduringtheoperationalcoordinationlevelwillincrease.

信息和通信技术的影响TheImpactofICT

UseofICTenablesthenumberofparticipantsduringstrategiccoordinationphaseincrease.thenumberoforganizationsdependson:coordinationcosts;amountofrelationspecificinvestments;quality,trustandflexibility;Increasingthedifferentiationofofferings.信息和通信技术的影响TheImpactofICT

UseofICTcaninfluencethedurationofagreementsTobuildarelationshipwithanorganizationrequiressomeinvestments.Iftheinvestmentsarehigh,itisnotprofitabletodothisoverandoveragainforeveryorder;Longtermagreementsaresettledinwhichthegoodsandservicesaresuppliedmorethanonce.ICTstandardizationwilllowertheinvestments.Thismayleadtoshorttermagreements.信息和通信技术的影响TheImpactofICT

Homogeneity.Whendistinguishgoodsandservicesfromeachother,weneeddocomparisons.Factors,suchasprice,size,weight,amount,quality,responsiveness,flexibility,definethepreferenceprofileonbothbuyersandsellers.whenmoreandmorefactorsarerequired,acentralizedbrokermayuseful,andthelongertherelationshipswilllast,thelowerthenumberofparticipants;themoretimemaybeconsumed;themoreerrorsmaybemade.whenafewfactorsarerequired,adecentralizedstructureareused;AspectsInfluencingInterorganizationalCoordination

Specificity.Itindicatesthedegreetowhichtherelationshipsbetweenabuyerandasellerwillproduceassetthatisdedicatedtoaspecialpurposewithpooralternativeuse.Williamsonidentifydifferenttypesofspecificities:Physicalassetspecificity,suchasspecializedequipment;Human-capitalspecificity,suchasspecialistorexperts;Sitespecificity,suchasconvenientforbuyersorsellers,minimizedinventoryandtransportexpenditure;Assetspecificity,suchasinvestmentsforsellingasignificantamountofproducttoaparticularcustomer;Ifthedegreeofthespecificityishigh,thebuyerorsellershouldadopttheminimumfeasiblenumberofsellersorbuyers.

AspectsInfluencingInterorganizationalCoordination

TimePressure.Itexistsforallgoodsandservicesbecauseofthelimitationoftheresources.Itcanbedifferentamongdifferentgoodsandservices.Mostgoodscanbestoredbuthardlyunderanytimepressure;however,theymustbesoldwithinalimitedperiod;Servicesarehardstored;theymustbesoldbeforecarryingout;Ifnotimepressure,alargeamountofsellersorbuyerscouldbecontacted;however,iftimepressureexisted,tocontactalargeofsellersandbuyerswouldbeimpossible;Thenumberofparticipantsisrestrictedbytimepressure;Thedurationofagreementsislimitedbytimepressure;TimepressurewillleadtotheuseofICT;Whentimepressureishigh,negotiationswillbemore.AspectsInfluencingInterorganizationalCoordination

Value.Goodsandservicescanhavehighvaluefororganizations.Trustisveryimportantwhenassessvaluesofgoodsandservices;Sellersorbuyerarepreferredtoonlyafewparticipantsandlonglastingrelationshipstobuildarelationshipoftrust.AspectsInfluencingInterorganizationalCoordination

Frequency.Itreferstohowoftenagoodorserviceisrequired,eitheroccasionallyorrecurrently(周期性重复发生).Frequencyhasinfluencetothedurationofagreements;Frequencyhasinfluencetothenumberofparticipants;Thegreaterthefrequency,thebetterlongtermcontractswithonlyafewparticipantsbecauseitwouldbetoocostlyifcontractedeachtime.AspectsInfluencingInterorganizationalCoordination

Uncertainty.Referstothedifferencebetweentheinformationathandandtheinformationneededtomakeadecision.Uncertaintyhappensbecauseofthechangesofenvironmentandvarietyofcompetitors;Becauseofunpredictablemarketandnetwork;Noguaranteethatsupplierswillperformasagreed;Improveinformationprocessesandreducetheneedforinformationcandecreasetheprobabilityofuncertainty.

AspectsInfluencingInterorganizationalCoordination

TheImpactofICTonInterorganizationalCoordinationforContainerTransport

RotterdamPortCurrentStructureSituationInlandcontainertransportisthetransportbetweenaportandaplaceinthehinterland.Manyorganizationsareinvolvedwithdifferentinterests,culturesandbusinesses.Coordinationisimportantintheinlandcontainertransport.ThelevelofICTuseisnothigh.TheportofRotterdamistakenasanexampleinwhichinformationwascollectedfrom45organizations.

ICT对集装箱运输业企业间协调的影响

ICT对集装箱运输业企业间协调的影响

Thecoordinationstructure.Therearefouraspects:Neithercentralizednordecentralizedcoordinationstructureisthere;alltypesofstructurescanbefoundinpractice.

Thereisneutralcoordinationstructure.Pricesandrulesarecontentsofnegotiations.Fewdominatedstructure.Thenumberofparticipantspotentiallyquitehigh.Longtermagreementsbetweenparticipants.ICT对集装箱运输业企业间协调的影响

Thecoordinationstructure.Therearefouraspects:ICT对集装箱运输业企业间协调的影响

ICT对集装箱运输业企业间协调的影响

Aspectsthatinfluencecoordinationstructureininlandcontainertransport:Homogeneity.Homogeneityoftransportserviceisquitelow;Originanddestinationinfluencepricesoftransportservices;Goodsandservices’type,weight,departureandarrivaltimes,transportmode,reliability,administrativeandphysicalcomplexity,environmentandextraserviceareinfluencefactors.ICT对集装箱运输业企业间协调的影响

Specificity.Relationshipsininlandcontainertransportdorequirehardlyanyrelationshipspecificinvestments,inphysicalassets;Containersarestandardizedsonospecialequipmentsinvestmentarerequired;AtthebeginningofusingICTtherequirementsarespecific,butthestandardizedprocesseswillremovethisspecificities.ICT对集装箱运输业企业间协调的影响

Timepressure.Timepressureininlandcontainertransportisquitehigh;Atransportservicecannotbestoredforlateruse;Atransportserviceisrequiredtobecarriedoutataspecificpointintime;ICT对集装箱运输业企业间协调的影响

Value.Thevalueofatransportserviceininlandcontainertransportdependsonthetypeofgoods;Highvaluetransportservicesarerelatedtocriticalpurchases;Lowvaluetransportservicesarealsothere.ICT对集装箱运输业企业间协调的影响

Frequency.Occasionaltransportofcontainersdohappen;butitisrarely;Mosttransporthasarecurringnature;Thefrequencyoftransactionsininlandcontainertransportisquitehigh.ICT对集装箱运输业企业间协调的影响

Uncertainty.Economictrendsareunknown;Itisdifficulttopredicttheflowofgoodsinbothsizeanddirection;Itisunknowninadvancewhenatransportrequesterwillhaveacontainerreadytobetransported;Itisunknowninadvancehowmanycontainersthetransportrequesterisgoingtotransport;ICT对集装箱运输业企业间协调的影响

ICT对集装箱运输业企业间协调的影响

ICT对集装箱运输业企业间协调的影响

UsingICTsupport,moreinformationcanbeprocessedfaultlesslyinashorterperiodoftime.itbecomeseasiertodealwithlowhomogeneity;itbecomeseasiertodealswithhightimepressure;itbecomeseasiertodealswithhighfrequency;increasepossibilitiesformoreparticipantsandshorteragreements;informationisnotavailablewhetherICTsupport;importanceoftrustcannotbechangedbyICTsupportandcanberealizedinlongtermagreements;ICT对集装箱运输业企业间协调的影响

Thecoordinationstructureoftheinlandcontainertransportchainshould:Beneutral;Becentralized;Thenumberofparticipantswillincrease;Shorttermagreementsarenotexpected;Longtermagreementsareexpectedwithadditionthatdetailsoftheagreementareleftopenbecauseofthehighlevelofuncertainty;thesedetailsarefilledinaslateaspossibletoremainflexiblewithoutloosingarelationshipoftrust.ICT对集装箱运输业企业间协调的影响

在内陆集装箱运输中，对企业间协调的重新设计所构造的操作指南（GUIDELINES）在评价时需要考虑：被评估的系统绩效是否好于目前的协调系统？对该种设计的第一次评估，采用了一个专家模式（EXPERTPANEL）：在这个专家模式中，来自鹿特丹港口的10名专家被要求提出他们如果在考虑时可能提出的意见。这里，一个精心设计的游戏被用作实验游戏。游戏是围绕中间经纪人设计的，经纪人处于运输请求者和运输提供者之间。玩游戏的人必须指定自己进入经纪人的角色。经纪人的任务是：必须处理呈现在游戏中的与现实生活类似的任务。运输请求作为任务被递交给经纪人。内陆集装箱运输设计评估目前的系统-集中化结构、中立化结构、长期协议、少数参与者、很少IT支持-是其特点。根据目前的系统，重新设计企业间的协调结构，新设计的协调结构具有特点：集中化结构、中立化结构、长期协议、大量参与者、先进的IT支持水平。之后，玩游戏的人根据自身的经验回答问卷所提出的问题，因而实现对新设计的评价。玩游戏的人与来自咨询实践和运输实践的专家们总共进行了9次游戏。内陆集装箱运输设计评估在游戏中作业（ASSIGNMENT）被用来测量改变决定的程度。决定考虑了一个运输请求与一个运输服务的匹配。一个运输请求与一个运输服务的匹配程度采用多个判断标准，如考虑成本、时间、环境影响，来进行测量。有总计超过10个从鹿特丹港收集的作业被用来进行测量。实验数据处理采用了统计分析技术，在概率为P-VALUE=1%是t检验通过。游戏的结果表明：在所设计的企业间运输请求和服务能够匹配的很好。内陆集装箱运输设计评估在游戏中作业（ASSIGNMENT）被用来测量改变决定的程度。内陆集装箱运输设计评估在游戏中作业（ASSIGNMENT）被用来测量改变决定的程度。内陆集装箱运输设计评估从上表可以看出：在新的设计中，比起现有战略协调阶段的情况，内陆集装箱运输链上的管理者可能与更多的运输提供商进行协商。问卷表明：运输关系并不会因此变短，因为为了一个业务机会运输请求者接触几个不同的运输提供商只是希望在协商中处于更好的位置，但仍然希望保持长期关系，因此，还是有可能建立一个多方互信的关系。越来越多的运输提供者会采用新的运输解决方案，从而不同的运输提供者的服务将代替只有一个运输提供者的服务（OPERATIONAL）。内陆集装箱运输设计评估问卷显示：在现有情况下，运输提供者的数量在现有情况下不是平均只有3个。分析中来自咨询实践中的专家不同意这一点，但所有来自运输实践的专家都同意。在STRATEGICPHRASE，将增加长期关系；但长期关系将通过短期协议体现出来。专家们也要求:将游戏中的环境转移到实践中去，所有专家相信这对于实践是有用的。但是，专家们也认为这需要一些相当的年份来发展，估计需要10年时间。当ICT在企业间协调中扮演重要角色时，需要相当多的投资者来为此投资。内陆集装箱运输设计评估ICT对企业间协调的影响已经被通过企业重新设计指南明确地解释。为了评估的目的，重新设计指南被转化到内陆集装箱运输行业来讨论。为企业间协调所设计的重新设计指南提高了内陆集装箱运输行业的绩效，具有长期指导意义。实证分析也证明了这一点。应该指出，被设计的企业间协调系统在内陆集装箱运输行业的长途运输比短途运输更具潜力。对于企业间协调，为了对所设计的重新设计指南进行一个完整的评估，还必须应用于其它系统。结论和进一步的研究

ANYQUESTIONS？演讲完毕，谢谢观看！附录资料：不需要的可以自行删除65信息化规划与管理建立企业模型66第一节信息化规划项目的规划

制定大、中型企业的信息化规划本身就是一个庞大的项目，必须对这个信息化规划项目进行规划，这是制定信息化规划阶段的第一项任务，在这一项任务中应该完成以下三个子任务：

67一、确定信息战略规划的边界

确定信息化规划的范围，是对企业制定整体（或全局）规划，还是制定企业一个部门的规划（局部规划）；确定IT规划的信息技术边界，即信息系统应用哪些信息技术；确定信息化规划的时间限制，一般应在3~6个月之内完成，时间太短，结果比较肤浅；时间太长了，规划过于详细，可能过时。

68二、建立制定信息化规划项目的组织

项目发起人，他是主管项目的高级行政官员，他能与其他高层管理人员进行交流；项目小组，即前面所述的核心小组；咨询小组，其作用是提供项目小组不具备的专业技术，审查可交付的报告，以确保能正确反映业务现实。是否一定需要咨询小组，可以根据企业的具体情况来决定，所以，咨询小组是任选的。

69三、制定项目进度表

制定企业的信息化规划要完成7项任务，而每一项任务又包含一些子任务，有的子任务仍需分解成为更小的任务。为此，需要制定一个详细的任务表，规定各个任务的优先次序和完成任务的时间安排。给项目组成员分配具体任务和确定任务完成的时间，并绘制详细的进度表，便于及时检查和掌握工作进度。

70第二节初始的企业模型信息化规划阶段的第二个任务是建立一个初始的高层次的企业模型。高层次的企业模型应包括业务处理的主要数据（称为主题域）和这些数据之间的关系，以及企业的高层业务功能。首先要求识别企业的组织结构，确定企业的任务、目标和关键成功因素及其信息需求，进行业务战略规划。

71一、建立组织层次图

首先，识别企业的组织机构，建立企业的组织层次图。

信息来源：从得到的组织结构的文档中获