




下载本文档
版权说明:本文档由用户提供并上传,收益归属内容提供方,若内容存在侵权,请进行举报或认领
文档简介
Text1(2010)
OfallthechangesthathavetakenplaceinEnglish-languagenewspapersduringthepastquarter-century,perhapsthemostfar-reachinghasbeentheinexorabledeclineinthescopeandseriousnessoftheirartscoverage.
Itisdifficulttothepointofimpossibilityfortheaveragereaderundertheageoffortytoimagineatimewhenhigh-qualityartscriticismcouldbefoundinmostbig-citynewspapers.Yetaconsiderablenumberofthemostsignificantcollectionsofcriticismpublishedinthe20thcenturyconsistedinlargepartofnewspaperreviews.Toreadsuchbookstodayistomarvelatthefactthattheirlearnedcontentswereoncedeemedsuitableforpublicationingeneral-circulationdailies.
WeareevenfartherremovedfromtheunfocusednewspaperreviewspublishedinEnglandbetweentheturnofthe20thcenturyandtheeveofWorldWarII,atatimewhennewsprintwasdirt-cheapandstylishartscriticismwasconsideredanornamenttothepublicationsinwhichitappeared.Inthosefar-offdays,itwastakenforgrantedthatthecriticsofmajorpaperswouldwriteindetailandatlengthabouttheeventstheycovered.Theirswasaseriousbusiness,andeventhosereviewerswhoworetheirlearninglightly,likeGeorgeBernardShawandErnestNewman,couldbetrustedtoknowwhattheywereabout.Thesemenbelievedinjournalismasacalling,andwereproudtobepublishedinthedailypress.“Sofewauthorshavebrainsenoughorliterarygiftenoughtokeeptheirownendupinjournalism,”Newmanwrote,“thatIamtemptedtodefine‘journalism'as‘atermofcontemptappliedbywriterswhoarenotreadtowriterswhoare.'”
Unfortunately,thesecriticsarevirtuallyforgotten.NevilleCardus,whowrotefortheManchesterGuardianfrom1917untilshortlybeforehisdeathin1975,isnowknownsolelyasawriterofessaysonthegameofcricket.Duringhislifetime,though,hewasalsooneofEngland'sforemostclassical-musiccritics,astylistsowidelyadmiredthathisAutobiography(1947)becameabest-seller.Hewasknightedin1967,thefirstmusiccritictobesohonored.Yetonlyoneofhisbooksisnowinprint,andhisvastbodyofwritingsonmusicisunknownsavetospecialists.
IsthereanychancethatCardus'scriticismwillenjoyarevival?Theprospectseemsremote.Journalistictasteshadchangedlongbeforehisdeath,andpostmodernreadershavelittleusefortherichlyupholsteredVicwardianproseinwhichhespecialized.Moreover,theamateurtraditioninmusiccriticismhasbeeninheadlongretreat.
ItisindicatedinParagraphs1and2that.
artscriticismhasdisappearedfrombig-citynewspapers.
English-languagenewspapersusedtocarrymoreartsreviews.
high-qualitynewspapersretainalargebodyofreaders.
youngreadersdoubtthesuitabilityofcriticismondailies.
NewspaperreviewsinEnglandbeforeWorldWarIIwerecharacterizedby.
freethemes.[B]casualstyle.
[C]elaboratelayout.[D]radicalviewpoints.
WhichofthefollowingwouldShawandNewmanmostprobablyagreeon?
Itiswriters'dutytofulfilljournalisticgoals.
Itiscontemptibleforwriterstobejournalists.
Writersarelikelytobetemptedintojournalism.
Notallwritersarecapableofjournalisticwriting.
WhatcanbelearnedaboutCardusaccordingtothelasttwoparagraphs?
Hismusiccriticismmaynotappealtoreaderstoday.
Hisreputationasamusiccritichaslongbeenindispute.
Hisstylecaterslargelytomodernspecialists.
[D]Hiswritingsfailtofollowtheamateurtradition.
Whatwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?
NewspapersoftheGoodOldDays
TheLostHorizoninNewspapers
MournfulDeclineofJournalism
ProminentCriticsinMemory
Text2(2010)
Overthepastdecade,thousandsofpatentshaveseengrantedforwhatarecalledbusinessmethods.Amazoncomreceivedoneforits“one-click”onlinepaymentsystemMerrillLynchgotlegalprotectionforanassetallocationstrategy.Oneinventorpatentedatechniqueforlyingabox.
Nowthenation'stoppatentcourtappearscompletelyreadytoscalehackonbusiness-methodpatents,whichhavebeencontroversialeversincetheywerefirstauthorized10yearsago.Inamovethathasintellectual-propertylawyersabuzztheU.ScourtofAppealsforthefederalcircuitsaiditwoulduseparticularcasetoconductabroadreviewofbusiness-methodpatents.InreBil,saksithecaseisknown,is“averybigdeal,”saysDennisD.CrouchoftheUniversityofMissouriSchooloflaw.It“hasthepotentialtoeliminateanentireclassofpatents.”
Curbsonbusiness-methodclaimswouldbeadramaticabout-facebecauseitwasthefederalcircuititselfthatintroducedsuchpatentswithis1998decisionintheso-calledstateStreetBankcase,approvingapatentonawayofpoolingmutual-fundassets.Thatrulingproducedanexplosioninbusiness-methodpatentfilings,initiallybyemerginginternetcompaniestryingtostakeoutexclusivepintstospecifictypesofonlinetransactions.Later,moveestablishedcompaniesracedtoaddsuchpatentstotheirfiles,ifonlyasadefensivemoveagainstrivalsthatmightbentthemtothepunch.In2005,IBMnotedinacourtfilingthatithadbeenissuedmorethan300business-methodpatentsdespitethefactthatitquestionedthelegalbasisforgrantingthem.Similarly,someWallStreetinvestmentfilmsarmedthemselveswithpatentsforfinancialproducts,evenastheytookpositionsincourtcasesopposingthepractice.
TheBilskicaseinvolvesaclaimedpatentonamethodforhedgingriskintheenergymarket.TheFederalcircuitissuedanunusualorderstatingthatthecasewouldbeheardbyall12ofthecourt'sjudges,ratherthanatypicalpanelofthree,andthatoneissueitwantstoevaluateiswhetheritshould“reconsider”itsstatestreetBankruling.
TheFederalCircuit'sactioncomesinthewakeofaseriesofrecentdecisionsbythesupreme.Countthathasnarrowedthescopeofprotectionsforpatentholders.LastApril,forexamplethejusticessignaledthattoomanypatentswerebeingupheldfor“inventions”thatareobvious.ThejudgesontheFederalcircuitare“reactiontotheanti-patenttrendatthesupremecourt”saysHaroldC.Wegner,apatentattorneyandprofessoratWashingtonUniversityLawSchool.
Business-methodpatentshaverecentlyarousedconcernbecauseof.
theirlimitedvaluetobusiness
theirconnectionwithassetallocation
thepossiblerestrictionontheirgranting
thecontroversyoverauthorization
WhichofthefollowingistrueoftheBilskicase?
Itsrulingcomplieswiththecourtdecisions
Itinvolvesaverybigbusinesstransaction
IthasbeendismissedbytheFederalCircuit
ItmaychangethelegalpracticesintheU.S.
28.Theword“about-face”(Line1,Para3)mostprobablymeans.
lossofgoodwill[B]increaseofhostility
[C]changeofattitude[D]enhancementofdisunity
Welearnfromthelasttwoparagraphsthatbusiness-methodpatents.
areimmunetolegalchallenges
areoftenunnecessarilyissued
lowertheesteemforpatentholders
increasetheincidenceofrisks
Whichofthefollowingwouldbethesubjectofthetext?
Aloomingthreattobusiness-methodpatents
Protectionforbusiness-methodpatentholders
Alegalcaseregardingbusiness-methodpatents
Aprevailingtreadagainstbusiness-methodpatents
Text3(2010)
InhisbookTheTippingPointMalcolmAladuellarguesthat“socialepidemics”aredriveninlargepartbytheactionsofatinyminorityofspecialindividuals,oftencalledinfluentials,whoareunusuallyinformed,persuasive,orwellconnected.Theideaisintuitivelycompelling,butitdoesn'texplainhowideasactuallyspread.
Thesupposedimportanceofinfluentialsderivesfromaplausible-soundingbutlargelyuntestedtheorycalledthe“two-stepflowofcommunication”:Informationflowsfromthemediatotheinfluentialsandfromthemtoeveryoneelse.Marketershaveembracedthetwo-stepflowbecauseitsuggeststhatiftheycanjustfindandinfluencetheinfluentials,thoseselectedpeoplewilldomostoftheworkforthem.Thetheoryalsoseemstoexplainthesuddenandunexpectedpopularityofcertainlooks,brands,orneighborhoods.Inmanysuchcases,acursorysearchforcausesfindsthatsomesmallgroupofpeoplewaswearing,promoting,ordevelopingwhateveritisbeforeanyoneelsepaidattention.Anecdotalevidenceofthiskindfitsnicelywiththeideathatonlycertainspecialpeoplecandrivetrends.
Intheirrecentwork,however,someresearchershavecomeupwiththefindingthatinfluentialshavefarlessimpactonsocialepidemicsthanisgenerallysupposed.Infact,theydon'tseemtoberequiredatall.
Theresearchers'argumentstemsfromasimpleobservationaboutsocialinfluence:WiththeexceptionofafewcelebritieslikeOprahWinfrey—whoseoutsizepresenceisprimarilyafunctionofmedia,notinterpersonal,influence—eventhemostinfluentialmembersofapopulationsimplydon'tinteractwiththatmanyothers.Yetitispreciselythesenon-celebrityinfluentialswho,accordingtothetwo-step-flowtheory,aresupposedtodrivesocialepidemics,byinfluencingtheirfriendsandcolleaguesdirectly.Forasocialepidemictooccur,however,eachpersonsoaffectedmusttheninfluencehisorherownacquaintances,whomustinturninfluencetheirs,andsoon;andjusthowmanyotherspayattentiontoeachofthesepeoplehaslittletodowiththeinitialinfluential.Ifpeopleinthenetworkjusttwodegreesremovedfromtheinitialinfluentialproveresistant,forexample,thecascadeofchangewon'tpropagateveryfaroraffectmanypeople.
Buildingonthebasictruthaboutinterpersonalinfluence,theresearchersstudiedthedynamicsofsocialinfluencebyconductingthousandsofcomputersimulationsofpopulations,manipulatinganumberofvariablesrelatingtopeople'sabilitytoinfluenceothersandtheirtendencytobeinfluenced.Theyfoundthattheprincipalrequirementforwhatiscalled“globalcascades”—thewidespreadpropagationofinfluencethroughnetworks—isthepresencenotofafewinfluentialsbut,rather,ofacriticalmassofeasilyinfluencedpeople.
BycitingthebookTheTippingPointtheauthorintendsto.
analyzetheconsequencesofsocialepidemics
discussinfluentials'functioninspreadingideas
exemplifypeople'sintuitiveresponsetosocialepidemics
describetheessentialcharacteristicsofinfluentials
Theauthorsuggeststhatthe“two-step-flowtheory”.
servesasasolutiontomarketingproblems
hashelpedexplaincertainprevalenttrends
haswonsupportfrominfluentials
[D]requiressolidevidenceforitsvalidity
33.Whattheresearchershaveobservedrecentlyshowsthat.
thepowerofinfluencegoeswithsocialinteractions
interpersonallinkscanbeenhancedthroughthemedia
influentialshavemorechannelstoreachthepublic
mostcelebritieaenjoywidemediaattention
34.Theunderlinedphrase“thesepeople”inparagraph4referstotheoneswho.
stayoutsidethenetworkofsocialinfluence[B]havelittlecontactwiththesourceofinfluence
[C]areinfluencedandtheninfluenceothers[D]areinfluencedbytheinitialinfluential
Whatistheessentialelementinthedynamicsofsocialinfluence?
[A]Theeagernesstobeaccepted[B]Theimpulsetoinfluenceothers
[C]Thereadinesstobeinfluenced[D]Theinclinationtorelyonothers
Text4(2010)
Bankershavebeenblamingthemselvesfortheirtroublesinpublic.Behindthescenes,theyhavebeentakingaimatsomeoneelsetheaccountingstandard-setters.Theirrules,moanthebanks,haveforcedthemtoreportenormouslosses,andit'sjustnotfair.Theserulessaytheymustvaluesomeassetsatthepriceathirdpartywouldpay,notthepricemanagersandregulatorswouldlikethemtofetch.
Unfortunately,banks'lobbyingnowseemstobeworking.Thedetailsmaybeunknowable,buttheindependenceofstandard-setters,essentialtotheproperfunctioningofcapitalmarkets,isbeingcompromised.And,unlessbankscarrytoxicassetsatpricesthatattractbuyers,revivingthebankingsystemwillbedifficult.AfterabruisingencounterwithCongress,America'sFinancialAccountingStandardsBoard(FASB)rushedthroughrulechanges.Thesegavebanksmorefreedomtousemodelstovalueilliquidassetsandmoreflexibilityinrecognizinglossesonlong0termassetsintheirincomestatement.BobHerz,theFASB'schairman,criedoutagainstthosewho“questionourmotives.”Yetbanksharesroseandthechangesenhancewhatonelobbygrouppolitelycalls“theuseofjudgmentbymanagement.”
EuropeanministersinstantlydemandedthattheInternationalAccountingStandardsBoard(IASB)dolikewise.TheIASBsaysitdoesnotwanttoactwithoutoverallplanning,butthepressuretofoldwhenitcompletesitreconstructionofruleslaterthisyearisstrongCharlieMcCreevy,aEuropeancommissioner,warnedtheIASBthatitdid“notliveinapoliticalvacuum”but“intherealworld”andtheEuropecouldyetdevelopdifferentrules.
Itwasbanksthatwereonthewrongplanet;withaccountsthatvastlyovervaluedassets.Todaytheyarguethatmarketpricesoverstatelosses,becausetheyLargelyreflectthetemporaryilliquidityofmarkets,notthelikelyextentofbaddebts.Thetruthwillnotbeknownforyears.Butbank'ssharestradebelowtheirbookvalue;suggestingthatinvestorsareskeptical.Anddeadmarketspartlyreflecttheparalysisofbankswhichwillnotsellassetsforfearofbookinglosses;yetarereluctanttobuyallthosesuppo
温馨提示
- 1. 本站所有资源如无特殊说明,都需要本地电脑安装OFFICE2007和PDF阅读器。图纸软件为CAD,CAXA,PROE,UG,SolidWorks等.压缩文件请下载最新的WinRAR软件解压。
- 2. 本站的文档不包含任何第三方提供的附件图纸等,如果需要附件,请联系上传者。文件的所有权益归上传用户所有。
- 3. 本站RAR压缩包中若带图纸,网页内容里面会有图纸预览,若没有图纸预览就没有图纸。
- 4. 未经权益所有人同意不得将文件中的内容挪作商业或盈利用途。
- 5. 人人文库网仅提供信息存储空间,仅对用户上传内容的表现方式做保护处理,对用户上传分享的文档内容本身不做任何修改或编辑,并不能对任何下载内容负责。
- 6. 下载文件中如有侵权或不适当内容,请与我们联系,我们立即纠正。
- 7. 本站不保证下载资源的准确性、安全性和完整性, 同时也不承担用户因使用这些下载资源对自己和他人造成任何形式的伤害或损失。
最新文档
- 2023-2024学年河北省沧州市高二下学期期末教学质量监测数学试题(解析版)
- 2025年秋三年级上册语文同步教案 13 一块奶酪
- 饮酒与健康专题知识讲座
- 作业监护安全管理制度
- 供奉牌位登记管理制度
- 供暖设备安装管理制度
- 供水加压泵站管理制度
- 供热维护员工管理制度
- 项目重点难点分析及合理化建议
- 供电公司缺陷管理制度
- 璀璨冒险人二部合唱简谱天使
- 2025年包头市钢兴实业(集团)有限公司招聘笔试冲刺题(带答案解析)
- 滋补品店铺运营方案设计
- 2025年高考语文备考之常见易错成语1700例
- 科技公司实验室管理制度
- 2024-2025 学年八年级英语下学期期末模拟卷 (深圳专用)原卷
- 2024广西农村信用社(农村商业银行农村合作银行)乡村振兴人才招聘946人笔试历年典型考题及考点剖析附带答案详解
- 仿制药项目立项可行性报告
- 怀孕私了赔偿协议书
- 秸秆主题班会课件
- 《GPCR信号转导》课件
评论
0/150
提交评论