John Donne and Conceit in His Poem The Flea 《跳蚤》中的奇思

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约翰邓恩《跳蚤》中的奇思妙喻

本科毕业设计（论文）

约翰邓恩《跳蚤》中的奇思妙喻

JohnDonneandConceitinhispoemTheFlea

Abstract

JohnDonne,oneofthemostinfluentialfiguresamongMetaphysicalpoets,hasbeenfamousforhisspecialuseofconceit.ThisthesisendeavorstomakeabriefstudyonthecharacteristicsofDonnesconceitsinTheFlea.PartOneexplorestherepresentativedifferentviewpointsaboutconceitasaliterarydeviceandthespecialtiesofeachtheoryintheanalysisofDonnesconceits.Inthispart,conceitismoreattachedtoTreasures“TheoryofConceit〞connectedwithitsorigin,anditsuniquenessasaliterarydevice.PartTwoadoptsanotheraspectofTesauros“TheoryofConceit〞.ItexploreshowDonneusesimagestoexpresshiscontradictoryfeeling.ItanalysessometypicalexamplesinDonnesSongsandSonnets.Itdividestheimagerymainlyintothreeaspects:lifeanddeath,secularanddivine,scienceandtheology.DonnesPoetryisamirrorofthecommonfeelingofhumanbeingwhichfocusestheintellectandemotioninhispoetry.PartThreeisdevotedtoanalyzingthetwoimportantthemesinDonnesTheFlea—womenandlove.Fromtheanalysisoftheconceitwithinthetwothemes,thethesisrevealstheuniqueviewpointsreflectedinDonnesconceits.ItistheconceitthatmakeshispoetryuniqueandstrikingwithintheElizabethanliterarytradition.

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Keywords:JohnDonne;conceits;TheFlea

约翰邓恩《跳蚤》中的奇思妙喻

约翰邓恩《跳蚤》中的奇思妙喻

摘要

约翰邓恩，玄学派代表人物，一位表达矛盾情感的优良大师，以其奇思妙喻的标新立异和对传统的创新而著称。邓恩诗歌中的奇思妙喻清爽独特，宛如一株奇葩，怒放在文艺复兴时期的诗坛。本文基于Tesauro的理论，对邓恩在《跳蚤》中的奇思妙喻进行研究。全篇共分三部分。第一部分分为两小部分，主要介绍了对于邓恩奇思妙喻的不同代表观点，以及不同理论对于其分析的特点。在这一部分主要关注Tesauro奇思妙喻的理论，并进一步指出这种理论的特点，起源，和作为一种修辞手段的独创性。其次部分阐述邓恩在意象上的奇思妙喻，同时运用Tesauro奇思妙喻的理论集中分析邓恩如何运用意象传递独特的矛盾情感。这部分分为三个小部分，分别研究邓恩《跳蚤》中的三个方面：生命与死亡、神圣与世俗、科学与神学。并强调指出邓恩奇思妙喻在《跳蚤》中表现的独创性。第三章主要研究邓恩在主题上的奇思妙喻，第一小部分分析了邓恩对爱情的不同理解和感受。其次小部分分析了邓恩对女性的矛盾情感，邓恩对女性既称赞又讥讽，并指稀奇思妙喻的使用丰富了主题的表达。结论部分评论了邓恩在《跳蚤》中奇思妙喻的使用，简要阐述了对后来诗歌的影响。

约翰邓恩《跳蚤》中的奇思妙喻

Contents

ⅠIntroduction2

ⅡJohnDonnesConceit—Complex3

ⅢJohnDonnesConceitinImagery6

A.Lifeanddeath7

B.Secularanddivine8

C.Scienceandtheology9

ⅣJohnDonnesConceitinTheme9

A.Conceitonlove10

B.Conceitonwomen10

V.Conclusion11

Bibliography13Acknowledgements错误！未定义书签。

约翰邓恩《跳蚤》中的奇思妙喻

However,forsomecritics,thisviewpointhasraisedmoreissuesmorethanwhatithassolved.Forexample,NormanE.Nelsonhasevercriticizedtheconfusionbetweenpoetry,rhetoric,andlogicthatthedefendersoftheRamisticpoetryareengagedin.However,itisclearthatthe“logic〞ofdevelopmentofanexpandedmetaphorhasoftenlittletodowiththelogicofasyllogismorsystemofinference.Whatsmoreitleadstoadifferentend.

Thereisanothergroupofscholarswhotakethe“metaphysical〞tothebaroque.However,indifferentdegrees,itidentifiesitwiththebaroquecloselyandsometimesdistinguishesthetwo.Inthisaspect,Crocehasregarded“concettismo〞asabaroquephenomenonwhileconsideringbaroquestylenothingbutnegativeaspectofRenaissancehistory.Ontheotherhand,Hatzfeldhasdistinguishes“concettismo〞andbaroqueandfavorsthelatter.“Theconceitanditsusesare,atmost,adegenerateparody.〞However,thenotionhasalreadybeensuccessfullyappliedtotheresearchofthevisualarts.JosephAnthonyMazzeobelievesitwouldseemdesirabletokeepthecharacteristicsofbaroquewaspainting,sculpture,andarchitecturefirmlyinmindwhenthetermisextendedtootherculturalspheresandnotallowourselvestobemisledbychronologicalsimultaneityalone.Itiswellknownthattheoriginalfruitfuluseoftheconceptofthebaroqueinthereferencetotheplasticarts.ItindicatesthatCassirerscategoryof“form〞andtheprincipleofuniversalanalogywaskeptseparatedandthattrue“concettismo〞belongstothe“form〞whilethebaroque,inCrocesviewpoint,iswidelyacceptedwhenthetransformationoftheRenaissanceinterestin“form〞intoapreoccupationwith〞ornament〞andinaweakeningofthedistinctionsbetweenthearts.Perhapsthewidespreadtheoryofthe“metaphysical〞styleistheemblemtheory.

Asoneofthemanygreatestmetaphysicalpoets,JohnDonneisknownforhisuniquecolloquialtoneandthehomelyandtechnicalimagerycharacteristicof“concettismo〞.

Aseventeenth-centuryliterarytheoreticianandcontemporaryofGraia,theItalianJesuitEmanueleTesauro,succeededinsolvingtheproblemofdistinguishingtheconceitformallyfromtheothersortsoffigureofspeech.Hismethodprovedtobepracticalnotonlyinhelpingusunderstandandanalyzetheseventeenth-centuryfigurativelanguageandwitnomatteritisElizabethanormetaphysicalpoetry.TesaurosfamousworkCannocchiaalearistotelicofirstpublishedinTurinin1654whereheclassifiedall“figureofspeech〞hierarchicallyarmoringto“theirproximity〞to“truewit〞,whichastohisviewpointstobefoundonlyintheconceit.

“ChainofBeing〞wasconsideredasthe“culminationofaprogressivebuilt-uporevolutionofthedifferentfigureofspeech〞.IfonewantstohaveadeepunderstandingofDonnespoetry,heshouldknowtheconceitsheemployedquiteofteninhisworks.Therefore,

约翰邓恩《跳蚤》中的奇思妙喻

Tesaurostheorycontributedalotinthisaspect.

Tesaurointroduceshisconceitinabroadersenseasfiguresofspeechingood.Aristotelianfashionbytakingintoconsiderationitsoriginofthewordfiguraandhowitwasadaptedintheancienttimes.Henoticesthatnaturehasprovidedhumanbeingwithacertainsortofunlikenessfortheordinarythoughusefulthingsofeverydaylife,Tesauroobserves“unlesstotheirusefulnessisaddedvariety,andwithvariety,pleasure〞.Humanbeingsarealwaysseekingforthehappinessintheiruseoflanguage.ThenTesaurogoesontoillustratemansneedtobedifferentwith“ornamentationeventhoseobjectswhicharealmostbasicandvitaltohisexistence.〞Whilemendesirenothingmorethanknowing,theyloathnothingmorethanlearning.Theywillgreetloftyandsalutarydoctrineswithyawnsanddaydreamsunlesswitandnoveltyofstyle,prickingtheirwits,keepthemawake.〞ThereisthesimilarsensewiththescriptureofBuddhism,whichclassifiesthesortsofdesireofhumanbeingintosixcategories:seeing,listening,smelling,tasting,feeling,andthinking.

Tesauroclassifiesthefigureofspeechaccordingtotheparticular“faculty〞ofthesoultheyaffect.Accordingtohisviewpoint,humanbeingsenjoymentcanbedividedintosatisfyingwaysofthethreefaculties—sense,emotionandintelligence.Soapartoffiguresare“directedtowardenticingthesenseofhearingwiththeperiodsharmonicsweetness〞,suchasalliteration.Othersareaimingatsatisfyingtheemotionwiththeenergyorthearrestinglivelyformsandimageswhilestillothersstrivetoamusetheintellectwithwhat“ingenioussignification〞.

Theconceit,therefore,inonewayoranother,isaparticularfigureofspeechasanargumentthatconcludessomething,andthisconclusionhasbeenalways,in“strictlylogical〞aspect,invalid.Tesauroconcludesthat“witsuniquegloryconsistsinknowinghowtoliewell〞.

Sofardifferentrepresentativeconceittheorieshavebeeninvestigated,especiallyTesaurosconceittheorywhichisthemainlyfocusofthispart.Tesaurostheoryintroduceshisconceitinabroadersensetodistinguishconceitfromothersortoffigureofspeech.DuringthereignofElizabethI,Donnesingeniousandreligioussensitivityenablehimtopresenthisinnerspiritualworldinhispoetry,whichhasbeenregardedasDonnesconceit-complex.Donnesconceit,foritdifficultyandcomplexcomprehension,enrichesthereadersmindandthoughttoacomparativelyhigherlevelofpoeticbeautyandtaste.Thenthethesiswillfocusontheimageandthemeofconceitinthefollowingtwochapters.

ⅢJohnDonne’sConceitinImagery

WhathasinfluencedtheimageryofDonnespoetryespeciallyhisconceit?Thehugevarietyoftheanaloguesconfrontsthescholarsforalongtime.Donneswithasbeenlinkedto

约翰邓恩《跳蚤》中的奇思妙喻

everydaypoetry.However,therearevariousvaluabletheoriesonconceit,thoughdifferentinviewpointandperspective,yetofferusfreshgroundtobetterappreciateDonnespoem,especiallyRosemondTuveslogicalimagerytheory,AustinWarrenandMarioPrazsemblemtheory.ThedesiretodrawcorrespondencesbetweenheterogeneoustingsandshowtheunityofwhatappearsfragmentaryandthedesiretodevelopthesecorrespondencesareboundtogivetotheresultantimagerysomeofthosequalitiesWarrendiscerninthepoetsofwit.

Hisconceit,asamatteroffact,fromtimetotime,iswidelyappreciatedandcommentedonbymajorpoetsandcriticssuchasSamuelJohnson,GeorgeWilliamson,SamuelTaylorColeridge,T.S.Eliot,FrankeWarnke,JohnCarey,RosemondTuve,AustinWarren,MarioPraz,andmanyothers.Itcan