交通运输工程学

交通运输工程学第一章,绪论交通运输与交通工程学,交通运输系统的5种运输方式,铁路、公路、水路、航空、管道。各种交通运输方式应当统筹规划、合理分工、扬长避短、协调发展,以提高综合运输能力,适应国民经济可持续发展的需要。完成交通运输任务的三个基本要素,1,路线,实有路线,虚有路线,2,载运工具3,枢纽站,主要包括出行和货运的起点和终点,转换运输方式的中间站点,运载工具的停放地点等。,交通工程学的5个综合考虑方面,教育Education、环境Environment、法规Enforcement、工程Engineering、能源Energy。交通工程学是以人为主体、交通流为中心、道路为基础将这三方面的内容统一在交通系统中进行研究,综合处理道路中人、车、路、环境四者之间的时间和空间关系的学科。交通工程学的主要内容及作用,advantages,facingtheYangtzeRiverDelta,PearlRiverDelta,Shandongpeninsula,Beijing-Tianjin-Tangshanarea,targetedinvestmentpromotionseveraltimes.Industry-ledunitandvarioustownstreetsaredevelopingdetailedpromotionplans,thebasisofwhatisspecifictoeachindustry,hasformedakindofscale,needtobringinthekindofprojectseachtownstreethasthekindofresources,whatlocation,focusonthedevelopmentofthekindofindustries.Fourstroketechnologyandscience.DeterminantsoftechnologyistheCounty'seconomicdevelopmentthroughscientificandtechnologicalinnovation,improveproductvalue-addedandimproveeconomiccompetitiveness,istheinevitablewaytoachieveleapfrogdevelopment.Talentisthecitycentercity'sfirstresource,istheprimaryindustrydevelopment,andrevitalizationofthesocialprotection.So,intermsofskills:tocatch...Competitive.Encouragingenterprisestoactivelyundertakescienceandtechnologyprojects,strengtheningresearchcooperation,usingadvancedtechnologytoincreasetheaddedvalueoftheirproductstoensurethatintroductionoftransformingscientificandtechnologicalachievementsduringtheyear......Newresearchenterprises......Home,creatinginnovativeplatforms......Genericclassifier.In:first,wemuststrengthenthecultivationoftalent,effortstoincreasevocationaleducationandtrainingandmeetthebasicdemandofenterprisedevelopment.Thenintroducedanumberofthecountyneededscarceeducation,healthprofessionals,meetsocialdevelopmentneedstoinvestmoreinmachinery,pharmaceuticalmanufacturingresearchanddevelopmentinhighereducation,suchastheintroductionoftalenttomeettheneed.Third,wemustrelyon......Post-doctoralworkstation,......Foodresearchstationplatform,totheXXUniversitytofindexperts交通工程学的主要内容包括以下几个方面,交通特性、交通调查、交通流理论、道路的通行能力和服务水平、交通规划、交通事故与安全、交通管理与控制、停车场及服务设施、公共交通、交通系统的可持续发展规划、交通工程的新理论、新方法、新技术。交通工程学的作用,1,能够促进道路交通综合方案的形成和实施,促使交通事故全面下降。2,能够有效的减少和避免交通拥挤、混乱的状况,提高交通运输效率和运输企业的运输效益。3,能够通过改善道路交通环境达到提高道路通行能力的又减轻驾驶员的劳动强度的效果。4,能够促使车辆和道路在质量和数量上协调发展,提高交通规划和公路网规划的水平及道路的整体设计施工水平。5,能够增进汽车驾驶员、乘客、行人、骑自行车者等道路使用者的安全感和舒适感,减少道路中的货物损失。6,能够减少空气污染,交通噪声等交通公害。7,能够提高各项交通工作的管理水平,服务水平和法制教育水平等。第二章人、车辆、道路的交通特性advantages,facingtheYangtzeRiverDelta,PearlRiverDelta,Shandongpeninsula,Beijing-Tianjin-Tangshanarea,targetedinvestmentpromotionseveraltimes.Industry-ledunitandvarioustownstreetsaredevelopingdetailedpromotionplans,thebasisofwhatisspecifictoeachindustry,hasformedakindofscale,needtobringinthekindofprojectseachtownstreethasthekindofresources,whatlocation,focusonthedevelopmentofthekindofindustries.Fourstroketechnologyandscience.DeterminantsoftechnologyistheCounty'seconomicdevelopmentthroughscientificandtechnologicalinnovation,improveproductvalue-addedandimproveeconomiccompetitiveness,istheinevitablewaytoachieveleapfrogdevelopment.Talentisthecitycentercity'sfirstresource,istheprimaryindustrydevelopment,andrevitalizationofthesocialprotection.So,intermsofskills:tocatch...Competitive.Encouragingenterprisestoactivelyundertakescienceandtechnologyprojects,strengtheningresearchcooperation,usingadvancedtechnologytoincreasetheaddedvalueoftheirproductstoensurethatintroductionoftransformingscientificandtechnologicalachievementsduringtheyear......Newresearchenterprises......Home,creatinginnovativeplatforms......Genericclassifier.In:first,wemuststrengthenthecultivationoftalent,effortstoincreasevocationaleducationandtrainingandmeetthebasicdemandofenterprisedevelopment.Thenintroducedanumberofthecountyneededscarceeducation,healthprofessionals,meetsocialdevelopmentneedstoinvestmoreinmachinery,pharmaceuticalmanufacturingresearchanddevelopmentinhighereducation,suchastheintroductionoftalenttomeettheneed.Third,wemustrelyon......Post-doctoralworkstation,......Foodresearchstationplatform,totheXXUniversitytofindexperts第一节人的交通特性驾驶员得交通特性,1,驾驶员得可靠性,1,技术的熟练程度。2)驾驶员的个性和感受交通情报的特性3,驾驶员在动态交通中的应变能力。2,驾驶员的反应特性,反应特性的含义是从表露与外的事物引起反应到开始动作所需的时间。它包括四个心理活动,感知、识别、判断、反应。车辆的交通特性机动车的分类,机动车是指各种汽车、电车、电瓶车、摩托车、拖拉机、轮式专用汽车等。非机动车是指自行车、三轮车、残疾人专用车。机动车的分类,1载货汽车、2越野汽车、3自卸汽车、4牵引汽车、5专用汽车、6客车、7轿车、9半挂车及专用半挂车。摩托车的分类,轻便摩托车,最高设计车速不超过50千米/小时,发动机总排量不超过50ml的两轮机动车。摩托车,整车质量不超过400kg,最高设计车速超过50km/h发动机总排量超过50ml的两轮或三轮机动车。机动车的主要性能advantages,facingtheYangtzeRiverDelta,PearlRiverDelta,Shandongpeninsula,Beijing-Tianjin-Tangshanarea,targetedinvestmentpromotionseveraltimes.Industry-ledunitandvarioustownstreetsaredevelopingdetailedpromotionplans,thebasisofwhatisspecifictoeachindustry,hasformedakindofscale,needtobringinthekindofprojectseachtownstreethasthekindofresources,whatlocation,focusonthedevelopmentofthekindofindustries.Fourstroketechnologyandscience.DeterminantsoftechnologyistheCounty'seconomicdevelopmentthroughscientificandtechnologicalinnovation,improveproductvalue-addedandimproveeconomiccompetitiveness,istheinevitablewaytoachieveleapfrogdevelopment.Talentisthecitycentercity'sfirstresource,istheprimaryindustrydevelopment,andrevitalizationofthesocialprotection.So,intermsofskills:tocatch...Competitive.Encouragingenterprisestoactivelyundertakescienceandtechnologyprojects,strengtheningresearchcooperation,usingadvancedtechnologytoincreasetheaddedvalueoftheirproductstoensurethatintroductionoftransformingscientificandtechnologicalachievementsduringtheyear......Newresearchenterprises......Home,creatinginnovativeplatforms......Genericclassifier.In:first,wemuststrengthenthecultivationoftalent,effortstoincreasevocationaleducationandtrainingandmeetthebasicdemandofenterprisedevelopment.Thenintroducedanumberofthecountyneededscarceeducation,healthprofessionals,meetsocialdevelopmentneedstoinvestmoreinmachinery,pharmaceuticalmanufacturingresearchanddevelopmentinhighereducation,suchastheintroductionoftalenttomeettheneed.Third,wemustrelyon......Post-doctoralworkstation,......Foodresearchstationplatform,totheXXUniversitytofindexperts动力性能,汽车的最高行驶速度、加速能力、爬坡能力。制动性能,制动距离,从踏着脚踏板开始到汽车完全停止时,汽车所驶过的距离,、热稳定性、制动时制动时行驶方向的稳定性。道路的交通特性道路按照其所处的地区的不同,可以分为,公路、城市道路、厂矿道路、乡村道路等。公路的类别与等级1公路的技术等级1,公路的技术等级,把公路按其交通量、任务及性质分为,高速公路、一级公路、二级公路、三级公路、四级公路五个等级。高速公路是专为汽车分向、分车道行驶并全部控制出入的干线公路。公路的行政等级,国道、省道、县道、乡道和专用公路五个行政等级。专用公路是指专供厂矿、林区、油田、农场、旅游区等要地等与外部联络的公路。城市道路的类别与等级1城市道路的类别快速路,快速路是为城市中大量长距离、快速交通服务的。在特大城市和长度超过30千米的带型城市中设置。advantages,facingtheYangtzeRiverDelta,PearlRiverDelta,Shandongpeninsula,Beijing-Tianjin-Tangshanarea,targetedinvestmentpromotionseveraltimes.Industry-ledunitandvarioustownstreetsaredevelopingdetailedpromotionplans,thebasisofwhatisspecifictoeachindustry,hasformedakindofscale,needtobringinthekindofprojectseachtownstreethasthekindofresources,whatlocation,focusonthedevelopmentofthekindofindustries.Fourstroketechnologyandscience.DeterminantsoftechnologyistheCounty'seconomicdevelopmentthroughscientificandtechnologicalinnovation,improveproductvalue-addedandimproveeconomiccompetitiveness,istheinevitablewaytoachieveleapfrogdevelopment.Talentisthecitycentercity'sfirstresource,istheprimaryindustrydevelopment,andrevitalizationofthesocialprotection.So,intermsofskills:tocatch...Competitive.Encouragingenterprisestoactivelyundertakescienceandtechnologyprojects,strengtheningresearchcooperation,usingadvancedtechnologytoincreasetheaddedvalueoftheirproductstoensurethatintroductionoftransformingscientificandtechnologicalachievementsduringtheyear......Newresearchenterprises......Home,creatinginnovativeplatforms......Genericclassifier.In:first,wemuststrengthenthecultivationoftalent,effortstoincreasevocationaleducationandtrainingandmeetthebasicdemandofenterprisedevelopment.Thenintroducedanumberofthecountyneededscarceeducation,healthprofessionals,meetsocialdevelopmentneedstoinvestmoreinmachinery,pharmaceuticalmanufacturingresearchanddevelopmentinhighereducation,suchastheintroductionoftalenttomeettheneed.Third,wemustrelyon......Post-doctoralworkstation,......Foodresearchstationplatform,totheXXUniversitytofindexperts快速路的主要技术要求,只准汽车行驶,禁止行人和非机动车进入,每个行车方向至少有两条机动车道,中间设置宽度不小于1m的中央分隔带,大部分交叉口采用立体交叉,严格控制出入口,计算行车速度为60km/h或80km/h;主干路,为连接城市各主要分区的干线道路,主干路的技术要求,主干路一般设置6条车道或4条机动车道加有分隔带的非机动车道。主干路一般不采用立体交叉而是采用扩宽交叉口引道的办法来提高通行能力。主干路沿线不宜设置吸引大量人流的公共建筑,必须设置时,建筑物应后退,让出停车和人流疏散的场地。次干路,配合主干路组成城市干道网,起联系各部分和集散交通的作用。次干路的技术要求,计算行车速度10-50km/h。一般不设置立体交叉口,部分交叉口可以扩大并加以渠化,应设置大量的公交线路。advantages,facingtheYangtzeRiverDelta,PearlRiverDelta,Shandongpeninsula,Beijing-Tianjin-Tangshanarea,targetedinvestmentpromotionseveraltimes.Industry-ledunitandvarioustownstreetsaredevelopingdetailedpromotionplans,thebasisofwhatisspecifictoeachindustry,hasformedakindofscale,needtobringinthekindofprojectseachtownstreethasthekindofresources,whatlocation,focusonthedevelopmentofthekindofindustries.Fourstroketechnologyandscience.DeterminantsoftechnologyistheCounty'seconomicdevelopmentthroughscientificandtechnologicalinnovation,improveproductvalue-addedandimproveeconomiccompetitiveness,istheinevitablewaytoachieveleapfrogdevelopment.Talentisthecitycentercity'sfirstresource,istheprimaryindustrydevelopment,andrevitalizationofthesocialprotection.So,intermsofskills:tocatch...Competitive.Encouragingenterprisestoactivelyundertakescienceandtechnologyprojects,strengtheningresearchcooperation,usingadvancedtechnologytoincreasetheaddedvalueoftheirproductstoensurethatintroductionoftransformingscientificandtechnologicalachievementsduringtheyear......Newresearchenterprises......Home,creatinginnovativeplatforms......Genericclassifier.In:first,wemuststrengthenthecultivationoftalent,effortstoincreasevocationaleducationandtrainingandmeetthebasicdemandofenterprisedevelopment.Thenintroducedanumberofthecountyneededscarceeducation,healthprofessionals,meetsocialdevelopmentneedstoinvestmoreinmachinery,pharmaceuticalmanufacturingresearchanddevelopmentinhighereducation,suchastheintroductionoftalenttomeettheneed.Third,wemustrelyon......Post-doctoralworkstation,......Foodresearchstationplatform,totheXXUniversitytofindexperts次干路兼有服务功能,允许两侧布置吸引人流的公共建筑,但应设置停车场。支路,支路是次干路与街坊路的连接线。城市等级,特大城市大于100万,大城市50-100万,中等城市20-50万,小城市小于20万。路网密度,是衡量道路设施数量的一个基本指标,一个区域的路网密度等于该区域内的道路总长与该区域的总面积之比。路网布局,对于不同的区域、不同的城市,不存在统一的路网布局模式。路网布局必须根据地区的的自然,社会,经济等情况来选取。公路网的布局模式,典型的公路网布局模式有三角形,并列形,放射形,树杈形。放射形,一般用于中心城市与外围郊区,周围城镇之间的交通联系,对于发挥大城市的经济,政治,文化,科技中心作用,促进中心城市的经济,政治,文化,科技对周围城镇的影响和辐射有重要作用。缺点是周围城镇之间联系不强。三角形,一般用于规模相当重要的城镇之间的直达交通联系。这种布局形式通达性好,运输效率高,但建设量大。并列形,平行的几条干线公路上分别联系着一系列的城镇,而处于两条线上的城镇之间则缺少便捷的道路连接,是一种不完善的路网布局。advantages,facingtheYangtzeRiverDelta,PearlRiverDelta,Shandongpeninsula,Beijing-Tianjin-Tangshanarea,targetedinvestmentpromotionseveraltimes.Industry-ledunitandvarioustownstreetsaredevelopingdetailedpromotionplans,thebasisofwhatisspecifictoeachindustry,hasformedakindofscale,needtobringinthekindofprojectseachtownstreethasthekindofresources,whatlocation,focusonthedevelopmentofthekindofindustries.Fourstroketechnologyandscience.DeterminantsoftechnologyistheCounty'seconomicdevelopmentthroughscientificandtechnologicalinnovation,improveproductvalue-addedandimproveeconomiccompetitiveness,istheinevitablewaytoachieveleapfrogdevelopment.Talentisthecitycentercity'sfirstresource,istheprimaryindustrydevelopment,andrevitalizationofthesocialprotection.So,intermsofskills:tocatch...Competitive.Encouragingenterprisestoactivelyundertakescienceandtechnologyprojects,strengtheningresearchcooperation,usingadvancedtechnologytoincreasetheaddedvalueoftheirproductstoensurethatintroductionoftransformingscientificandtechnologicalachievementsduringtheyear......Newresearchenterprises......Home,creatinginnovativeplatforms......Genericclassifier.In:first,wemuststrengthenthecultivationoftalent,effortstoincreasevocationaleducationandtrainingandmeetthebasicdemandofenterprisedevelopment.Thenintroducedanumberofthecountyneededscarceeducation,healthprofessionals,meetsocialdevelopmentneedstoinvestmoreinmachinery,pharmaceuticalmanufacturingresearchanddevelopmentinhighereducation,suchastheintroductionoftalenttomeettheneed.Third,wemustrelyon......Post-doctoralworkstation,......Foodresearchstationplatform,totheXXUniversitytofindexperts树叉形,一般是公路网上最后一级,是从干线公路上分叉出去的支线公路,将乡镇与自然村寨与市县政府连接起来。城市道路网的布局模式,典型的城市道路网布局模式有,棋盘形,带型,放射形,放射环形。棋盘形,布局严整,简洁,有利于建筑布置,方向性好,网上交通分布均匀,交叉口组织容易,但非直线系数大,通达性差,过境交通不易分流,对大城市进一步扩展不利。带型,建筑沿交通轴两侧铺开,公共交通布置在主要交通干道范围内,横向靠步行或者非机动车,有利于公共交通的布线和组织,但容易造成纵向主干道交通压力过大,不易形成市中心。放射形,交通干线以市中心为形心向外辐射,城市沿对外交通干线两侧发展,形成“指状”城市。这种布局具有带型布局的优势,同时缩短了到市中心的距离,缺点是中心区的交通压力过大,边缘区相互交通联系不便,过境交通无法分流。放射环形,这种布局具有通达性好,非直线系数小,有利于城市扩展和过境交通的分流等优点,一般用于大城市,但是不宜将过多的放射线引向市中心,以免造成市中心交通过分集中。公路干线的集合特征advantages,facingtheYangtzeRiverDelta,PearlRiverDelta,Shandongpeninsula,Beijing-Tianjin-Tangshanarea,targetedinvestmentpromotionseveraltimes.Industry-ledunitandvarioustownstreetsaredevelopingdetailedpromotionplans,thebasisofwhatisspecifictoeachindustry,hasformedakindofscale,needtobringinthekindofprojectseachtownstreethasthekindofresources,whatlocation,focusonthedevelopmentofthekindofindustries.Fourstroketechnologyandscience.DeterminantsoftechnologyistheCounty'seconomicdevelopmentthroughscientificandtechnologicalinnovation,improveproductvalue-addedandimproveeconomiccompetitiveness,istheinevitablewaytoachieveleapfrogdevelopment.Talentisthecitycentercity'sfirstresource,istheprimaryindustrydevelopment,andrevitalizationofthesocialprotection.So,intermsofskills:tocatch...Competitive.Encouragingenterprisestoactivelyundertakescienceandtechnologyprojects,strengtheningresearchcooperation,usingadvancedtechnologytoincreasetheaddedvalueoftheirproductstoensurethatintroductionoftransformingscientificandtechnologicalachievementsduringtheyear......Newresearchenterprises......Home,creatinginnovativeplatforms......Genericclassifier.In:first,wemuststrengthenthecultivationoftalent,effortstoincreasevocationaleducationandtrainingandmeetthebasicdemandofenterprisedevelopment.Thenintroducedanumberofthecountyneededscarceeducation,healthprofessionals,meetsocialdevelopmentneedstoinvestmoreinmachinery,pharmaceuticalmanufacturingresearchanddevelopmentinhighereducation,suchastheintroductionoftalenttomeettheneed.Third,wemustrelyon......Post-doctoralworkstation,......Foodresearchstationplatform,totheXXUniversitytofindexperts公路是建筑在大地表面上供各种车辆行驶的空间线状结构物。它的组成包括几何线性,路基路面,桥梁隧道,排水系统,防护工程,附属设施等。除交叉口以外的公路路段,亦称主线,的几何线形分为平面线形、纵断面线形、横断面线形三方面进行设计。平面线形,将公路的中心线投影在大地水平面上所得的线形称为平面线形,它由直线和曲线组成,这里的平曲线包括圆曲线及缓和曲线。直线,长时间行驶会造成驾驶疲劳,所以直线的最长距离不超过Smax=20v。圆曲线,平面曲线中最简单的是圆曲线。缓和曲线,缓和曲线起到的是过度作用。纵断面线形,竖曲线,最大纵坡度。弯道要进行外侧超高,内侧加宽。行车视距,停车视距、超车视距、会车视距。公路和城市道路相比的特点,功能多样、组织复杂、行人交通量大、车辆多,类型杂,车速差异大、交叉口多、沿路两侧建筑物密集、道路交通量分布不均衡、政策性强。advantages,facingtheYangtzeRiverDelta,PearlRiverDelta,Shandongpeninsula,Beijing-Tianjin-Tangshanarea,targetedinvestmentpromotionseveraltimes.Industry-ledunitandvarioustownstreetsaredevelopingdetailedpromotionplans,thebasisofwhatisspecifictoeachindustry,hasformedakindofscale,needtobringinthekindofprojectseachtownstreethasthekindofresources,whatlocation,focusonthedevelopmentofthekindofindustries.Fourstroketechnologyandscience.DeterminantsoftechnologyistheCounty'seconomicdevelopmentthroughscientificandtechnologicalinnovation,improveproductvalue-addedandimproveeconomiccompetitiveness,istheinevitablewaytoachieveleapfrogdevelopment.Talentisthecitycentercity'sfirstresource,istheprimaryindustrydevelopment,andrevitalizationofthesocialprotection.So,intermsofskills:tocatch...Competitive.Encouragingenterprisestoactivelyundertakescienceandtechnologyprojects,strengtheningresearchcooperation,usingadvancedtechnologytoincreasetheaddedvalueoftheirproductstoensurethatintroductionoftransformingscientificandtechnologicalachievementsduringtheyear......Newresearchenterprises......Home,creatinginnovativeplatforms......Genericclassifier.In:first,wemuststrengthenthecultivationoftalent,effortstoincreasevocationaleducationandtrainingandmeetthebasicdemandofenterprisedevelopment.Thenintroducedanumberofthecountyneededscarceeducation,healthprofessionals,meetsocialdevelopmentneedstoinvestmoreinmachinery,pharmaceuticalmanufacturingresearchanddevelopmentinhighereducation,suchastheintroductionoftalenttomeettheneed.Third,wemustrelyon......Post-doctoralworkstation,......Foodresearchstationplatform,totheXXUniversitytofindexperts城市道路系统一般包括,城市各个组成部分之间的相互联系、贯通的交通干道系统和各分区的内部生活服务性道路系统。城市的道路横断面的4种形式,单幅路。双幅路。三幅路。四幅路。交叉口的交通组织方式及调整,1左转车辆的交通组织。2渠化交通3拓宽交叉口4调整交通组织第三章交通流特性交通流的分类,交通流按照交通设施对交通流的影响可以分为,连续交通流和间断交通流。按照交通流的组成成分可以分为,机动车流、非机动车流、人流、混合流、advantages,facingtheYangtzeRiverDelta,PearlRiverDelta,Shandongpeninsula,Beijing-Tianjin-Tangshanarea,targetedinvestmentpromotionseveraltimes.Industry-ledunitandvarioustownstreetsaredevelopingdetailedpromotionplans,thebasisofwhatisspecifictoeachindustry,hasformedakindofscale,needtobringinthekindofprojectseachtownstreethasthekindofresources,whatlocation,focusonthedevelopmentofthekindofindustries.Fourstroketechnologyandscience.DeterminantsoftechnologyistheCounty'seconomicdevelopmentthroughscientificandtechnologicalinnovation,improveproductvalue-addedandimproveeconomiccompetitiveness,istheinevitablewaytoachieveleapfrogdevelopment.Talentisthecitycentercity'sfirstresource,istheprimaryindustrydevelopment,andrevitalizationofthesocialprotection.So,intermsofskills:tocatch...Competitive.Encouragingenterprisestoactivelyundertakescienceandtechnologyprojects,strengtheningresearchcooperation,usingadvancedtechnologytoincreasetheaddedvalueoftheirproductstoensurethatintroductionoftransformingscientificandtechnologicalachievementsduringtheyear......Newresearchenterprises......Home,creatinginnovativeplatforms......Genericclassifier.In:first,wemuststrengthenthecultivationoftalent,effortstoincreasevocationaleducationandtrainingandmeetthebasicdemandofenterprisedevelopment.Thenintroducedanumberofthecountyneededscarceeducation,healthprofessionals,meetsocialdevelopmentneedstoinvestmoreinmachinery,pharmaceuticalmanufacturingresearchanddevelopmentinhighereducation,suchastheintroductionoftalenttomeettheneed.Third,wemustrelyon......Post-doctoralworkstation,......Foodresearchstationplatform,totheXXUniversitytofindexperts按照交通流的交汇形式可以分为,交叉、合流、分流、交织流。按照交通流内部的运行条件及其对驾驶员和乘客产生的感受可以分为,自由流、稳定流、不稳定流、强制流。交通流的参数,交通流的参数可以分为宏观参数和微观参数。宏观参数为交通量或流率、速度和交通流密度。微观参数包括车头时距和车头间距。交通量和流率交通量或流量,是指单位时间内,通过道路指定地点或断面的车辆数。流率,指把时间不足1小时的时段内,通过道路指定地点或断面的车辆数经过等效转换得到的单位小时车辆数。交通量的表达方式日交通量、小时交通量。第30位高峰小时交通量,将一年中的8760H的交通量的观测值依大小顺序排列,排在第30位的小时交通量称为第30位高峰小时交通量。第四章交通调查交通调查按组织部门可以分为,全国统一组织规划的调查和按项目需要组织的调查。advantages,facingtheYangtzeRiverDelta,PearlRiverDelta,Shandongpeninsula,Beijing-Tianjin-Tangshanarea,targetedinvestmentpromotionseveraltimes.Industry-ledunitandvarioustownstreetsaredevelopingdetailedpromotionplans,thebasisofwhatisspecifictoeachindustry,hasformedakindofscale,needtobringinthekindofprojectseachtownstreethasthekindofresources,whatlocation,focusonthedevelopmentofthekindofindustries.Fourstroketechnologyandscience.DeterminantsoftechnologyistheCounty'seconomicdevelopmentthroughscientificandtechnologicalinnovation,improveproductvalue-addedandimproveeconomiccompetitiveness,istheinevitablewaytoachieveleapfrogdevelopment.Talentisthecitycentercity'sfirstresource,istheprimaryindustrydevelopment,andrevitalizationofthesocialprotection.So,intermsofskills:tocatch...Competitive.Encouragingenterprisestoactivelyundertakescienceandtechnologyprojects,strengtheningresearchcooperation,usingadvancedtechnologytoincreasetheaddedvalueoftheirproductstoensurethatintroductionoftransformingscientificandtechnologicalachievementsduringtheyear......Newresearchenterprises......Home,creatinginnovativeplatforms......Genericclassifier.In:first,wemuststrengthenthecultivationoftalent,effortstoincreasevocationaleducationandtrainingandmeetthebasicdemandofenterprisedevelopment.Thenintroducedanumberofthecountyneededscarceeducation,healthprofessionals,meetsocialdevelopmentneedstoinvestmoreinmachinery,pharmaceuticalmanufacturingresearchanddevelopmentinhighereducation,suchastheintroductionoftalenttomeettheneed.Third,wemustrelyon......Post-doctoralworkstation,......Foodresearchstationplatform,totheXXUniversitytofindexperts交通量调查交通调查的的目的在于通过长时期连续观测或短期间隙和临时观测,搜集交通量资料。。了解交通量在时间、空间上的变化规律。为交通规划、道路建设、交通控制与管理、工程经济分析等提供必要的数据。交通调查的准备工作1交通量调查的时间选择24小时观测,用于了解一天中交通量地变化,高峰小时的观测,用于了解早晚高峰小时交通量地变化状况。一般用于上下午高峰时间范围内1~3H的连续观测。周末观测时间范围,周五中午~周一中午,调查时要避开节假日。观测站的设立,连续式观测站间隙式观测点临时行观测点。二,交通量数据的采集的方法和技术1,人工观测法,人员、计时器、调查表、笔、板。2,仪器自动计测法,压管式检测器、感应线圈式检测器、超声波advantages,facingtheYangtzeRiverDelta,PearlRiverDelta,Shandongpeninsula,Beijing-Tianjin-Tangshanarea,targetedinvestmentpromotionseveraltimes.Industry-ledunitandvarioustownstreetsaredevelopingdetailedpromotionplans,thebasisofwhatisspecifictoeachindustry,hasformedakindofscale,needtobringinthekindofprojectseachtownstreethasthekindofresources,whatlocation,focusonthedevelopmentofthekindofindustries.Fourstroketechnologyandscience.DeterminantsoftechnologyistheCounty'seconomicdevelopmentthroughscientificandtechnologicalinnovation,improveproductvalue-addedandimproveeconomiccompetitiveness,istheinevitablewaytoachieveleapfrogdevelopment.Talentisthecitycentercity'sfirstresource,istheprimaryindustrydevelopment,andrevitalizationofthesocialprotection.So,intermsofskills:tocatch...Competitive.Encouragingenterprisestoactivelyundertakescienceandtechnologyprojects,strengtheningresearchcooperation,usingadvancedtechnologytoincreasetheaddedvalueoftheirproductstoensurethatintroductionoftransformingscientificandtechnologicalachievementsduringthey