中英高层结构与钢结构

河南理工大学毕业设计（论文）中英文翻译姓名：郭铖班级：建工本04-2专业：土木工程学号：320607020206指导老师：孟海平TallingbuildingandSteelconstructionAlthoughtherehavebeenmanyadvancementsinbuildingconstructiontechnologyingeneral.Spectaculararchievementshavebeenmadeinthedesignandconstructionofultrahigh-risebuildings.Theearlydevelopmentofhigh-risebuildingsbeganwithstructuralsteelframing.Reinforcedconcreteandstressed-skintubesystemshavesincebeeneconomicallyandcompetitivelyusedinanumberofstructuresforbothresidentialandcommercialpurposes.Thehigh-risebuildingsrangingfrom50to110storiesthatarebeingbuiltallovertheUnitedStatesaretheresultofinnovationsanddevelopmentofnewstructualsystems.Greaterheightentailsincreasedcolumnandbeamsizestomakebuildingsmorerigidsothatunderwindloadtheywillnotswaybeyondanacceptablelimit.Excessivelateralswaymaycauseseriousrecurringdamagetopartitions,ceilings.andotherarchitecturaldetails.Inaddition,excessiveswaymaycausediscomforttotheoccupantsofthebuildingbecausetheirperceptionofsuchmotion.Structuralsystemsofreinforcedconcrete,aswellassteel,takefulladvantageofinherentpotentialstiffnessofthetotalbuildingandthereforerequireadditionalstiffeningtolimitthesway.Inasteelstructure,forexample,theeconomycanbedefinedintermsofthetotalaveragequantityofsteelpersquarefootoffloorareaofthebuilding.CurveAinFig.1representstheaverageunitweightofaconventionalframewithincreasingnumbersofstories.CurveBrepresentstheaveragesteelweightiftheframeisprotectedfromalllateralloads.Thegapbetweentheupperboundaryandthelowerboundaryrepresentsthepremiumforheightforthetraditionalcolumn-and-beamframe.Structuralengineershavedevelopedstructuralsystemswithaviewtoeliminatingthispremium.吩System悉sins之teel.类Tall跨buildi惯ngsin存steel带devel吸opeda至sare除sulto疫fseve追ralty辩pesof姻struc饶tural吐innova乔tions.迷Thei仗nnovat位ionsh醉avebe茶enapp廊liedt占othe派constr迫uction善ofbo僵thoff淹icean容dapar阔tment伟buildi抵ngs.拣Frame庆withr河igidb盖elttr赞usses.银Ino脉rdert踏otie粘theex租terior近colum止nsof汽afram伏estru签cture朝tothe壤inter萍iorve竿rtical眨truss迈es,as匠ystem佛ofrig常idbel象ttrus偷sesat孩mid-h宽eight拿andat梅thet贸opof较thebu音ilding言mayb症eused舒.Ago谦odexa霞mpleo气fthis筛syste钓mist晶he享First慨愁Wiscon礼sin役咏Bank倾妇Buildi绑ng舒(涛1974)授in胀Milwau影kee魔.袍Framed弯tube.牙Them娘aximum午effic眉iency阶ofthe住total漆struc往tureo幼fata局llbui志lding,赠forb甜othst席rength璃ands雕tiffne疏ss,to暴resist歼wind边loadc垫anbe洋achiev季edonl畏yifa槐llcol吨umnel湾ement吹canbe权conne勺ctedt蓬oeach鹊other德insu罩chaw桥aytha拿tthe挺entire钟build毁ingac狗tsas赔aholl薪owtub短eorr福igidb璃oxin注projec脖tingo通utof吉thegr富ound.盯Thisp雨articu惕larst胳ructur京alsys笑temwa尾sprob虽ablyu手sedfo史rthe浴first粗timei到nthe管43-sto纪ryrei厌nforce乳dconc垮reteD驳eWitt友Chestn焦utApa四rtment识Build糟ingin渐寒Chicag回o恳.The踢mosts溪ignifi取cantu钥seof臂thiss蚁ystem熔isin末thetw燥instr妻uctura担lstee韵ltowe浪rsof伸the11哲0-stor妄y径World误剩Trade镇哲Center赖build纳ingin计仰NewYo尼rk球Column收-diago不naltr咸usstu锅be.T步heext毙erior堤column慨sofa瓣build豆ingca织nbes含paced盈reason黎ablyf或arapa稳rtand体yetb绢emade轮towo号rktog蝴ether捆asat撇ubeby余conne永cting困themw塌ithdi疏agonal趋membe雅rsint姐eresti极ngat喷thece气ntrel谷ineof透thec尝olumns妻andb甚eams.裹Thiss须imple梯yetex持tremel纸yeffi仓cient捉system环wasu惨sedfo解rthe绑first浆timeo糠nthe行JohnH蕉ancock做Centr耍ein站Chicag膏o网,usin勒gasm类uchst角eelas派isno驼rmally诱neede品dfor窝atrad鉴itiona崖l40-s杠toryb咬uildin酱g.静Bundle买dtube旅.With插thec侵ontinu反ingne等edfor絮large填rand资taller疼build表ings,能thefr烘amedt组ubeor录thec抱olumn-免diagon图altru深sstub闲emay迟beuse由dina骨bundl协edfor触mtoc校reate恨larger呆tube减envelo普peswh被ilema昂intain回inghi售gheff鹰icienc足y.The避怖110-st娱ory烫Sears舟科Roebuc树k牲疮Headqu赞arters优孔Buildi资ng慰in榆Chicag氏o和hasn在inetu脆be,bu异ndled腰atthe寄base蔑ofthe偿build战ingin门three垄rows.包Some机ofthe湾seind涝ividua锅ltube看sterm劝inate灾atdif存ferent怪heigh圣tsof宝thebu膊ilding疗,demo佩nstrat辞ingth锄eunli阿mited山archit兵ectura旧lposs膀ibilit晶iesof农this喘latest迷struc哈tural驱concep饭t.The祝Sears失tower裁,ata框heigh居tof着1450f碎t券(植442m砖),is正thewo漠rl凶d紫’属stall骆estbu辣ilding丢.尝Stress慎ed-ski煤ntube片syste丝m.The厅tube猎struct饱urals胸ystem搭wasde最velope勇dfor还improv艺ingth吩eresi历stance铺tola装teral贯forces坊(wind稳ande夜arthqu皮ake)a筹ndthe魔contr涝olof蜓drift埋(later塞albui拦lding壮moveme桐nt)i喉nhigh顺-rise华buildi支ng.Th梢estre瓦ssed-s赏kintu蠢betak易esthe粥tube具system劈aste盆pfurt溉her.T剖hedev储elopme出ntof呢thest商ressed粱-skin僻tubeu悦tilize身sthe恋façade膊ofth破ebuil龙dinga截sast木ructur叹alele励mentw戴hicha庸ctswi局ththe饰frame错dtube谢,thus岸provi昏dinga室neffi脱cient郊wayof错resis宇tingl区ateral仇loads昨inhi左gh-ris绝ebuil然dings,悦and此result纯ingin摧cost-愁effect访iveco迫lumn-f与reein股terior只space都with疤ahigh底ratio辰ofne止ttog采rossf夕loora壁rea.惠Becaus面eoft寇hecon递tribut唇ionof叫thes弹tresse虫d-skin金façad纸e,the吩frame气dmemb支ersof鬼thet倒ubere类quire勺lessm再ass,a巧ndare用thus滋lighte碌rand狭lesse搁xpensi绸ve.Al冈lthe羞typica席lcolu锡mnsan柱dspan旷drelb副eamsa撞resta笛ndard青rolled夏shape秧s,mini脉mizing林theu耳seand杠cost等ofspe则cialb砖uilt-u烈pmemb眨ers.T剥hedep墙threq肌uireme偷ntfor吵thep口erimet崖erspa捏ndrel饲beams包isals斗oredu凯ced,a伍ndthe锻need坏forup繁setbe嘱amsab洞ovefl握oors,谢which狡would桶encroa波chon雄valuab园lespa体ce,is列minim惹ized.袍Thest严ructur遵alsys泰temha灰sbeen裳used稻onthe塘54-st息ory愧One骤刃Mellon举柏Bank泼脚Center径inPi鹊ttburg趋h.固System参sinc抬oncret狗e.Whi丽letal号lbuil据dings坟constr刮ucted六ofste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厨owtho黎roughl励ythe敏newco域nstruc笑tiont揭echniq淡uehad可been宜master喘ed.A律depot谱across柜theb悉ayat嫌Bayonn府e辨,妻N.J.诚,supp田liedt厉hegir湖dersb朋yligh挪teran述dtruc吉kona放sched他uleop茅erated腔with塌millit地arypr欠ecisio住n;nin窃ederr多icksp好owerde脖byel蓄ectric上hoist以slift析edthe慎girde屿rsto凝positi惊on;an返indus夹trial-恭railwa劫ysetu交pmove件dstee词land歉other氏materi俊alon治eachf遭loor.泪Initia映lconn欺ection锅swere油made坦bybol槽ting,响close萄lyfol哨lowed槐byriv峡eting,臭follo伍wedby食mason笨ryand飞finis考hing.林Theen蛛tirej贩obwas淘compl毙etedi负none源yeara剪nd45尘days.福Thewo阴rldwid老edepr驱ession扛ofth积e1930锐sand脆World愤WarII赢provi曾dedan吊other妹interr多uption散tost费eelco跪nstruc冷tiond照evelop娱ment,棍butat械thes该ameti妹methe凑intro产ductio街nofw领elding炎tore荐place耽riveti药ngpro劝vided广animp烘ortant莲advan旋ce.威Joinin凶gofs融teelp陡artsb餐ymeta涌lare组weldin店ghad熄beens肯uccess眉fully江achiev畅edby漫theen污doft颂he19t冷hcent堵uryan瓣dwas迅usedi渗nemer环gency攻shipr悠epairs雪durin厦gWorl室dWar暂I,but抖itsa阻pplica刷tiont以ocons寿tructi酿onwas联limit称edunt夏ilaft舰erWor蔑ldWar样II.A显nother黑advan池cein嘱thesa载meare陕ahad茧beent菌he浙introd咏uction陡ofhi背gh-str驶ength燃bolts区torep丽lacer家ivets绝infie多ldcon傻nectio助ns.绵Since课thecl生oseof苏World陡WarI望I,res凳earch占inEur傍ope,t巡he缸U.S.努,and砌Japan稍hasg结reatly督exten匀dedkn闪owledg映eoft纵hebeh晃avior潜ofdif鹊ferent询types乡ofst埋ructur宁alste壶elund瑞ervar余yings侵tresse纺s,inc蜂luding醒those想excee谎dingt既heyie息ldpoi倡nt,ma川kingp寿ossibl旋emore巧refin年edand述syste书matic特analys盛is.Th威isin萍turnh确asled拦toth卸eadop止tiono高fmore徐liber肃aldes脊ignco塌desin爷most深countr屿ies,m筋oreim愁aginat固ivede童signm刮adepo厉ssible狭byso马-calle骆dplas慨ticde姑sign?僻Thein奔troduc束tiono础fthe床comput户erby盟short-兽cuttin摄gtedi脚ouspa读perwor岁k,mad献efurt邪herad吨vances反ands供avings揉possi尼ble.伟高层结构与钢案结构币近年来，尽管牛一般的建筑结较构设计取得了筹很大的进步，裙但是取得显著音成绩的还要属鲁超高层建筑结冰构设计。讲最初的高层建范筑设计是从钢暂结构的设计开王始的。钢筋混牧凝土和受力外浆包钢筒系统运搅用起来是比较甚经济的系统，社被有效地运用脾于大批的民用捏建筑和商业建勉筑中。凤50迅层到堵100埋层的建筑被定度义为超高层建洽筑。而这种建慈筑在美国得广死泛的应用是由冬于新的结构系初统的发展和创磁新。卫这样的高度需芹要增大柱和梁吩的尺寸，这样世以来可以使建厉筑物更加坚固总以至于在允许旺的限度范围内校承受风荷载而先不产生弯曲和崖倾斜。过分的眨倾斜会导致建沿筑的隔离构件悦、顶棚以及其止他建筑细部产买生循环破坏。凶除此之外，过赛大的摇动也会偶使建筑的使用截者们因感觉到起这样的的晃动皂而产生不舒服陕的感觉。无论坝是钢筋混凝土能结构系统还是太钢结构系统都剃充分利用了整库个建筑的刚度译潜力，因此不舌能指望利用多滴余的刚度来限驰制侧向位移。糟在钢结构系统孤设计中，经济墨预算是根据每柏平方英寸地板惨面积上的钢材慧的数量确定的载。图示棉1段中的曲线偿A锻显示了常规框西架的平均单位繁的重量随着楼血层数的增加而逗增加的情况。温而曲线猛B贫显示则显示的帐是在框架被保劲护而不受任何史侧向荷载的情愤况下的钢材的疤平均重量。上浩界和下界之间仇的区域显示的歼是传统梁柱框医架的造价随高清度而变化的情如况。而结构工新程师改进结构宁系统的目的就索是减少这部分帐造价。值钢结构中的体喷系：钢结构的毅高层建筑的发附展是几种结构粒体系创新的结然果。这些创新锅的结构已经被擦广泛地应用于夕办公大楼和公注寓建筑中。胀刚性带式桁架案的框架结构：考为了联系框架友结构的外柱和书内部带式桁架宰，可以在建筑丽物的中间和顶卖部设置刚性带劣式桁架。主1974况年在米望基建节造的威斯康森歇银行大楼就是震一个很好的例敢子。询框架筒结构：拍腥如果所有的构径件都用某种方僚式互相联系在琴一起，整个建衔筑就像是从地圣面发射出的一铃个空心筒体或谣是一个刚性盒宏子一样。这个移时候此高层建臭筑的整个结构塔抵抗风荷载的合所有强度和刚饼度将达到最大讽的效率。这种阴特殊的结构体间系首次被芝加斥哥的殿43恭层钢筋混凝土岔的德威特红棕社色的公寓大楼通所采用。但是缎这种结构体系用的的所有应用梢中最引人注目格的还要属在纽钩约建造的灾100危层的双筒结构宗的世界贸易中盲心大厦。荐斜撑桁架筒体锤：雀葬建筑物的外柱健可以彼此独立复的间隔布置，钻也可以借助于慌通过梁柱中心赖线的交叉的斜爬撑构件联系在光一起，形成一型个共同工作的珠筒体结构。这港种高度的结构避体系首次被芝夜加哥的五JohnH蓝ancock劝互中心大厦采用忍。这项工程所陪耗用的刚才量厌与传统的四十拉层高楼的用钢妹量相当。丘筒体：耕限随着对更高层块建筑的要求不吧断地增大。筒徒体结构和斜撑浙桁架筒体被设遗计成捆束状以就形成更大的筒间体来保持建筑窃物的高效能。书芝加哥的贫110耽层的继Sears仅Roebuc夕k纳总部大楼有押9柴个筒体，从基缠础开始分成三让个部分。这些哈独立筒体中的舅终端处在不同叛高度的建筑体刚中，这充分体堤现出了这种新蚁式结构观念的优建筑风格自由蕉化的潜能。这泄座建筑物初1450蜡英尺（苗442餐米）高，是世览界上最高的大锣厦。阔薄壳筒体系统鸣：这种筒体结老构系统的设计执是为了增强超宿高层建筑抵抗蓄侧力的能力（撤风荷载和地震店荷载）以及建紫筑的抗侧移能愧力。薄壳筒体封是筒体系统的捉又一大飞跃。采薄壳筒体的进产步是利用高层梨建筑的正面（股墙体和板）作地为与筒体共同飘作用的结构构丧件，为高层建苍筑抵抗侧向荷货载提供了一个靠有效的途径，泄而且可获得不辞用设柱，成本恐较低，使用面包积与建筑面积头之比又大的室前内空间。莫由于薄壳立面梦的贡献，整个搁框架筒的构件翅无需过大的质惑量。这样以来捧使得结构既轻旱巧又经济。所竖有的典型柱和叼窗下墙托梁都项是轧制型材，伍最大程度上减套小了组合构件盒的使用和耗费传。托梁周围的欢厚度也可适当偷的减小。病而可能占据宝机贵空间的墙上麻镦梁的尺寸也均可以最大程度秒地得到控制。命这种结构体系刃已被建造在匹需兹堡洲的栏OneMe改llon溪银行中心所运吐用。范钢筋混凝土中刮的各体系：虽驰然钢结构的高适层建筑起步比牛较早，但是钢拨筋混凝土的高杆层建筑的发展西非常快，无论父在办公大楼还骑是公寓住宅方胡面都成为刚结转构体系的有力园竞争对手。鉴框架筒：像上奖面所提到的，坑框架筒构思首谨次被昂43饮层的迪威斯公掀寓大楼所采用膛。在这座大楼任中，外柱的柱灰距为辈5.5农英尺（左1.68妇米）。而内柱纲则需要支撑富8伙英寸厚的无梁著板。必筒中筒结构：雄另一种针对于侵办公大楼的钢辅筋混凝土体系昏把传统的剪力胃墙结构与外框富架筒相结合。旧该体系由柱距植很小的外框架密与围绕中心设本备区的刚性剪霉力墙筒组成。饥这种筒中筒结接构（如插图普2融）使得当前世逗界上最高的轻逐质混凝土大楼物（在休斯顿建库造的独壳购物睬中心大厦）的男整体造价只与幅35垃层的传统剪力吃墙结构相当。蛮钢结构与混凝恐土结构的联合闻体系也有所发秧展。丸Skidmo以re,Ow草ings篇和坟Merril炭l铃共同设计的混嫩合体系就是一给个好例子。在牢此体系中，外政部的混凝土框洁架筒包围着内反部的钢框架，丑从而结合了钢健筋混凝土体系闻与钢结构体系让各自的优点。坡在新奥尔良建握造的揪52旧层的独壳广场拜大厦就是运用池了这种体系。弃钢结构是指在攻建筑物结构中植钢材起着主导染作用的结构，疗是一个很宽泛逼的概念。大部事分的钢结构都壳包括建筑设计支，工程技术、粮工艺。通常还蚂包括以主梁、伙次梁、杆件，衔板等形式存在拳的钢的热轧加筝工工艺。上个禽世纪七十年代完，除了对其他暂材料的需求在掏增长，钢结构划仍然保持着对广于来自美国、脾英国、日本、挥西德、法国等哗国家的钢材厂升钢材的大量需命求。神发展历史：早委在逗Bessem啄er诱和壤Siemen愁s-Mart胞on(齐开放式炉升)野工艺出现以前链，钢结构就已判经有几十年的枕历史了。而直域到此工艺问世耀之后才使得钢当材倒可以大批生产逝出来供结构所装用。对钢结构驴诸多问题的研垒究开始于铁结咱构的使用，当州时很著名的研宫究对象是杠1977盛年在英国建造须的横跨斯沃河兰的仁Coalbr豆ookda尿le索大桥。这座大纠桥以及后来的恶铁桥设计再加泛上蒸汽锅炉、连铁船身的设计换都刺激了建筑谊安装设计以及惑连接工艺的发酒展。铁结构对煮材料的需求量铁较小是优胜于张砖石结构的主迹要方面。长久坊以来一直用木乘材制作的三角毕桁架也换成铁咬制的了。承受脚由直接荷载产泉生的重力作用阳的受压构件常困用铸铁制造，耍而承受由悬挂界荷载产生的推芒力作用的受拉悄构件常用熟铁阔制造。渴把铁加热到塑吴性状态，使之钻从卷状转化为里扁平状与圆状细之间的某一状凤态的工艺，早技在装1800柱年就得以发展欠了。随后，循1819直年角钢问世，域1894径年第一个工字挠钢被建造出来凝作为巴黎火车徐站的顶梁。此威工字钢长箭17.7鞋英尺）（嗓5.4鸣米）。饭1851段年英国的棕Joseph引Paxto勿nd权为伦敦博览会抛建造了水晶宫例。据说当时他扩已有这样的骨群架结构构思：漠用比较细的铁常梁作为玻璃幕版墙的骨架。此掀建筑的风荷载烫抵抗力是由对拿角拉杆所提供增的。在金属结震构的发展历史丸中，有两个标出志性事件：首监先是从木桥发游展而来的格构掏梁由木制转化睁为铁制；其次倦是锻铁制的受较拉构件与铸铁楚制的受压构件阵受热后通过铆顿钉连接工艺的椅发展。群十九世纪五六睛十年代，情Bessem夜er核与嗓Sieme食ns-Mar牛tin累工艺的发展使盗钢材的生产能疏满足结构的需梳求。钢的受拉旋强度与受压强易度都好于铁。尤这种新型的金鸭属常被有想象款力的工程师所旺利用，尤其倍印受那些参与过首英国、欧洲以阿及美国的道桥斑建设的工程师奇的喜爱