伦敦介绍精编版

伦敦介绍基本概况London,capitalofGreatBritain,SEEngland,onbothsidesoftheThamesRiver.GreaterLondon(1991pop.6,378,600),c.620sqmi(1,610sqkm),consistsoftheCorporationoftheCityofLondon(1991pop.4,000),usuallycalledtheCity,plus32boroughs.TheCityistheoldcityofLondonandisthemoderncity'scommercialcenter;itisalsoreferredtoasthe“SquareMile”becauseofitsarea.The12innerboroughsthatsurroundtheCityareWestminster,Camden,Islington,Hackney,TowerHamlets,Greenwich,Lewisham,Southwark,Lambeth,Wandsworth,HammersmithandFulham,KensingtonandChelsea.The20outerboroughsareWalthamForest,Redbridge,Havering,BarkingandDagenham,Newham,Bexley,Bromley,Croydon,Sutton,Merton,KingstonuponThames,RichmonduponThames,Hounslow,Hillingdon,Ealing,Brent,Harrow,Barnet,Haringey,andEnfield.GreaterLondonincludestheareaoftheformercountyofLondon,mostoftheformercountyofMiddlesex,andareasthatwereformerlyinSurrey,Kent,Essex,andHertfordshire.EachoftheboroughsofGreaterLondonelectsacouncil.TheGreaterLondonCounciladministeredthelargerLondonareauntil1986,whenitwasabolishedbytheThatchergovernment,makingLondonuniqueasaworldmetropoliswithoutacentralgoverningunit.In1999theGreaterLondonAuthorityActreestablishedasinglelocalgoverningbodyfortheGreaterLondonarea,consistingofanelectedmayorandtheLondonAssembly.Electionswereheldin2000,andKenLivingstonebecameLondon'sfirstelectedmayor.2.EconomyLondonisoneoftheworld'sforemostfinancial,commercial,industrial,andculturalcenters.TheBankofEngland,Lloyd's,thestockexchange,andnumerousotherbanksandinvestmentcompanieshavetheirheadquartersthere,primarilyintheCity,butincreasinglyatCanaryWharf.ThefinancialservicessectorisamajorsourceofoverallemploymentinLondonstillremainsoneoftheworld'sgreatestports.Itexportsmanufacturedgoodsandimportspetroleum,tea,wool,rawsugar,timber木材，木料,butter,metals,andmeat.Consumergoods,clothing,precision精密的instruments,jewelry,andstationeryareproduced,butmanufacturinghaslostanumberofjobsintheonce-dominanttextile,furniture,printing,andchemical-processingindustriesasfirmshavemovedoutsidethearea.Engineeringandscientificresearcharealsoimportanttotheeconomy,asistourism.Thecityisahubforroad,rail,andair(itsairportsincludeHeathrowandGatwick),anditisnowlinkedtotheContinentbyahigh-speedraillineundertheEnglishChannel.PointsofInterestThebest-knownstreetsofLondonareFleetStreet,theStrand,Piccadilly,Whitehall,PallMall,DowningStreet,andLombardStreet.BondandRegentstreetsandCoventGardenarenotedfortheirshops.BuckinghamPalaceistheroyalfamily'sLondonresidence.Municipal市政的，自治区的parksincludeHydePark,KensingtonGardens,Regent'sPark(whichhousestheLondonZoo),andSt.James'sandGreenparks.MuseumsincludetheBritishMuseum,theVictoriaandAlbertMuseum,theNationalGallery,theTateGallery,theWallaceCollection,theInstituteofContemporaryArt,andtheSaachiGallery.TheBritishLibrary,oneoftheworld'sgreatreferenceresources,islocatedinLondon.Thecityisrichinotherartisticandculturalactivities.Itsapproximately100theatercompaniesreflecttheimportanceofdrama,andithasseveralworld-classorchestras,awell-knownoperahouse,performancehalls,andclubs.Aworkingreplica复制品ofShakespeare'sGlobeTheatreopenedin1997.TheUniv.ofLondonisthelargestinGreatBritain,andthereareotheruniversitiesandcollegesinthecity.Thestate-ownedBBC(BritishBroadcastingCompany)isheadquarteredinLondon,andmostofthecountry'snationalnewspapersarepublishedthere.TheNewScotlandYard,synonymouswithcriminalinvestigation,islocatedinthecity.SportingeventsdrawlargesupportfromLondonerswhofollowcricket,soccer(atWimbleyStadium),andtennis(includingtheWimbledonchampionship).3.HistoryLittleisknownofLondonpriortoA.D.61,when,accordingtotheRomanhistorianTacitus塔西佗（古罗官员和历史学家）,thefollowersofQueenBoadicearebelledandslaughteredtheinhabitantsoftheRomanfortLondinium.Romanauthoritywassoonrestored,andthefirstcitywallswerebuilt,remnants残余ofwhichstillexist.AfterthefinalwithdrawaloftheRomanlegionsinthe5thcent.,Londonwaslostinobscurity.Celts,Saxons,andDanescontestedthegeneralarea,anditwasnotuntil886thatLondonagainemergedasanimportanttownunderthefirmcontrolofKingAlfred,whorebuiltthedefensesagainsttheDanesandgavethecityagovernment.LondonputupsomeresistancetoWilliamIin1066,buthesubsequentlytreatedthecitywell.DuringhisreigntheWhiteTower,thenucleus核心，中心oftheTowerofLondon,wasbuiltjusteastofthecitywall.UndertheNormansandPlantagenets(seeGreatBritain),thecitygrewcommerciallyandpoliticallyandduringthereignofRichardI(1189–99)obtainedaformofmunicipalgovernmentfromwhichthemodernCityCorporationdeveloped.In1215,KingJohngrantedthecitytherighttoelectamayorannually.Theguilds公会，协会oftheMiddleAgesgainedcontrolofcivic公民的affairsandgrewsufficientlystrongtorestricttradetofreemenofthecity.Theguildssurvivetodayin80livery肝的companies,ofwhichmemberswereoncethevotersinLondon'smunicipalelections.MedievalLondonsawthefoundationoftheInnsofCourtandtheconstructionofWestminsterAbbey.Bythe14thcent.LondonhadbecomethepoliticalcapitalofEngland.ItplayednoactiveroleintheWarsoftheRoses(15thcent.).ThereignofElizabethIbroughtLondontoalevelofgreatwealth,power,andinfluenceastheundisputed无可置辨的centerofEngland'sRenaissanceculture.ThiswasthetimeofShakespeare(andtheGlobeTheatre)andthebeginningsofoverseastradingcompaniessuchastheMuscovyCompany.Withtheadvent(1603)oftheStuartstothethrone,thecitybecameinvolvedinstruggleswiththecrownonbehalfofitsdemocraticprivileges,culminatingintheEnglishcivilwar.In1665,thegreatplaguetooksome75,000lives.AgreatfireinSept.,1666,lastedfivedaysandvirtuallydestroyedthecity.SirChristopherWrenplayedalargeroleinrebuildingthecity.Hedesignedmorethan51churches,notablytherebuiltSt.Paul'sCathedral.Othernotablechurchesincludethegothic哥特式的SouthwarkCathedral,St.Paul'sChurch(1633;designedbyInigoJones),St.Martin-in-the-Fields(18thcent.),andWestminsterCathedral.MuchofthebusinessofLondonaswellasliteraryandpoliticaldiscussionwastransactedincoffeehouses,forerunnersofthemodernclub.Until1750,whenWestminsterBridgewasopened,LondonBridge,firstbuiltinthe10thcent.,wastheonlybridgetospantheThames.Sincethe18thcent.,severalotherbridgeshavebeenconstructed;theTowerInthe19thcent.,Londonbeganaperiodofextraordinarygrowth.Theareaofpresent-dayGreaterLondonhadabout1.1millionpeoplein1801;by1851,thepopulationhadincreasedto2.7million,andby1901to6.6million.DuringtheVictorianera,LondonacquiredtremendousprestigeasthecapitaloftheBritishEmpireandasaculturalandintellectualcenter.Britain'sfreepoliticalinstitutionsandintellectualatmospheremadeLondonahavenforpersonsunsafeintheirowncountries.TheItalianGiuseppeMazzini,theRussianAleksandrHerzen,andtheGermanKarlMarxwereamongmanypoliticallycontroversialfigureswholivedforlongperiodsinLondon.ManybuildingsofcentralLondonweredestroyedordamagedinairraidsduringWorldWarII.TheseincludetheGuildhall(sceneofthelordmayor'sbanquets宴会（BOUQUET花束）andotherpublicfunctions);No.10DowningStreet,theprimeminister'sresidence;theInnsofCourt;WestminsterHallandtheHousesofParliament;St.George'sCathedral;andmanyofthegreathallsoftheancientliverycompanies.Todaytherearenumerousblocksofnewofficebuildingsanddistrictsofapartmentdwellingsconstructedbygovernmentauthorities.ThegrowthofLondoninthe20thcent.hasbeenextensivelyplanned.Onenotablefeaturehasbeentheconceptofa“GreenBelt”tosavecertainareasfromintensiveurbandevelopment.In1982,atax-freezoneintheDocklandsintheEastEnd'sTowerHamletsboroughwascreatedtostimulatedevelopment.AlthoughtheCanaryLondonhasanethnicallyandculturallydiversepopulation,withlargegroupsofimmigrantsfromCommonwealthnations.SouthAsian,WestIndian,African,andMiddleEasternpeoplesaccountformuchoftheimmigrantpopulation.ThecityisthesiteofoneofthelargestHindutemplecomplexes混合体andthelargestSikhtempleoutsideIndia;therealsoaremanymosques清真寺,includingoneofthelargestinEurope.Withthereestablishmentofthecity'scentralgovernment(2000),Londonbuiltitsegg-shapedCityHall(2002),onthesouthbankoftheThamesoppositetheTowerof伦敦，首都大不列颠，东南英格兰，双方的泰晤士河。大伦敦（1991弹出。6378600），c.620平方英里（1610平方公里），由该公司的伦敦金融城（1991弹出。4000），通常被称为城市，加上32个区。市是老城区的伦敦，是现代城市的商业中心，它也是被称为“平方英里”，因为它的面积。12个内城区包围城市的威斯敏斯特大教堂，卡姆登，伊斯灵顿，哈克尼，伦敦塔桥，格林威治，刘易舍姆，南华，兰贝斯，旺兹沃思，哈默史密斯和富勒姆，肯辛顿和切尔西队。20外区的沃尔瑟姆森林，Redbridge，Havering，门口和Dagenham，纽汉，贝克斯利，布罗姆利，克罗伊登，萨顿，默顿，金士顿对泰晤士，里士满泰晤士河畔，Hounslow，Hillingdon，伊灵，布伦特，哈罗，巴尼特，Haringey，和恩菲尔德。包括大伦敦地区的前县伦敦，最前的米德尔塞克斯县，和领域，以前在萨里，肯特，埃塞克斯，以及赫特福德郡。每个区的大伦敦议会选举产生。大伦敦理事会管理的大伦敦地区，直到1986年，当时它被废除的撒切尔政府，使伦敦作为一个独特的世界大都市没有一个中央理事单位。在1999年，大伦敦管理局法重新确立一个单一的地方的管治机构，大伦敦地区，组成一个民选市长和伦敦大会。选举是在2000年举行，并肯利文斯通成为伦敦的第一位民选市长。经济伦敦是世界最重要的金融，商业，工业和文化中心。英格兰银行，劳埃德公司，证券交易所，以及众多的其他银行和投资公司的总部都设存在，主要是在城市，但在越来越多的加那利码头。金融服务业是一个主要来源，总的就业在伦敦。伦敦仍然是世界上最大的港口。它的出口制成品和进口石油，茶叶，羊毛，原糖，木材，黄油，金属，和肉类。消费品，服装，精密仪器，首饰，文具生产，但生产已经失去了一些就业机会，曾经占主导地位的纺织，家具，印刷，化工等加工行业的公司都搬到以外的地区。工程和科研也很重要的经济，这是旅游业。城市是一个枢纽的公路，铁路和航空（其包括伦敦希思罗机场和盖特威克），现在是与欧洲大陆的高速铁路线下的英吉利海峡。兴趣点最有名的街头，伦敦的舰队街，东街，皮卡迪利，白厅，波迈，唐宁街，和伦巴第街。007和丽晶街上和科芬园是指出他们的商店。白金汉宫是王室在伦敦居住。市政公园包括海德公园，肯辛顿花园，摄政公园（该房屋的伦敦动物园），以及圣雅各福群和绿色公园。博物馆包括大英博物馆，维多利亚和阿尔伯特博物馆，国家美术馆，泰特美术馆的，收集的华莱士，该研究所的当代艺术，并Saachi画廊。伦敦还拥有众多的商业艺术画廊和中起着重要作用的国际艺术品市场。大英图书馆，一个世界上最伟大的参考资源，设在伦敦。这座城市有着丰富的艺术和其他文化活动。它的大约100个剧团反映的重要性，戏剧，它有几个世界一流的乐团，一个众所周知的歌剧院，性能会堂，和俱乐部。一个工作副本的莎士比亚环球剧场在1997年开放。该大学。伦敦是全球最大的大不列颠，还有其他高校的城市。国有英国广播公司（英国广播公司）是总部设在伦敦，大多数国家的报纸刊登有。新苏格兰场，同义词，刑事调查，位于城市。体育赛事吸引大批来自伦敦支持谁的后续板球，足球（上Wimbley体育场）和网球（包括温布尔登锦标赛）。历史目前还不知道伦敦之前，公元61时，根据罗马史学家塔西图，追随者女王Boadicea反抗和屠杀居民的罗马堡伦迪尼乌姆。罗马当局尽快恢复，并第一次城墙建成，残余仍然存在。在最后撤离的罗马军团中的第5次以上。，伦敦是默默无闻的损失。凯尔特人，撒克逊人，和丹麦有争议的一般地区，但直到886，伦敦再次成为一个重要城市的公司控制的国王阿尔弗雷德，谁重建的防御丹麦人并给出了城市政府。伦敦提出了一些阻力威廉一世在1066年，但他后来处理以及城市。在他统治的白塔，核心的伦敦塔，是建立以东的城墙。根据诺曼和金雀花（见英国），城市增长的商业和政治统治期间的理查一世（1189年至1199年）获得某种形式的市政府从城市的现代企业发展。在1215年，约翰国王授予城市的权利，选出一个市长每年。该行中世纪控制了公民事务和成长足够强大的贸易限制，以自由人的城市。该行今天在