中考语法专题复习-介词及介词短语

中考语法复习一一介词及介词短语【考点直击】.常用介词及其词组的主要用法及意义.介词表示时间、方位、方式别的基本用法.一些易混介词的辨析【语法讲解】♦介词的功能介词是一种虚词，用来表示名词或相当于名词的其它词语句中其它词的关系，不能单独使用。介词可与名词或相当于名词的其它词构成介词短语。介词短语可在句中作定语，状语，表语和宾语补足语。例如：TheboyoverthereisJohn,sbrother.定语)Thegirlwillbebackintwohours.(状语)OurEnglishteacherisfromAustralia.(表语)Helpyourselftosomefish.(宾语补足语)♦介词和种类(1)简单介词，常用的有at,in,on,about,across,before,beside,for,to,without等。(2)复合介词，如bymeansof,alongwith,becauseof,infrontof,insteadof等。♦不同介词的用法(1)表时间的介词at,inon表示时间点用at。例如：atsixo,clock,atnoon,atmidnight。表示在某个世纪，某年，某月，某个季节以及早晨，上午，下午，晚上时，用in。例如：inthenineteenthcentury,in2002,inmay,inwinter,inthemorning,intheafternoon等。表示具体的某一天和某一天的上午，下午，晚上时，用on。例如：onMonday,onJuly1st,onSundaymorning等。since,after由since和after引导的词组都可表示从过去某一点开始的时段，但since词组表示的时段一直延续到说话的时刻，因而往往要与现在完成时连用。而after词组所表示的时段纯系过去，因而要与一般过去时连用。例如：Ihaven,theardfromhimsincelastsummer.Afterfivedaystheboycameback.in,afterin与将来时态连用时，表示“过多长时间以后”的意思，后面踉表示一段时间的词语。After与将来时态连用时，后面只能跟表示时间点的词语。After与过去时态连用时，后面才能跟表示一段时间的词语。例如：Hewillbebackintwomonths.Hewillarriveafterfouro,clock.Hereturnedafteramonth.(2)表示地点的介词1)at,in,onat一般指小地方；in一般指大地方或某个范围之内；on往往表示“在某个物体的表面”。例如：HearrivedinShanghaiyesterday.Theyarrivedatasmallvillagebeforedark.Thereisabigholeinthewall.Theteacherputupapictureonthewall.over,above,onover,on和above都可表示“在……上面”，但具体含义不同。Over表示位置高于某物，在某物的正上方，其反义词是under。above也表示位置高于某物，但不一定在正上方，其反义词是below。On指两个物体表面接触，一个在另一的上面。例如：Thereisabridgeovertheriver.Weflewabovetheclouds.Theyputsomeflowersontheteacher,sdesk.across,throughacross和through均可表示“从这一边到另一边“，但用法不同。Across的含义与on有关，表示动作在某一物体的表面进行。Through的含义与in有关，表示动作是在三维空间进行。例如：Thedogranacrossthegrass.Theboyswamacrosstheriver.Theywalkedthroughtheforest.Ipushedthroughthecrowds.infrontof,inthefrontofinfrontof表示“在某人或某物的前面“，在某个范围以外；inthefrontof表示"在 的前部”，在某个范围以内。例如：Therearesometalltreesinfrontofthebuilding.Theteacherissittinginthefrontoftheclassroom.♦常用介词的用法辨析一.at/in/on..表示时间：.表示某一具体时间点，某一时刻/年龄atsixo'clockatnoonatthattimeatthemomentattheageofatnight2)in表示时间段,一天的三个时间段以及月份，年，季节，世纪，人生的某个时期(某人几十岁时)inthemorning/afternoon/eveninginspring/in2007/inMarchinthetwenty-firstcenturyinhisfifties3)on表示星期几/某一具体的日子/具体某天的上午/下午/晚上，表示一天中的三个时间段名词前有修饰语或后有修饰语时.OnMondayonNewYear'sDayonSundaymorningonarainynightontheeveningofApril1st,20072表地点：1)at一般指较小的地点或较具体的位置 atthestationatthecinema2)in表示在较大的地点或一个有限空间里. inChinaintheclassroom3)on指在某物体的表面上. onthedesk注意:写街道时,若有门牌号用at,否则用on/in都可. Helivesat270DongChang’anStreet.二.介词in/on/to表方位：n表示A地在B地范围之内.(包含关系) TanwanisthesoutheastofChina.2.on表示A,B地接壤.(外切关系) HubeiisthenorthofHunan.3.to表示A,B两地有一定的间距.(外离关系) JapanistheeastofChina.三between/among在 之间l.between:指两者之间.在 .之间.2.among:用于三者或三者以上人或物之间.在……之中.Yousithimandme.Thesongispopularthestudents.四.after/in在 之后l.after1)after+时间段.表示以过去某一时刻为起点的一段时间之后，用于过去时.2)after作介词.afterdoingsth2.in+一段时间.表示说话时或以现在为起点的将来一段时间之后.用于将来时.Hecamebacktwodays.Hewillgohomefinishinghishomework.Hewillcomebacktwodays. |||五.with/in/by表示“用 ”1.with表示“用…”一般指有形的工具/手段/人体器官.Hecuttheappleintohalvesaknife.注:with表伴随，”带有,含有”Hecameinabigsmileonhisface.n表示用某种语言,方式,途径.或书写/绘画所用的材料.也可表交通方式.CanyousayitEnglish?Hewrotealetterblueink.3.by表示乘坐交通工具，表示方式，方法Istudyforatestworkingwithagroup.Hemakesalivingsellingnewspapers.注意：同义词组.byphone=onthephone.bycar=inacar.inpen=withapen=withpensA.across/through/over/by经过l.across指横穿，穿过.表示动作从某一物体表面上经过.2.through指穿过，透过，表示从某一物体空间内通过.3.over表示从某人或某物的上空经过或越过，不与表面接触.4.by表示从某人/某物的旁边经过.Canyouswimtheriver?theelephantissobigthatitcan’tgothegate.Idon'tthinkanyonecanjumpthefence.IwalkedthebankofChinayesterday.Ill七.infrontof/hefrontof表示在 .内部的前面2.infrontof表示在 外面的前面Thereisadeskinfrontofourclassroom.Thereisabigtreeinfrontofourclassroom.八.其它介词的用法：1.at的其它用法.1).表示“从事或正在做某事”，其后加的名词往往不加冠词.Sheisatworknow=Sheisworkingnow.2)at表示“价格或速度”Thetrainranat120kilometresanhour.n的其它用法：1)in表示“在 方面”词组:dowellin=begoodatbeweakin2)in表示“穿着”后接表颜色的词或衣服.词组:bein+衣服=bewearing+衣服3)in作副词，“在家”=athomeke的用法：.像/和 一样.常与系动词连用.词组:looklikesoundlike.与what连用，“是什么样子，怎样”.Whatishelike?Heiskind.4.off的用法：.从……下来，脱离某物体.词组:falloff.“休假”通常放在时间名词之后.词组:have+时间+offHehasn'thadanightofffortwohours..except/besides.except除了…….之外，都……..不包括在范围之内.注：nothingbut-除了……之外，什么也没有..besdies除了……之外，还有…….包括在范围之内.WeallwentswimmingLucy.Thereisaletterinthebox.WestudyJapaneseandFrenchEnglish..with/without.with具有，含有 反义词：without没有词组:withthehelpof=withone'shelp=becauseof=thankstowithoutone'shelp.without的用法：A).without+sb./sth.没有某人或某物.without+doingsth.Heleftherewithout(say)“Goodbye”tous.withoutsth常与if引导的否定的条件句.Ifthereisnowater,wecan'tlive.=Wecan'tlive.Ill7.onthetree/inthetreeonthetree表示“树上本身长的东西”在树上.而inthetree表示“外界的物体进入树中”人或物在树上.Therearesomeapplesthetree.Thereisaboythetree.8.since/for注：since/for用于现在完成时.1).since:.since+时间点.现在完成时+since+一般过去时.since+一段时间+ago.2)for:for+一段时间=since+一段时间+ago

.bemade+介词的区别：bemadeof由…制成（看得见原材料）bemadefrom由…制成（看不见原材料）bemadein+地点由哪儿生产bemadebysb.由某人制造.表示“数量的介词”about,roundaroundover1）.about,roundaround表示“大约 ”2）.over表示“超过”=morethan.11.inside/outsideInside在 里面 反义词:outside在••,.外面12.inthewall/onthewallinthewall表示“门窗在墙上"onthewall表示“某东西张贴或挂在墙上”九.不用介词的情况：.当时间状为:tonight,today,yesterday,tomorrow等时，不用介词.Whatareyougoingtodotonight?.含有this,that,these,those,last,next,every,each等时间状语.HewenttoWuhanlastweek..以all开头的时间状语前面不用介词.Hehasworkedallday.4）以some,any,one等构成的时间状语前不用介词.♦介词短语介词和动词、形容词或名词相结合后，形成复合词，有特定的意思。如下:动词+介词（如：talkabout,lookat）Be动词+形容词+介词（如：bekindof）介词+名词（如：athome,onfoot,intime）①动词+介词lookup查看，查（字典）；playwithsth.玩某物（玩耍）Don’tplaywithfire别J玩火。thinkof想起，想到；hearfromsb.收到某人的信；talkaboutsth.谈论某事；talkto/withsb和某人谈论；lookat注视；listento倾听；callonsb.拜访某人；arriveat/in到达；takecareof照顾；waitfor等待；lookfor寻找。add…to力口至U 上agreewith同意（某人）arriveat（in）到达askfor询问begin…with从 开始believein相信breakinto闯入breakoff打断breakout爆发bringdown降低callforcallfor要求约请callon拜访访问carryon继续开展checkout查明结帐comeabout发生，产生comeout出来bringin弓［进buildup建起callback回电话callin召来carefor喜欢carryout实行开展clearup整理，收拾comeacross（偶然）遇见bringup教育，培

burndown烧光

cometo共计达到compareto比作datefrom始于devoteto献于divideup分酉己falloff下降feedon以 为食getthrough通过giveout分发goabroad出国goonwith继续growup生长hearabout听说joinup连接起来keepon继续liveon靠 为生为食lookforwardto盼望lookout当心setoff动身showoff炫耀speedup力口速stickto坚持talkof谈论tryout试验turnoff关掉②Be动词+形容词+介词bekindto对（某人）亲切;compare…with与 比较cutoff切断dependon依靠dieout灭亡dreamof梦想fallover跌倒getdownto专心于givein让步，屈服giveup放弃goagainst反对gothrough浏览handdown传下来holdout伸出keepoff让开，不接近leadto导致lookdownupon看不起lookinto调查look（a）round仔细查看setup建立shutup住口standfor代表，象征sufferfrom遭受begoodat在 做得好；擅长于thinkof考虑，想起turndownbegoodat在 做得好；擅长于belatefor迟到；beafraidof害怕；besorryforsth为 抱歉;beabsentfrom缺席；beproudof以 为自豪；befoundof喜欢beinterestedin对…有兴趣beconfidentin对•…有信心besickof厌恶beloyalto对…忠诚beworriedabout为…担心bebusywith忙于（某事）befamousfor因…而出名befullof充满bekeenon热衷于beshortof缺乏beproudof对…感到骄傲beashamedof为…感到羞耻beawareof意识至Ubedifferentfrom和…不同③介词+名词1）英语中有大量成语由介词构成，单是一些常用介词就可构成大量成语:at:atastretch一连，连续地atease稍息，安心atfirst最初，开始时athome在家，随便atatime一次，每次atfirstsight一见（钟情）atheart在内心atlast最后atleast至少atmostatleast至少atmost至多atpeace(war)处于和平(战争)状态atpresent现在，目前attheriskof冒…的风险atthestart一开头attimes有时候by:byaccident偶然byallmeans想一切办法bychance偶然bychoice出于自愿byday(night)白天(夜间)bymistake错误地，误把…bysurprise突然，出其不意in:inasense从某种意义上说inadvance事前inanycase(event)不管怎样incase要是，如果incomparison比较起来indebt负债indetail详细地ingeneral一般说来inorderto(that)以便，为了inpart(s)部分地inpractice实际上inregardto关于intheend最后on:onaccountof由于onboard在船(飞机)上onduty值班onfoot步行onhand在身边onpurpose故意地onstrike罢工ontheway在路上onthetopof在…上面outof:outofaction失灵outofcontrol失去控制outofdoors在户外atlength最后,详细地atonce立即，同时atplay（work）在玩耍（工作）atrandom随意地，胡乱地atthesametime（与此）同时atthetime此刻，这时atwill任意地byair航空bybus（plane,etc）坐巴士（飞机等）bycheque用支票bydaylight在大白天byforce靠武力byturns轮流bytheway顺便说一句inaddition（to）止匕外（除…之外）inall总共反正inbrief简而言之incaseof在…情况下indanger处于危险中indemand有需求infact实际上inone'sopinion在（某人）看来inotherwords换句话说inperson亲自inpublic（private）公开（私下）地inshort总之inthemiddleof在…中间intime及时地，经过一段时间invainintime及时地，经过一段时间onbehalfof代表(某人)oncondition在…条件下onfire着火onguard有警惕，值班onholiday在休假onsale在出售onthecontrary相反ontime准时ontherun正在逃窜outofbreath气喘吁吁outofdanger脱离危险outoffashion不时新

outofhand失去控制 outoforder坏了outofreach无法得到（拿到） outofsight看不见outoftemper发脾气 outofquestion不可能outoftouch（with）和…失去联系outoftune走调outofuse不再使用 outofwork失业2）有些介词夹在名词之间构成成语：yearafteryear年复一年onebyone2）有些介词夹在名词之间构成成语：yearafteryear年复一年onebyone一个接一个sidebyside并肩facetoface面对面handinhand手牵手地dayafterday日复一日地oneafteranother一个接一个地littlebylittle一点一点地stepbystep一步步地arminarm手挽手地daytoday日常的daybeforeyesterday前天hearttoheart互相交心的3）还有一些成语包含两个介词：frombeginningtoend从头至尾fromtimetotime不时地frommorningtonight从早到晚fromdoortodoor挨门挨户地daybyday一天一天地dayaftertomorrow后天frombadtoworse越来越糟fromheadtofoot浑身fromstarttofinish从头至尾fromplacetoplace到各地fromgenerationtogeneration一代一代地fromcovertocover（书面）全部地从头至尾【实例分析】HehasbeenlateforschoolthreetimesthemorningoflastFriday.A.inB.onC.sinceD.until分析：本题介词的选择取决于谓语动词所用的时态。谓语动词用了现在完成时，与之相对应的介词应当是since。答案CIforgottobringthekeymyoffice.A.ofB.forC.withD.to分析：在英语中，表达“门的钥匙”、“练习的答案”要用key这个词，它需要用介词to与后面的名词连用，这是习惯用法。其他的例子还有：ananswertothequestion问题的答案，areplytoourletter对我们信的答复，theentrancetothebuilding大楼入口处，themonumenttotheheroes英雄纪念碑，等等。答案DYou,llgetonethousanddollars.AafterallBatallCinallDalltogether分析：“afterall”意为“到底”、“毕竟”、“终于”；“atall”通常与“not”连用，意为“完全不”、“一点也不”；“inall”通常用于数量词后面，意为“总共”，同义词是“altogether"。所以本题答案应该选“C”。【课堂作业】.用适当的介词填空。’msorryIcan,tsayitChinese..Doyouusuallygotoschoolbike?.Look,thefarmeriscarryingapplesatruck..Isanyonehome?.PleaselookmybirdwhenI,maway..AreJimandLiLeithesameclass?.Thereisaholethewall..thebeginningofthisterm,Imetmynewfriend,Jim..Thereareafewleavesthetree..Thegirltheredcoatismysister..Couldyougiveanorangeme?12.It,stimetogobed.13.Icanseeabottleorange.14.Putthebasketthere.15.What,swrongyourwatch?16.Onethestudentsisintheclassroom.Ithinktheshopisclosedthistimeofday..MyfatherteachesEnglishaschool..Wehavelunchthemiddleoftheday..Youcanbuysomeschoolthingsyourwayhome.21.IwasbornJuly1st,1982..MayIborrowapencilyou?.Don,tsleeptheopenair.24.Ioftenhelpmymotherthehousework.25.It,stimeschool.Ihavequitealothomeworktodo..What,sthetime?It,shalffive..Ducksaregoodswimming..Whatareyoutalking?.Heissittingthefrontofthecar..Theeraserwaspassedonestudentanother..DidyouliveBeijingin1997?.Whendidyouarrivethevillage?34.IthinkMaryisdutytoday.35.Eatingtoomuchisn,tgoodyourhealth.36.I,mafraidheisthecinemathemoment..Thanksaskingmetoyourparty..Mywatchisverydifferentyours..What，stheweathertoday?.Thestudentisaskinghisteacherthesportsmeeting.II选择填空。()41.themoney,sheboughtanewcoatherfather.A.With,forB.With,toC.For,withD.To,with()42.Thebeautifulbottlewasmadeglass.A.fromB.inC.ofD.by()43.ThisisamapChina.A.inB.atC.ofD.on()44.Agroupboysandgirlsaredancinginthepark.A.withB.ofC.forD.to()45.Tomalwayscomeslateschool.A.at B.insideC.to D.for()46.Mr.SmithcaughtholdBobandsaid,"Thisisagoodlessonyou.A.of,forB.for,ofC.of,ofD.for;for()47.Theshopclothesistherightsidethestreet.A.of,at,besideB.for,on,atC.for,on,ofD.of,in,of()48.It,shotsummerinBeijing.A.byB.onC.atD.in()49.ChinaisfamousherGreatWall.A.asB.forC.toD.of()50.Theseknivesaremademetalandwood.A.fromB.ofC.byD.in()51.Myfatherreturnedat10o,clockofJune15.A.inthenightB.bythenightC.onthenightD.atnight()52.yourhelp,wefinishedtheworkontime.A.ThanksB.ThanksofC.ThankforD.Thanksto()53.ChinabuiltaGreatWallthenorthernpartthecountry.A.to,inB.across,ofC.across,onD.at,of()54.Heoftenmistakesmemybrother.A.toB.asC.forD.with()55.Thewomanareddressismyaunt.A.inB.atC.ofD.on()56.IrememberSusanleftaverycoldmorningofJanuary.A.inB.onC.atD.from()57.Thankyouverymuchlendingtheeraserme.A.for,atB.to,toC.for,toD.to,for()58.Don,ttellanybodyaboutit.Keepityouandme.A.amongB.betweenC.inD.with()59.Ienjoyreading,butIcan,tmuchtimeit.A.spend,onB.pay,inC.take,inD.cost,on()60.NoonecanstopherleavingforShanghai.A.ofB.fromC.toD.for参考答案介词1.in 2.by 3.with 4.at5.after 6.in 7.in 8.At 9.on10.in11.to12.to 13.of 14.over 15.With16.of 17.at 18.in 19.in 20.on21.on22.from23.in24.with25.for26.of27.past28.at29.about30.in31.from,to32.in33.at34.on35.for36.at,at37.for38.from39.like40.about41-45ACCBC46-50ACDBB51-55CDBCA56-60BCBAB【家庭作业】一、用适当的介词填空：Youcanfindthepostofficeafruitshopandabookshop.Wehavefriendsalltheworld.Youhavetowritealinethelastnamethebook.Theanswerthequestionwasquitedifficult.Thechildrenarenotallowedtolookthewindowinclass.Theyhavestayedinthehotelnearlytendays.Theteacherisstandingthestudents.thetimethefiremenarrived,thebigfirehadbeenputout.Myhouseistheothersideriver,soIhavetogothebridge.TheyallwenttosleepyoungTom.Hewaslisteningtomusictheradio.ThestudentsgotoschoolMondayFriday.Myofficeistheirs.Donotthrowanylittertheriver.Whatdoyouthinkthemovie?—Wonderful!Thedeadleavesonthegroundalsokeepthewaterrunningaway.Thetreescanbeplantedthelake.Wegotontogetherjustoldfriends.Iwastoldthatwecoulddothatdifferentways.Whatdoyouwanttodoafteryougraduateschool?Canyouseethebroomthedoor?二、单项选择Hehaspooreyesightcomputerwork.A.becausetoomany B.becausetoomanyC.becauseoftoomuch D.becauseofmuchtoo2、---Lucylikessportsverymuch.---Yes,sheisgoodplayingbadminton.A.at B.forC.in D.to3、---IsJackatschoolnow?---No.Heisathomehisillness.A.because B.becauseof C.for D.when4、JohnarrivedLondonacoldmorning.A.on;at B.at;at C.in;on D.at;in5、一DoyoulikeyourEnglishteacher?—Yes.Heisveryfriendlytous,andheisalsostrictusourlessons.A.with;inB.with;withC.in;withD.in;inChildreninChinastartschool6yearsold.A.in B.on C.to D.at7、——Ithinkdrinkingmilkisgoodourhealth.—Yes.Iagreeyou.A.for;withB.to;toC.withtoD.at;with8、It’sdangerouswiththewildanimal.A.forustoplayB.ofusplayingC.forusplayingD.ofustoplayPeoplefromdifferentpartsoftheworldwillgotoLondon