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本文格式为Word版,下载可任意编辑——《新概念英语》其次册语法精粹《新概念英语其次册》语法精粹
一、冠词TheArticle知识要点:
冠词是一种虚词,放在名词的前面,帮助说明名词的含义。冠词分不定冠词(TheIndefiniteArticle)和定冠词(ThedefiniteArticle)两种。a(an)是不定冠词,a用在辅音之前:如abook,aman;an用在元音之前,如:anoldman,anhour,aninterestingbook等。the是定冠词。一、不定冠词的用法
1、指人或事物的某一种类(泛指)。这是不定冠词a(an)的基本用法。如:Sheisagirl.Iamateacher.Pleasepassmeanapple.
2、指某人或某物,但不具体说明何人或何物。如:Heborrowedastory-bookfromthelibrary.AWangislookingforyou.一位姓王的同志正在找你。
3、表示数量,有“一〞的意思,但数的概念没有one猛烈。如:Ihaveamouth,anoseandtwoeyes.
4、用于某些固定词组中。如:abit,afew,alittle,alotof,apieceof,acupof,aglassof,apileof,apairof,haveagoodtime,forawhile,foralongtime等。
5、用在抽象名词前,表具体的介绍——a+抽象名词,起具体化的作用。如:Thislittlegirlisajoytoherparents.这女孩对她父母来说是一个乐趣。Itisapleasuretotalkwithyou.跟您交谈真是一件愉快的事情。
Itisanhonourtometoattendthemeeting.参与这个会,对我来说是一种荣誉。二、定冠词的用法:
1、特指某(些)人或某(些)事物。这是定冠词the的基本用法。如:BeijingisthecapitalofChina.Thepenonthedeskismine.
2、指谈话双方都知道的人或事物。如:Whereistheteacher?
Openthewindow,please.
3、指上文提过的人或事物(其次次出现)。如:
Therewasachairbythewindow.Onthechairsatayoungwomanwithababyinherarms.Thebabywasthin.
4、用在世界上独一无二的事物前。如:theearth,themoon,thesun.5、用在序数词和形容词最高级前。(副词最高级前的定冠词可省略)如:
Heisalwaysthefirsttocometoschool.Bobisthetallestinhisclass.6、用在某些专有名词前(由普通名词构成的专用名词)。如:theGreatWall,theSummerPalace,theScienceMuseum,theChildren’sPalace,theParty等。
7、用在一些习惯用语中。如:ontheday,inthemorning(afternoon,evening),thedayaftertomorrow,thedaybeforeyesterday,thenextyear,bytheway等。8、用在江河湖海、山脉前。如:theYellowRiver,thePacificOcean,theAlps,theHimalayas9、用在报刊、杂志前。如:thePeople’sDaily,theEveningPaper,theTimes泰晤士报。10、表示某一家人要加定冠词。如:
TheBrownsareathometoreceivevisitorstoday.布朗一家今天要接待客人。
11、用在形容词前,表某一类人。如:thepoor,thewounded,theliving,thedead,therich,thesick等。12、定冠词可以表示一事物内部的某处。如:Thedriveralwayssitsinthefrontofthebus(car).
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三、零冠词(即不用冠词):
1、专用名词和不可数名词前。如:China,America,GradeOne,ClassTwo,milk,oil,water,paper,science等。
2、名词前已有作定语用的this,that,my,your,some,any等代词。如:Godownthisstreet.
3、复数名词表示一类人或事物时。如:Wearestudents.Ilikereadingstories.
4、节日、日期、月份、季节前。如:Teachers’Day,Children’sDay,NationalDay,insummer,inJuly等。TodayisNewYear’sDay.ItisSunday.March8isWomen’sDay.5、在称呼语或表示头衔的名词前,特别作表语、宾补时。如:What’sthematter,Granny?Weelectedhimmonitor.
6、在某些习惯用语中的名词前。如:atnoon,atnight,atfirst,atlast,atmost,atleast,bybus(train,air,sea),inbed,intime,infrontof,gotoschool,gotobed,gotocollege,onfoot,attable,inink,inpencil等。7、在三餐饭和球类运动前。如:
Shegoestoschoolafterbreakfasteverymorning.Wearegoingtoplayfootball.Weusuallyhavelunchatschool.8、科目前不加。如:
WelearnChinese,maths,Englishandsomeothersubjects.:1、Wecan’tlivewithoutb
A.an
B.×
air.
C.the
D.some
2、——Haveyouseenpen?Ileftitherethismorning.——Isitdblackone?IthinkIsawitsomewhere.A.a;theB.the;theC.the;aD.a;a3、I’vebeenwaitingforhimfordA.×;×B.the;a
hourandhalf.C.a;the
D.an;a
4、Whatbfineweatherwehavetoday!
A.aB.×C.someD.an5、Haveyoueverseenastallasthisone?A.atreeB.suchtreeC.antreeD.tree6、Childrenusuallygotoschoolatageofsix.A.×;theB.a;anC.the;×D.the;the7、Himalayasishighestmountaininworld.A.×;the;×B.The;the;theC.A;a;aD.×;×;×8、Theyeachhave__book.LiHua’sisaboutwriter.WangLin’sisonA.a;a;×B.the;×;theC.×;the;×D.a;the;a9、Physicsisscienceofmatterandenergy.A.The;×B.×;×10、sunrisesin
A.A;an;aA.a;×
C.×;the
eastandsetsinD.A;awest.
internationaltradetoday.bad
science.
B.The;×;×B.the;an
C.The;the;theD.A;the;aC.the;the
D.×;the
11、Manypeopleagreethat__knowledgeofEnglishisamustin12、__MrJonescalledwhileyouwereout(neitherofusknowsthisman).Hewasin
temper.A.×;aB.A;×C.The;theD.A;a13、Theywereat
dinnerthen.Itwasdelicousone.
2
A.a;the14、whatkindofB.×;×C.×;acardoyouwanttobuy?
D.a;a
A.×B.theC.aD.an
15、AliceisfondofplayingpianowhileHenryisinterestedinlisteningtomusic.A.×;theB.×;×C.the;×D.the;the16、Beyondstars,theastronautsawnothingbutspace.
A.the;×
B.×;the
C.×;×
D.the;the
17、AlexanderGrahamBellinventedtelephonein1876.A.×B.aC.theD.one18、——Where’sJack?——Ithinkhe’sstillinbed,buthemightjustbeinbathroom.A.×;×B.the;theC.the;×D.×;the19、Manypeoplearestillinhabitofwritingsillythingsinpublicplaces.A.the;the20、——I’dlike
A.some;a:
B.×;×C.the;×D.×;the
informationaboutthemanagementofyourhotel,please.wordwiththemanager.Hemightbehelpful.C.some;some
D.an;a
B.an;some
——Well,youcouldhave1、Bair是不可数名词。
2、D此题为97年高考题。根据句意,第一空是泛指,第一次出现;其次空仍是泛指,且表数量“-〞。3、D元音前用an。
4、Bweather是不可数名词。
5、A此题为85年高考题。泛指。6、Agotoschool是固定短语。
7、B山脉、形容词最高级及世界上的唯一的名词前加定冠词。8、A第一、二空泛指,第三空,science是不可数名词。9、C第一空,科目前不加冠词;其次空特指,有定语。
10、C
11、A第一空,a+不可数名词表具体的介绍;其次空,trade不可数。12、D第一空是指有一位琼斯先生在您不在的时候来访。(括号里说明,我们俩都不认识这个人,因此不是特指。)其次空是固定短语,情绪不好。13、C第一空atdinner正在吃饭,固定短语。14、A泛指
15、C此题是89年高考题:乐器前加定冠词;music是不可数名词。16、A此题是90年高考题:stars前应加定冠词;space不可数。17、C此题是91年高考题:发明应是特指。
18、D此题是92年高考题。inbed是固定短语,不加冠词。
19、C此题是93年高考题。第一空后有定语,固是特指。其次空,publicplaces,公共场所,泛指。20、A此题是95年高考题。information是不可数名词;haveawordwithsb.是固定短语。
二、名词Nouns
知识要点:一、名词的种类:
1、专有名词:
1)China,Japan,Beijing,London,Tom,Jack(不加冠词)
2)theGreatWall,theYellowRiver,thePeople’sRepublicofChina,theUnitedStates等。(由普通名词构成
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的专有名词,要加定冠词。)2、普通名词
?物质名词:water,rice,oil,paper?1)不可数名词?
?抽象名词:health,trouble,work,pleasure,honor?注意:?不可数名词前一般不加冠词,尤不加不定冠词:若加a(an)则使之具体化了。如:haveawonderfultime.
?不可数名词作主语,谓语动词用第三人称单数形式。
?不可数名词一般无复数形式。部分物质名词在表不同类别时,可用复数形式。如:fishes,newspapers,waters,snows??|||各种各样的鱼各种报纸河湖、海水积雪
?有些抽象名词也常用复数,变为可数的具体的事物。如:times时代,works著作,difficulties困难?在表数量时,常用“of〞词组来表示。如:aglassofmilk,acupoftea,twopiecesofpaper?.2)可数名词:
?可数名词除用复数形式表一类之外,一般都要加冠词:Abirdcaufly.Thefrogisakindofhibernatinganimal.Vegetablessoldatthisshopareusuallyfresh.?有复数形式:
a)规则变化——加“s〞或“es〞(与初中同,略)
b)不规则变化——child(children),foot(feet),tooth(teeth),man(men),woman(women),mouse(mice),goose(geese),Englishman(Englishmen),
phenomenon(phenomena)?
注意:c)单、复数同形:sheep,deer,Chinese,Japanese,fish(同一种鱼)??。如,asheep,twosheepd)只用复数形式:thanks,trousers,goods,clothes,socks,shoes,?e)形复实单:physics,politics,maths,news,plastics(塑料),means.f)形单实复:people(人民,人们),thepolice,cattle等
g)集合名词如:family,public,group,class等。当作为整体时,为单数;当作为整体中的各个成员时,为复数。如:Myfamilyisabigone.Myfamilyaremusiclovers.h)复合名词变复数时,(a)只把复合名词中的主体各词变为复数形式。如:sister(s)-in-law嫂子,弟妹;step-son(s)继子;editor(s)-in-chief总编辑。
(b)如没有主体名词则在最终一个词的后面加“s〞。如:grown-up(s)成年人,go-between(s)中间人
(c)woman,man作定语时,要与被修饰的名词的数一致。如:amanservant—menservants,awomandoctor—womendoctors二、名词的所有格:
1、表有生命的东西(人或动物)的名词所有格,一般在名词后加“’s〞。如:Mike’sbag,Children’sDay,mybrother’sroom,women’srights?
注意:1)名词复数的词尾是-s或-es,它的所有格只在词后加“s〞。如:Teachers’
Day,theworkers’
rest-home(工人疗养院),thestudents’reading-room2)复合名词的所有格,在后面的词后加“’s〞。如:herson-in-law’sphoto(她女婿的照片);anybodyelse’sbook(其他任何人的书)
3)假使一样东西为两人或两人以上共有,则在最终的一个名词后面加“’s〞;
假使不是共有,
则每个词后都要加“’s〞。如:JaneandHelen’sroom.珍妮和海伦的房间(共有).Bill’sandTom’sradios.比尔的收音机和汤姆的收音机(不共有)
4)表地点(店铺,某人的家等)的名词所有格后面,一般省去它所修饰的名词。如:thetailor’s(裁缝铺)thedoctor’s(诊所)MrBrown’s(布朗先生的家)
4
5)有些表时间、距离、国家、城镇的无生命的名词,也可加“’s〞表所有格。如:halfanhour’swalk(半小时的路程)China’sagriculture(中国的农业)
2、表示无生命的东西的名词一般与of构成词组,表示所有格。如:thecoverofthebook3、表示有生命的东西的名词也可以用of,特别是名词较长,有较多的定语时。如:thestoryofDrNormanBethune
Doyouknowthenameoftheboystandingatthegate?4、“of词组+所有格〞的用法:
在表示所属物的名词前有冠词、数词、不定代词或指示代词(如:a,two,some,afew,this,that,these,those等)时,常用“of词组+所有格〞的形式来表示所有关系。如:afriendofmyfather’s我父亲的一位朋友。someinventionsofEdison’s爱迪生的一些发明
thoseexercise-booksofthestudents’学生们的那些练习本。:1、ThereareonlytwelveA.womandoctors
2、MrSmithhastwoA.brothers-in-law
inthehospital.B.womendoctors
D.womandoctor
C.womendoctor
,bothofwhomareteachersinaschool.B.brother-in-lawsD.brothers-inlawdoesacowhave?
C.stomachs
D.stomachiesD.Germens.
C.brothers-in-laws
3、——Howmany
——Four.A.stomaches
B.stomach
4、SomevisitedourschoollastWednesday.A.GermanB.GermenC.Germans5、TheofthebuildingarecoveredwithlotsofA.roofs;leavesB.rooves;leafsC.roof;leaf6、WhenthefarmerreturnedhomehefoundthreeA.sheeps7、ThatwasafiftyA.horsepowerC.horsepowers
D.roofs;leafs
missing.D.sheepies
B.sheepesC.sheepengine.B.horsespowerD.horsespowers
8、Myfatheroftengivesme.
A.manyadviceB.muchadviceC.alotofadvices9、Marybrokeawhileshewaswashingup.A.teacupB.acupofteaC.tea’scup10、Canyougiveussomeaboutthewriter?
A.informationsC.pieceofinformations
B.information
D.piecesinformation
D.afewadviceD.cuptea
11、IhadacupofA.teas;bread
C.tea;breads
andtwopiecesofthismorning.
B.teas;breads
D.tea;bread
.
B.light;soundtravelsmuchfasterthanD.sounds;lightsand.
B.hopes;fear
5
12、Asisknowntousall,A.lights;soundsC.sound;light
13、Shetoldhimofallher
A.hope;fear
并列并列关系and,notonly?Ihelphimandhehelpsme.我帮助他,他也帮助我。(联合关系)but(also),Notonlydidwewritetoherbutalsowetelegraphedher.neither?nor我们不仅给她写信而且还给她发了电报。等NeitherIwouldconsulthimnorhewouldaskmeforadvice.我不想与他商榷,他也不会征求我的看法。转折关系but,yet,still,Hefailedmanytimes,buthedidn’tdespair.他失败多while,however,次但并没有气馁。when等ShehasdifficultyinlearningEnglish,however,sheworkshardandismakingrapidprogress.她学习英语有困难,然后她学习努力,进步很快。选择关系or,orotherwiseWemusthurry,orwe’llmissthetrain.我们必需快点,else,否则会赶不上火车。EitheryoucometomyplaceorIgotoyours.或者你到我这儿来,或者我到你那去。either?or句因果关系for,so,thus,Wehadbetterstayathome,foritwasraining.我们最therefore,and好呆在家里,由于天正在下雨。soHedidn’tworkhard,thereforehefailedintheexamination.他学习不努力,因此这次考试不及格。有时也可不用Hurryup,it’sgettingdark.快点,天要黑了。连词,而用逗Let’sstartearly,wehavealongwaytogo.我们要早动号,分号或冒号身,由于路很远。注意:(1)yet和still是连接副词,也叫半连接词。它们是副词。又起连接作用,但不如and,but,or等强,用了yet或still,前面还可加and或but。
Heistired,(but)stillhewillmakeanotherexperiment.他很累,但他依旧要做另一个试验。Igotupveryearly,(and)yetIfailedtocatchthefirstbus.我起得很早,然而还是没有赶上头班车(2)while意义相当于atthesametime表示相反和对照,常用来连接两个意义对立的分句。Ilikefootball,whilemysisterlikesbasketball.我喜欢足球,而我姐姐喜欢篮球。when=andthen,justthen或atthattime,duringthetime.
Wewerereadytorushaway,whenthesnakemoved.我们正准备离开,这时蛇移动了。while和when作为并列连词使用时常是放在其次个分句前边,并有逗号和第一分句隔开。3、for表示附加或推断的理由、原因。therefore比so更正式,andso比较口语化。:
一、用适当的并列连词填空:
1、Hecouldn’tknowthetruthaboutme,2、Thebellisringingthelessonisover.3、Althoughhewasill,4、Ican’tmakeupmymindhewouldn’ttreatmelikethis.
hekeptonworking.wewillgotoShanghaihethinksalot.thegroundisstillwet.
wewillstayinourcity.
5、Hedoesn’ttalkmuch,6、Itmusthaverainedlastnight
7、ThepresidentwillvisitthetowninMayhewillopenthenewhospital.
8、JanewasdressedingreenMarywasdressedinblue.9、hedidnotspeakdistinctlyIdidnothearitclearly.10、Heisclever,,heoftenmakesmistakes.11、didwewritetoherwecalledupher.
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12、Hehasn’tanymoney13、Thechildwassick;he,14、Marywasneitherhappy,15、Putonmoreclothes,二、选择最正确答案:
A.or
I’mgoingtolendhimsome.,didn’tgotoschool.wasshesad.you’llcatchcold.
othersareplayingcards.
D.while
16、Somearereadingmagazines,
B.for
17、Wemustgetupearlytomorrow.A.soB.or18、——Idon’tlikechicken——Idon’tlikechicken,A.and,and19、WewantA.both,and20、Inspringitis
A.both,and
B.and,buthighspeedB.either,orhotB.either,or
C.so
we’llmissthefirstbustotheGreatWall.
C.butD.howeverfish.
Ilikefishverymuch.C.or,andD.or,butgoodquality.C.neither,norcoldhere.C.neither,nor
D.not,butalsoD.notonly,but
21、doeshewriteswell,healsospeakswell.A.Notonly,butB.Not,butC.Either,orD.Both,and22、Useyourhead,A.soB.or
A.but
B.so
you’llworkitout.
C.and
C.or
D.forD.for
D.Each,and
23、Iwanttobuythejacket,Ihavenotenoughmoneywithme.
24、youIamgoingtohelpTom.
A.Either,orB.Not,butC.Notonly,and25、Thesoldierwaswounded,hepushedon.A.forB.andC.so26、——DoyouknowJimquarrelledwithhisclassmate?——Idon’tknow,A.nordon’tIcameC.Idon’tcareneither27、Heisateacher,A.but28、
D.yet
.
B.nordoIcareD.Idon’tcarealsoasingeraswell.
D.andheshouldhavewisdomandknowledge.
B.orC.nor
shouldamanhavecourage,
A.Notonly,butB.Neither,norC.Either,orD.Both,and29、WehavestudiedEnglishforonlyoneyear,wecanperformEnglishshortplaysalready.A.yetB.forC.andD.or30、Shehadescaped,A.soB.or
theringhadfallenoffandbeendamagedinthegreatheatofthefire.
C.butD.and
,hefinishedinontime.
C.otherwiseD.thereforeC.for
D.so
31、Theworkwasdifficult,A.butB.however32、Theskywascloudless
thesunwasshining.
A.but
B.and
33、manytimes,buthestillcouldn’tunderstandit.
B.ThoughhehadbeentoldD.Havingtold
Iheardsomeonecallingmyname.
22
A.HavingbeentoldC.Hewastold
34、Iwaswalkingalongthestreet
A.whenB.whileC.and35、Tobehealthy,youmusthaveamealD.for
toobigtoosmall.A.either,orB.neither,norC.notonly,butalsoD.not,but
36、BothJaneandEllen,Mary,arestudyingatthesamecollege.A.tooB.andC.aswellD.aswellas37、HehasneverstudiedEnglishbefore,weshouldgivehimmorehelp.
A.and
B.or
C.therefore
D.but
38、Iseeyourpointofview;A.orB.but39、TheymuststayinthewaterA.butB.so
,Idon’tagreewithyou.
C.soD.stilltheywilldie.C.otherwiseD.and
40、Weplayedoutsidetillsunsetitbegantorain.
A.whenB.whileC.yetD.so三、改错:
41、Althoughhehasgreatlearning,buthealwaysworksfarintothenight.42、Becausetheboyisverynaughty,soI’mangrywithhim.43、Notonlyhehimselfworkshardbutheoftenhelpsothers.44、Itmusthaverainedmuchoflate,becausetheriverissohigh.
45、Theydidn’ttellmewhetherIshouldwritetohimnorwhetherIshouldseehimpersonally.46、Iftherewerenoplants,wewouldhavenoanimalsornomeat.
47、NowofcourseIdon’twanttosayanythingbadaboutanyonehoweverhaveyounoticedhisstrangemanners?
48、“I’mmorethankfultoyou,sir,thanIcansay〞Isaid,“andbutImustmakethingsclear.〞49、Heneitherknowsnorcaresforwhathappened.
50、Hedidnotlikeyoursuggestion,andbutheraisednoobjection(反对).:一、1、or
2、and
3、still/yet
4、when,or
5、but
6、for7、when8、while9、Either,or10、however11、Notonly,but12、so13、therefore14、nor15、or二、16、D17、B18、D19、A20、C21、A
22、C28、A
23、A29、A
24、A30、C
25、D31、B
26、B32、B38、D
27、D33、C39、C
40、A
34、A35、B36、D37、C三、41、去掉but或改为yet42、去掉so43、he前加does;works-work
44、because-for45、nor-or46、or—and
47、however—but48、去掉and49、去for
50、去掉and或把but改为yet或still
七、定语从句一、定语从句
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1.定语从句三步:第一找出先行词;其次看先行词在定语从句中的语法功能(做主语、宾语或状语);第三选择适合的关联词。
2.定语从句在选择关连词that与which时,往往简单出错,所以应记住什么时候只能用that,什么时候只能用which.(1).只能用that的状况归纳4种:即先得词被序数词最高级修饰过;先行词为all、everything、nothing等不定代词;先行词同时是人和物并列时;最终先行词分别被theonly、theverythesame、thelast修饰。请看以下四组例句,注意其先行词:
①.Thefirstthingthatweshoulddoistoworkoutaplan.
②.Italmostseemedasifthegoodmanweretryingtoteachusallthatheknewatthislesson.
③.LatermyfatherandMr.Crossettalkedforabouthalfanfourofthingsandpersonsthattheyrememberedinschool.
④.ThisistheverydictionarythatIwanttofind.(2).只用whichis状况有两种状况:一是非限制性定语从句,关连词要用which;二是做介词宾语时只能用which。请看以下两组例句:
Isaidnothing,whichmadehimmoreangry.Ihavethebookaboutwhichyouaretalking.
三、在定语从句的非限制性定语中,which和as是简单混淆的。在好多状况下两者兼可互换,但在以下状况中不可互换:
1、寻常As可以放在整句的句首,而which,只能在逗号之后,as本身含有“正如〞,as在定语从句中既可是主语也可做宾语
Asappearfromherpaper,shehasreadwidelyinRomanticliterature.Sheisremarkable,asIhavetoldyou.
2、which在做非限制性定语从句关联词时可以无明确先行词,指前句整个的意思,如:shehaswarriedagain,whichsurprisesus.
四、在定语从句中,大量人往往分不清allthat和what,what实际上只引导名词性从句,它相当于allthat两个字,例如:
AllthatIknowisthathehasmadeuphismindtoheavethecountryforanewplace.=whatIknowisthat??一、限定性定语从句:种类定语从句先行词(人)在从句中做主语或宾语物在从句中做主语或宾语
关联词who例句boy’slife.这就是救了孩子生命的医生。说明whom在从句中做宾语,Thisisthedoctorwhosavedthewho在从句中做主语口语中who可以代替SheisthenewstudentwhomIwhom,也可以被省去,但做介词宾语时只能用wanttointroducetoyou.她就是我要介绍给你的新学生whomwhichPleasepassmethebookwhichislyingonthetable.请递给我摆在桌上的那本书。which在从句中做主语。ThenovelwhichTomboughtiswhich充当宾语时可以省去。veryinteresting.汤姆买的小说很有意思。aboutwhichyesterday?youCanyoulendmethemagazinetalkedwhich做介词宾语不可省24
你能把昨天谈到的那本杂志借给我吗?
种类先行词关联词定语从句人或物的例句说明whoseTheprofessorwhosedaughterteachesyouwhose在从句中做定语EnglishisDr.Williams那位教授是威廉斯他的女儿教你英语。指某人的也可以用?Theprofessor,thedaughterofwhomofwhom代替whoseteachesyouEnglishisDr.Williams.Thebikewhosebrakewasdamagedhas指物时也可以用?ofnowbeenrepaired.那辆坏了闸的自行车现在已经修好了。=Thebikethebrakeofwhichwasdamaged人或thathasnowbeenrepairedThewomanthatisplayingthepianoisMissthat指人做主语Zhang.正在弹钢琴的那位妇女是张小姐。show.我想看那些刚上映的电影。种类先行词关联词例句说明which代替whoseI’dliketoseethefilmsthatarejustonthat指物做主语25
从句是全句的一个成分,不能独立。
从句寻常是用关联词来引导的。在这里关联词还起联系从句和主句的作用。主从复合句(ComplexSentences)一、从句的种类:主语从句(SubjectClauses)1、名词性从句表语从句(PredicativeClauses)NounClauses宾语从句(ObjectClauses)同位语从句(AppositiveClauses)2、定语从句(AttributiveClauses)3、状语从句(AdverbialClauses)注:以it作形式主语,把主语从句后置的常用的句型有:(1)It+be+形容词+that从句
(2)It+be+名词词组+that从句(3)It+be+过去分词+that从句
(4)Itseem,happen等不及物动词+that从句二、常用的关联词
1、附属连词that(无词义);whether是否;if假使,是否although(though)虽然;because由于when当?时候;before在?前;after在?后since既然,自从;as正如,尽管,一边,由于;while在?期间assoonas一?就;aslongas只要;asif好像2、连接代词who,whom,which,what,whose3、连接副词when,where,why,how4、关系代词who,whom,whose,which,that5、关系副词when,where,why1、主语从句:种类连词关联词that例句说明Thathewillcomeandhelpyouiscertain.that在句首不可省去他来帮助你是确实无疑的。whetherWhetherthereislifeonthemoonisan主语从句中只能用interestingquestion.月球上有没有生命是whether不可用if。个好玩儿的问题。主连接语代词从连接句副词
whowhatwhichwhenwherewhyhowWhathewantstotellusisnotclear.他要跟我们说什么,还不明白。句Whowillwinthematchisstillunknown.主语从句放在句首,子常显得笨重,因此一般前面Itisknowntoushowhebecameawriter.把它移到句子后面,我们都知道他是如何成为一名作家的。用引导词“it〞来作形式WheretheEnglisheveningwillbeheld主语。hasnotyetbeenannounced.英语晚会将在哪里举行,还没有宣布。例句说明whatever谁能赢得这场比赛还不得而知。2、宾语从句:种类陈述关联词Ibelieve(that)heishonest.我相信他that在句中不担任任31
种类意义关联词that是忠诚的。例句说明何成分,在口语或非正式但如Wemustneverthink(that)wearegood的文体中常被省去,ineverythingwhileothersaregoodin从句是并列句时,其次个nothing.我们决不能认为自己什么都分句前的that不可省。好,别人什么都不好。ifwhetherIwonderwhetherhewillcomeorwhether常与ornot连not.我想知道他来还是不来。用,不能用if代替。Everythingdependsonwhetherwe作介词宾语要用haveenoughmoney.一切要看我们是whether不能用if。否有足够的钱。Idon’tknowif(whether)itisinteresting.我不知道它是否有意思。Hedoesn’tcareifitisn’tafineday.从句是否定句时一般用if他不在乎天气是否好。引导。宾疑问意义语特别who,whom,Pleasetellmewhatyouwant.请告宾语从句作及物动词疑问which,whose,诉我你需要什么?宾语也可做介词的宾语。意义what,when,Shealwaysthinksofhowshecanwhere,why,workwell.她总是在想怎样能把工作how,whoever,做好。whatever,whichever从注1Shewillgivewhoeverneedshelpawarmsupport.凡需要帮助的人,她都会给予热心的支持。Wemustmakeitclearthatanyone假使宾语从句后面有whobreaksthelawwillbepunished.宾语补足语,则用it作形我们必需认清无论谁违反了法律都要式宾语,将从句后置。受到教训。Wedon’tthinkyouarehere.我们认think,believe,为你不在这。imagine,suppose等动词要将从Idon’tbelievehewilldoso.我相信引出的宾语从句,他不会这样做。句中的否定形式,移动主句中。3、表语从句:种类关联词表语从句例句说明句注2连thatTheproblemis(that)theycan’tgethereearly在非正式的文词whetherenough.问题是他们不能很早到达这里。体中that可以省asifItlooksasifit’sgoingtorain.看起来天要下雨。去。连接代词连接副词whenThisiswhereourproblemlies.这就是我们的问where题所在。whyhowThatiswhyhedidn’tcometothemeeting.那就是他为什么不到会的原因。32
表语从句位于whoThat’sjustwhatIwant.这正是我想要的。whatThequestioniswho(whichofyou)willbethenext主句系动词之后whichspeaker.问题是谁(你们哪一位)接着发言。
4、同位语从句:种类关联词同位语从例句说明由连词Thenewsthathehadlandedonthemoon同位语从句说明其that引导,spreadallovertheworld.他曾在月球上登陆这个前面的名词的具体内不担任成消息传遍世界。容,常用的名词如:分,也可有Ihavenoideawhenhewillcomebackhome.fact,news,idea,hope,thought,question,where等引ThethoughtcametohimthatMaryhadorder,fear,doubt,导。probablyfallenill.他想到可能玛丽生病了。word,proof,belief,Hemustanswerthequestionwhetherheagreesstory等。toitornot.他必需回复他是否同意此事这样一个问题。句when,how,我不知道他什么时候回来。名词性从句包括四种从句即主语从句、表词从句、宾语从句和同位词从句。名词性从句的特点:that、who、whom、what、whether及when、where引导名词性从句时必需是陈述句词序:1、主词从句:
Thatlighttravelsinstraightlineisknowntoall.(That引导主语从句不可省)Whentheplanistotakeoffhasn’tbeenannounced.主语从句寻常以it做形主语出现
ItwasmyfaultthatIhadhimplayfoatballallfaternoon.
Itisimportantthatweshouldgototheschooltotalkwiththeteacher.
2、表语从句,即名词性从句放在表语位置就是表语从句,需要注意的,主语是reason时,表语要用that引导而不是because.
Thereasonwhyhewaslatewasthathemissedthetrainbyoneminutethismorning.
3、宾语从句that常可以省略,并且注意时态呼应,当主句为过去时时,从句时态一定往前推移,不可出现现在时或现在完成时。
TheteachertoldusthatTomohadleftusforAmerica.
4、同位语从句注意与定语从句区别,同位语从句对前一名词做补充说明,在从句中无语法位置,而定语从句所修饰词在从句中占一语法位置如:
Theideathatonecandotheworkwithoutthinkingiswrong.(同位idea在从句中无位置,而从句只是具体说明idea的内容)。
Theideathatyouputforwardatthemeetingiswrong.(定语从句,idea做putforward的宾语)。
1.Iwonderhowmuch.
A.costtheseshoesB.dotheseshoescostC.theseshoescostD.aretheseshoescost2.Nobodyknew.
A.wherehecomesB.wherehewasfromC.whereheisfromD.wheredoeshecomefrom3.Excuseme,wouldyoupleasetellme.A.whenthesportsmeetwillbetakenplace.B.whenwasthesportsmeetgoingtobeheld.C.whenisthesportsmeettobegin.D.whenthesportsmeetistotakeplace.
4.Cornputerscanonlygivecuthasbeenstoredinthem.A.thatB.whichC.whatD.anything5.Shewantedtoknow.
A.whetherIknewherandwheredidsheworkB.ifIknewherandthefactorysheworkedthere
33
C.whertherIknewherandthefactorysheworkedD.ifIknewherandthefactorywheresheworked
6.Myfriendwouldn’ttellmehisnewcar.A.howmuchhepaidforB.howmuchdidhepayC.hepaidhowmuchforD.didhepayhowmuch
7.Asimpleexperimentshowsairhassomestrength.A.what
B.thatC.which
D.who
D.issurprisedwhether
8.Heyouarenotgoingabroad.
A.surprisedthatB.issurprisedthatC.surprisedat9.Fatherasked.A.whatwaswrongwithmeB.what’swrongwithmeC.whatwrongwaswithmeD.whatwrongiswithme10.Itdoesn’tmatterIrestornot.
A.ifB.whetherC.thatD.when11.Thetroubleisweareshortoftools.A.what
B.thatC.how
D.whythat
12.Thatisthereappearsarainbowinthesky.A.whatB.whenC.whyD.however
13.Ican’tunderstandishewantstochangehismind.A.That,thatB.Which,whatC.What,whatD.What,why14.ItispossiblehemisunderstoodIsaid.A.that,that
B.what,whatC.what,that
D.that,what
15.Thethoughthemightfailintheexamworriedhim.A.whichB.thatC.whenD./16.Thefactheisanorphaniswellknown.A.whaB.thatC.which17.Iwasfreethatevening
D./
D.Itwashappenedthat
A.IthappenedtoB.IthappenedthatC.Thathappened18.Iwillacceptthegiftisnoneofyourbusiness.A.IfB.WhetherC.WhatD.Which19.Ihavewillbeyourssoonerorlater.
A.NomatterwhatB.NomatterwhateverC.WhateverD.That20.Healwaysthinkshecandomoreforthepeople.
A.ofhowB.howC.ofthatD.why
21.inthenewspaperthattheJapaneseMinisterwillarrivenextMonday.A.ItsaysB.ItissaidC.IthassaidD.Heissaid
22.Wethinkitimportantcollegestudentsshouldmasteratleastoneforeignlanguage.A.whichB.thatC.whatD.whether23.ComradeWangistogiveusatalko
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