温因子的生态作用及生物的适应

第I部分个体生态学(autecology)Chap2.TemperatureasanecologicalfactorMacroclimateinteractswiththelocallandscapetoproducemicroclimate.MostspeciesperformbestinafairlynarrowrangeoftemperatureManyorganismshaveevolvewaystocompensateforvariationsinenvironmentbyregulatingbodytemperatureManyorganismssurviveextremetemeraturesbyenteringarestingstage现在是1页\一共有49页\编辑于星期三Case1.MicroclimatesMacroclimate

iswhatweatherstationsreport.

Microclimate

isclimatevariationonasmallscale.

Vegetationonnorth–andsouth-facingslopes现在是2页\一共有49页\编辑于星期三Plantheight,canopysize,andcoveraffectmicroclimate

Desertshrubsandmicroclimate现在是3页\一共有49页\编辑于星期三现在是4页\一共有49页\编辑于星期三WhitesandBlacksandColoroftheGround现在是5页\一共有49页\编辑于星期三PresenceofBouldersandBurrows

Microclimatesunderstones现在是6页\一共有49页\编辑于星期三AquaticTempPhysicsofwater,riparianvegetationMicroclimateinaquaticenvironmentsriffle:浅滩reed：芦苇现在是7页\一共有49页\编辑于星期三Case2：TemperatureandperformanceoforganismsEnzymeactivity(a)TemperatureandperformanceatthemolecularlevelEnzyme-substrateaffinity(亲和力）乙酰胆碱酯酶鲑鱼现在是8页\一共有49页\编辑于星期三(b)Extremetemperatureandphotosynthesis现在是9页\一共有49页\编辑于星期三（C）Developmentand

TemperatureAnlinearrelationshipisexhibitedbetweenratesofgrowth

and

developmentofwholeorganismsandtemperatureinmostofectotherms.AprotistEggofabeetle现在是10页\一共有49页\编辑于星期三Eggtoadultdevelopmentinamite24.22days8.18daysOrganismsrequireacombinationoftimeandtemperature–‘physiologicaltime’tocompleteacertainstageofdevelopment.K＝N（T–C）K－积温常数(daydegrees);N－Developmenttime(day);T－Temperature(℃);C－Threshold发育起点（阈值）温度(℃);

有效积温法则－变温动物完成一定发育时期所需热量是一个常数现在是11页\一共有49页\编辑于星期三公式假定：Assumptionsoftheequation（1）Thereisalinearrelationshipbetweendevelopmentrateandtemperature;（2）Developmentisonlyaffectedbytemperature；（3）Temperatureisconstant.Applicationsoftheequation:（1）Predictingpotentialdistributionoforganisms.（2）Predictingemergenceofacertainstageoforganisms现在是12页\一共有49页\编辑于星期三Temperature-sizeruleTheratesofgrowthanddevelopmentdeterminethefinalsizeofanorganism.Iftheresponsesofgrowthanddevelopmenttovariationsintemperaturearenotthesame,temperaturewillaffectfinalsize.Infact,developmentusuallyincreasesmorerapidlywithtemperaturethandoesgrowth,suchthatfinalsizetendstodecreasewithrearingtemperature,forawiderangeoforganisms.RatestemperatureDevelopmentGrowthsize现在是13页\一共有49页\编辑于星期三Blackbeanaphidat15℃Blackbeanaphidsat30℃现在是14页\一共有49页\编辑于星期三（D）AdaptationstotemperatureAcclimation:Physiologicalchangesinresponsetoenvironmentalconditions

最佳温度相差8℃Pearcy(1977)collectedcuttings(插条)ofaplantfromtheDeathValley,California,andplantedthemundertwodifferenttemperatures.Growingtemperatureandoptimaltempforphotosynthesis现在是15页\一共有49页\编辑于星期三TemperatureandBacterialactivityTemperatureandpopulationgrowthbyanantarcticbacterium（南极）（Morita，1975）Temperatureandpopulationgrowthbyahotspringbacterium（黄石公园温泉）（Brock(1978)现在是16页\一共有49页\编辑于星期三CaseIII：Regulatingbodytemperature(A)BodytemperatureequationK.Schmidt-Nielsen(1983)：Hs＝Hm±Hcd±Hcv±Hr－HeHs－storage总热量；Hm－metabolic新陈代谢；Hcd－conduct传导；Hcv－convection对流；Hr－radiation辐射；He－evaporation蒸发

Manyorganismshaveevolvewaystocompensateforvariationsinenvironmentbyregulatingbodytemperature现在是17页\一共有49页\编辑于星期三生物与环境的热交换传导对流代谢辐射辐射蒸发现在是18页\一共有49页\编辑于星期三(B)植物的温度调节

沙漠植物-如何降温？

HeatexchangebyadesertplantHs＝Hm±Hcd±Hcv±Hr－

He现在是19页\一共有49页\编辑于星期三北极和高山垫状植物的热交换北极和高山植物——如何保温？Hs=Hm+Hcd+Hcv+Hr－

He现在是20页\一共有49页\编辑于星期三现在是21页\一共有49页\编辑于星期三斯堪蒂纳维亚植物体热收支Growthformandtemperature(datafromFitterandHay,1987)现在是22页\一共有49页\编辑于星期三TropicalAlpinePlants

Littleannualvariationbutwidedailyfluctuationintemperature.Adaptation:1）Giantrosette(莲座)growthform；2）Retainingdeadleaves；3）Densepubescence(绒毛）4)Retainingalargeamountoffluid.a.非洲Kilimajaro山上的千里光，b.南美Andes山现在是23页\一共有49页\编辑于星期三(C）TemperatureregulationbyectothermicanimalsTemperatureregulationbyalizardinthehighAndesLizard蜥蜴

—Afteranhourofsunbasking,asairtemperaturerisestoabout1.5℃,thebodytemperaturerisestoabout33℃,over30℃abovethatofthesurroundingair.Thevastmajorityofanimalsuseexternalsourcesofenergytoregulatebodytemperature.现在是24页\一共有49页\编辑于星期三蝗虫Grasshopperstakethesunbaskingforheat,andprobablymore?

Bodytemperature(38-40℃)>airtemperature?透翅蝗CamnulapellucidaInArizonamountains现在是25页\一共有49页\编辑于星期三Currathurs’sstudy（续）Question：Canthegrasshopperincreasethebodytemperature?

Experiment:twogroupsofinsectswereraisedattwodifferenttemperatures.Thebodytemperaturewasmeasured,andcompared.现在是26页\一共有49页\编辑于星期三Currathurs’sstudy（续）温度与虫霉菌种群增长真菌数量（μlDoesthehighbodytemperaturesuppresspathogens?TemperatureandpopulationgrowthofEntomophagagrylli现在是27页\一共有49页\编辑于星期三Whatisthelimitationofthisstudy?

Howdoestemperatureaffectthepathogeninthefield?Exposureto40℃temperatureforasfewas4hourseachdaysignificantlyreducedthenumberofgrasshoppersdyingofEntomophagainfections.

现在是28页\一共有49页\编辑于星期三(e)TemperatureregulationbyendothermicanimalsEnvironmentaltemperatureandmetabolicrates

Whentheenvironmentaltemperatureisbeyondthethermalneutralzone,themetabolicratewillrapidlyincreasetotwo-threetimesrestingmetabolism.中温区（thermalneutralzone):therangeofenvironmentaltemperatureoverwhichthemetabolicrateofahomeothermic(恒温）animaldoesnotchange.指恒温动物代谢速率保持恒定时的温度范围。现在是29页\一共有49页\编辑于星期三温度与北极和热带哺乳动物的中温区Twogroupsofanimalsaredefinedbythedifferenceintheneutralthermalzones:tropicalspeciesandarcticspecies.

Sharedrange现在是30页\一共有49页\编辑于星期三AquaticbirdsandMammals水生鸟和水生哺乳动物

So,howtokeepheataswellasgetoxygenforendotherms?1）Usingair-breathingtogetoxygen,insteadofgill-breathing2）Bearingathicklayeroffatorfur.Appendages(附肢）areoutfittedwithcountercurrentheatexchangers(逆流交换系统)

toreduceheatloss。1）Thecapacityofwatertoabsorbheatwithoutchangingtemperatureisca.3000timesthatofair；2）Butconductiveandconvectiveheatlosstowateraremuchmorerapidthantoair:over20timesfasterinstillwaterandupto100timesfasterinmovingwater.现在是31页\一共有49页\编辑于星期三Countercurrentheatexchanger现在是32页\一共有49页\编辑于星期三金枪鱼体侧肌肉中的逆流交换器WarmingtheSwimmingMusclesoflargemarineFish动脉静脉现在是33页\一共有49页\编辑于星期三Watertemperatureandbodytemperatureofabluefintuna现在是34页\一共有49页\编辑于星期三WarmingInsectFlightMuscles昆虫飞行肌加热机制Doessphinxmothsregulationbodytemperaturethroughchangingmetabolicrate?(Adams&Heath,1964)现在是35页\一共有49页\编辑于星期三HawkmothHeinrichdidnotfindchangingofthemetabolicrateinresponsetovariationsintemperature.So,heproposedahypothesisthatsphinxmothsregulatebodytemperaturebychangingtheirratesofheatlosstotheenvironment.

现在是36页\一共有49页\编辑于星期三烟草天蛾的体温调节和血液循环现在是37页\一共有49页\编辑于星期三思考题1蝴蝶是变温动物，白天活动，从赤道雨林到北极都有分布，它们以晒太阳的方式提高体温。那么，随纬度的不同，它们用于晒太阳和飞行的时间比例会如何变化？蝴蝶晒太阳的时间会随着每天温度的变化而改变吗？2有人在新疆塔城的严冬雪地里发现一种会飞的蛾子，你分析它的体色是什么颜色？为什么？为什么能在零下20多度的冬天飞翔？现在是38页\一共有49页\编辑于星期三东方臭甘蓝－恒温植物肉穗花序苞片主根(D)Temperatureregulationbythermogenicplants产热植物

现在是39页\一共有49页\编辑于星期三气温与东方臭甘蓝的代谢速率代谢率（用耗氧率表示）现在是40页\一共有49页\编辑于星期三ManyorganismssurviveextremetemperaturesbyenteringarestingstageCaseIV：SurvivingExtremetemperature(a)InactivityTigerbeetle现在是41页\一共有49页\编辑于星期三（B)ReducingMetabolicRateWhentouseTorpor蛰伏?Torporisastateoflowmetabolicrateandloweredbodytemperature.“Routinehypothesis”or“Emergency-onlyHypo”Howtotestthehypotheses?Hummingbird现在是42页\一共有49页\编辑于星期三Howtoknowwhetherhummingbirdsgointotorporatnight?Byweightinghummingbirdsjustbeforetheywenttotheirnightroosts(鸟窝),andthenagainintheearlymorning.现在是43页\一共有49页\编辑于星期三花蜜食物量与蛰伏状态的关系Calder’sobservationsupportedthe‘Emergency-onlyHypothesis’.Hummingbirdsgointotorporwhen:(1)flowersarenotabundant；(2)foodinta