完整版英语词汇学知识点归纳

（完整word版）《英语词汇学》知识点归纳EnglishLexicology（英语词汇学）Lexicology（词汇学）：isabranchoflinguistics,inquiringintotheoriginsandmeaningsofwordsoTheNatureandScopeofEnglishlexicology：EnglishlexicologyaimsatinvestigatingandstudyingthemorphologicalstructuresofEnglishwordsandwordequivalents,theirsemanticstructuresrelations,historicaldevelopment,formationandusagesoThesubjectsthatEnglishLexicologycorrelatedwithandextentto:EnglishLexicologyiscorrelatedwithsuchlinguisticdisciplinesasmorphology（形态学），semantics（语义学），etymology（词源学），stylistics（文体论）andlexicography（词典学）ThereasonforastudenttostudyEnglishlexicology:Accordingtothetextbook,EnglishLexicologywilldefinitelybebeneficialforstudentsofEnglish.AgoodknowledgeofmorphologicalstructuresofEnglishwordsandrulesofword-formationwillhelplearnersdeveloptheirpersonalvocabularyandconsciouslyincreasetheirwordpower.Theinformationofthehistoricaldevelopmentandtheprinciplesofclassificationwillgivethemadeeperunderstandingofword-meaningandenablethemtoorganize,classifyandstorewordsmoreeffectively.Theunderstandingandtheirsenserelationswillgraduallyraisetheirawarenessofmeaningandusage,andenablethemusewordsmoreaccuratelyandappropriately。Aworkingknowledgeofdictionarieswillimprovetheirskillsofusingreferencebooksandraisetheirproblem-solvingabilityandefficiencyofindividualstudy.Chapter1 BasicconceptsofwordsandvocabularyWord（词的定义）：Awordisaminimalfreeformofalanguagethathasagivensoundandmeaningandsyntacticfunction。（1）aminimalfreeformofalanguage（2）asoundunity（3）aunitofmeaning（4）aformthatcanfunctionaloneinasentenceSoundand巾62门58（声音与意义）：almostarbitrary,“nologicalrelationshipbetweenthesoundwhichstandsforathingoranideaandtheactualthingandideaitself”Soundandform（读音和形式）：不统一的四个原因（1）theEnglishalphabetwasadoptedfromtheRomans,whichdoesnothaveaseparatelettertorepresenteachother（2）thepronunciationhaschangedmorerapidlythanspellingovertheyears（3）someofthedifferencewerecreatesbytheearlyscribes（4）theborrowingsisanimportantchannelofenrichingtheEnglishvocabularyVocabulary（词汇）：allthewordsinalanguagemakeupitsvocabularyClassificationofEnglishWords:（完整word版）《英语词汇学》知识点归纳Byusefrequency:basicwordstock&nonbasicvocabularyBynotion：contentwords&functionalwordsByorigin:nativewords&borrowedwordsThebasicwordstock（基本词汇）：isthefoundationofthevocabularyaccumulatedovercenturiesandformsthecommoncoreofthelanguage.ThoughitconstituteasmallpercentageoftheEV,itisthemostimportantpartofvocabulary.TheFundamentalFeaturesoftheBasicWordStock（基本词汇的特征）：1）All-Nationalcharacter（全民通用性mostimportant）2）Stability（相对稳定性）3）Productivity（多产性）4）Polysemy（多义性）5）Collocability（可搭配性）没有上述特征的words:（l）Terminology（术语） （2）Jargon（行话）（3）slang（俚语）（4）Argot（暗语）（5）Dialectalwords（方言）（6）Archaisms（古语）（7）Neologisms（新词语）：Neologismsmeansnewly一createdwordsorexpressions,orwordsthathavetakenonnewmeaningso（email）Contentwords/notionalwords实词（cloud,runwalk,never,five,frequently）andfunctionalwords/emptywords虚词（on,of,and,be,but）NativeWordsandBorrowedWordsNativewords（本族语词）：knownasAnglo-Saxonwords（50,000-60,000）,arewordsbroughttoBritaininthe5thcenturybytheGermanictribes.（mainstreamofthebasicword-stocks）.Twootherfeatures:（1）neutralinstyle（2）frequentinuseBorrowedwords/Loanwords（夕卜来语词）：wordstakenoverfromforeignlanguages.（80%ofmodernEV）4Typesofloanwords:denizens（同化词）：（shirtfromskyrta（ON））aliens（非同化词/外来词）:areborrowedwordswhichhaveretainedtheiroriginalpronunciationandspelling（kowtow（CH）磕头）translationloans（译借词）：按其他语言方式组成英语longtimenosee（fromChina）semanticloans（借义词）：theyarenotborrowedwithreferencetotheform,buttheirmeaningsareborrowedChapter2thedevelopmentoftheEnglishVocabularyTheIndo—EuropeanLanguageFamily（印欧语系）TheEightGroupsinIndo一EuropeanFamilyofLanguages（8大印欧语群）TheEasternset:（1）TheBalto一slavicGroup（波罗的一斯拉夫语族）：Russian,Bulgarian,Polish,Czechetc.（完整word版）《英语词汇学》知识点归纳(2)TheIndo—IranianGroup(印度-伊朗语族)：Hindi,Bengali,Persianetc。(3)TheArmenianGroup(亚美尼亚语族)：Armenian。(4)TheAlbanianGroup(阿尔巴尼亚语族)：Albanian。TheWesternset:(5)TheHellenicGroup(古希腊语族)：Greek。(6)TheItalianGroup(意大利语族)：Latin，Romancelanguages(French，Italian,Spanish,portuguese,Romanian)etc.(7)TheCelticGroup(凯尔特语族)：Irish,Welsh,Bretonetc.(8)TheGermanicGroupE耳曼语族)：Flemish，German,Dutch，Scandinavian(Norweigian,Swedish,Danish,Icelandic)etc.TheThreeStagesofDevelopmentoftheEnglishVocabulary:OldEnglish(450—1100)(vocabulary50，000to60,000):wasIhighinflectedlanguage。MiddleEnglish(1150—1500)：retainesmuchfewerinflectionsModernEnglish(1500—uptonow)：infactmorethan25%ofmodernEwordscomealmostdirectlyfromclassicallanguages。InModernE,wordsendingsweremostlylostwithjustafewexpections.Englishhasevolvedfromasyntheticlanguage(OldEnglish)tothepresentanalyticlanguage。ModesofVocabularyDevelopment(词汇的发展模.式)：)creation创造新词：theformationofnewwordsbyusingtheexistingmaterials,namelytoots,affixesandotherelements。(最重要方式)semanticchange旧词新义:doesnotincreasethenumberofwordformsbutcreatemanymorenewuseagesofthewords。borrowing借用外来词：constitutemerely6to7percentofallnewwordsRevivingwordsorobsoletewordsalsocontributestothegrowthofEnglishvocabularythoughquiteinsignificant.WordFormationIMorpheme(词素)：thesmallestfunctioningunitinthecompositionofwordsAllomorph(词素变体)：isadifferentvariantformofamorpheme,differinphonologicalandspellingform,butatthesameinfunctionandmeaningTypeofMorpheme(词素的分类)(1)FreeMorphemes(自由词素)：havecompletemeaninginthemselvesandcanbeusedasfreegrammaticalunitsinsentences。Afreemorphemeisonethatcanstandbyitself。(independent).(2)BoundMorpheme(粘着语素)：Aboundmorphemeisonethatcannotstandbyitself.（完整word版）《英语词汇学》知识点归纳BoundMorphemeincludestwotypes:（1）boundroot（粘附词根） （2）Affix（词缀）Affixescanbeputintotwogroups：1）Inflectionalaffixes（屈折词缀）：affixesattachedtotheendofwordstoindicategrammaticalrelationshipsareinflectional,thusknownasinflectionalmorphemes.2）Derivationalaffixes（派生词缀）：A）prefix:Aprefixcomesbeforewords.B）suffix：Anadjectivesuffix（形容词后缀）thatisaddedtothestemwhateverclassisbelongsto，theresultwillbeanadjective.FreeMorpheme=freeroot（自由词根）Morpheme（词素）{Boundroot prefixdderivational[affix[_ suffixinflectionalRootandstem（词根和词干）Thedifferencesbetweenrootandstem:Arootisthebasicformofawordwhichcannotbefurtheranalyzedwithouttotallossofidentity.Astemisthesurpluspartafterthecuttingofinflectionalmorphemeinawordwithinflectionalmorphemes,canbefurtheranalyzed,itsometimescouldbearoot。Word—FormationII（构词法）oAffixation词缀法（Derivation派生法）：theformationofwordsbyaddingword一formaingorderivationalaffixestostem.（l）Prefixation（前缀法）：It'stheformationofnewwordsbyaddingaprefixestostems。）Negativeprefixes（否定前缀）：un-,non一，in一，dis,a一，il一，ir一,im一，etc。disobey（notobey）Reversativeprefixes（逆反前缀）：un-,de-,dis一etc.unwrap（open）Pejorativeprefixes:mis（贬义前缀）：mis-,mal-,pseudo一etc。misconduct（badbehaviour）Prefixesofdegreeorsize（程度前缀）：arch-,extra一,hyper一,macro一，micro-,mini-,out—,over-,sub—,super-,sur—,ultra—,under—,ect。overweightPrefixesoforientationandattitude（倾向态度前缀）：contra—,counter—,anti-,pro-etc。anti—nuclear(完整word版)《英语词汇学》知识点归纳Locativeprefixes(方位前缀)：extra—,fore-,inter—,intra—,tele—,trans—,etc。extraordinary(morethanordinary)Prefixesoftimeandorder(时间和顺序前缀)：fore—,pre-，post-，ex—,re—etc.monorail(onerail)Numberprefixes(数字前缀)：uni—,mono—，bi—，di—,tri-,multi-，poly-，semi-，etc.bilingual(concerningtwolanguages)Miscellaneousprefixes(混杂前缀)：auto—,neo—，pan-,vice—ovice—chairman(deputychairman)(2)Suffixation(后缀法)：It'stheformationofanewwordbyaddingsuffixestostems.1)nounsuffixes2)adjectivesuffixes3)Adverbsuffixes4)verbsuffixes.Compounding复合法(alsocalledcomposition)Compounding:istheformationofnewwordsbyjoiningtwoormorestemsCompoundsarewritteninthreeways:solid连写(airmail),hyphenated带连字符(air-conditioning)andopen分开写(airforce,airraid)Formationofcompounds(复合词的形式)(1)nouncompounds:e.g.:air+plane=airplane,flower+pot=flowerpotadjectivecompounds:e°g.acid+head=acid一headverbcompounds:e.g.house+keep=housekeep.Conversion转类法Conversion:istheformationofnewwordsbyconvertingwordsofoneclasstoanotherclass功(能转换，又叫零派生。functionalshift/zero-derivation)4oBlending拼缀法Blending:istheformationofnewwordsbycombiningpartsoftwowordsorawordplusapartofanotherword。e.g:motor+hotel=motel,smoke+fog=smog,formula+translation=FORTRAN5.Clipping截短法Clipping:istoshortenalongerwordbycuttingapartofftheoriginalandusingwhatremainsinsteadoe。g.planefromairplane, phonefromtelephone.四种形式：).Frontclippings删节前面(phonefromtelephone)).Backclippings删节后面(dormfromdormitory)).Frontandbackclippings前后删节(flufrominfluenza)（完整word版）《英语词汇学》知识点归纳）oPhraseclippings短语删节（popfrompopularmusic）Acronymy首字母缩写法Acronymy:istheprocessofformingnewwordsbyjoiningtheinitiallettersofnamesofsocialandpoliticalorganizationsorspecialnounphrasesandtechnicalterms。（1）Initialism（首字母缩写词法）：initialismsarewordspronouncedletterbyletter.e.g.:BBC（forBritishBroadcastingcorporation）（2）Acronym（首字母拼音法）：AcronymsarewordsformedfrominitiallettersbutpronouncedasanormalwordoE.g.:TEFL（teachingEnglishasaforeignlanguage）7.Back—formation（逆生法，逆构词）Back一formationisconsideredtobetheoppositeprocessofsuffixation.It'sthemethodofcreatingwordsbyremovingthesupposedsuffixes.（greedfromgreedy）8oWordsFromProperName（专有名词转成法）：Namesofpeople,places,book,andtradenames（e。g.:sirwattsiemens（人名） 32世（瓦特,电功率单位）Chapter5WordMeaningThemeaningsof“Meaning”（“意义”的意义）Reference（所指）：ItistherelationshipbetweenlanguageandtheworodItisthearbitraryandconventional.Itisakindofabstraction,yetwiththehelpofcontext,itcanrefertosomethingspecific.Concept（概念）：whichisbeyondlanguageistheresultofhumancognition认识），reflectingtheobjectiveworldinthehumanmind.Sense（意义）：Itdenotestherelationshipinsidethelanguage.’Thesenseofanexpressionisitsplaceinasystemofsemanticrelationshipswithotherexpressionsinthelanguage.’Motivation（理据）：Itaccountsfortheconnectionbetweenthelinguisticsymbolanditsmeaning1）Onomatopoeicmotivation（拟声理据）：wordswhosesoundssuggesttheirmeaning,forthesewordswerecreatesbyimitatingthenaturalsoundsornoises.KnowingthesoundsofthewordsmeansunderstandingthemeaningoE.g.：bang,ping一pong,haha。2）Morphologicalmotivation（形态理据）：multi—morphemicwordsandthemeaningofmanyarethesumtotalofthemorphemescombines.E.g.：airmail,miniskirt。例外：blackmarket,ecto（完整word版）《英语词汇学》知识点归纳3）Semanticmotivation（词义理据）：referstothementalassociationssuggestedbytheconceptualmeaningofaword.ItexplainstheconnectionbetweentheliteralsenseandfigurativesenseofthewordoE.g：thefootofthemountain（foot）4）Etymologicalmotivation（词源理据）：thehistoryofthewordexplainsthemeaningofthewordoE.g:pen—featherTypesofmeaning（词义的类别）oGrammaticalMeaning（语法意义）：indicatesthegrammaticalconceptorrelationships（becomesimportantonlyinactualcontext）.LexicalMeaning（词汇意义）（Lexicalmeaningandgrammaticalmeaningmakeuptheword-meaning）Lexicalmeaninghas2components内容：Conceptualmeaning（概念意义）andassociativemeaning（关联意义）1）Conceptualmeaning（概念意义）：alsoknownasdenotativemeaning（外延意义）isthemeaninggiveninthedictionaryandformsthecoreofword—meaning.2）Associativemeaning（关联意义）：isthesecondarymeaningsupplementedtotheconceptualmeaningo[4types:（1）Connotative（内涵意义）：theovertonesorassociationssuggestedbytheconceptualmeaning,traditionallyknownasconnotations°（例如“母亲”经常与“爱”“关心""温柔"联系起来）（2）Stylistic（文体意义）：manywordshavestylisticfeatures,whichmakethemappropriatefordifferentcontextso（3）Affective（感情意义）：indicatesthespeaker'sattitudetowardsthepersonorthinginquestion。这种情感价值观分两类：褒义和贬义appreciative&pejorative（4）Collocative（搭配意义）：isthepartoftheword-meaningsuggestedbythewordsbeforeorafterthewordindiscussion.]Chapter6 Senserelationandsemanticfield（语义关系和语义场）Polysemy（多义关系）Twoapproachedtopolysemy（多义关系的两种研究方法）：l.diachronicapproach（历时方法）：fromthediachronicpointofview,polysemyisassumedtobetheresultofgrowthanddevelopmentofthesemanticstructureofoneandsameword.Firstmeaningistheprimarymeaning,thelatermeaningsarecalledderivedmeaningsosynchronicapproach（共时方法）：synchronically,polysemyisviewedasthecoexistenceofvariousmeaningsofthesamewordinacertainhistoricalperiodoftime。基本意义是centralmeaning,次要意义是derivedmeaningo（完整word版）《英语词汇学》知识点归纳Twoprocessesofdevelopment（词义的两种发展类型）：radiation（辐射型）：isasemanticprocessinwhichtheprimarymeaningstandsatthecentreandthesecondarymeaningsproceedoutofitineverydirectionlikerayeso（e.g：face，neck）concatenation（连锁型）：isthesemanticprocessinwhichthemeaningofawordmovegraduallyawayfromitsfirstsensebysuccessiveshiftsuntilthereisnotasignofconnectionbetweenthesensethatisfinallydevelopedandthatwhichthetermhadatthebeginningo（e。g:treacle）Inradiation,eachofthederivedmeaningisdirectlyconnectedtotheprimarymeaning,Inconcatenation,eachofthelatermeaningisrelatedonlytotheprecedingonelikechains.ThoughthelatestsensecanbetracedbacktotheoriginalthereisnodirectconnectioninbetweenoTheyarecloselyrelated,beingdifferentstagesofthedevelopmentleadingtopolysemy。Generally,radiationprecedesconcatenation,Inmanycases,thetwoprocessesworktogether,complementingeachotheroHomonymy（同形同音异义关系）：wordsdifferentinmeaningbuteitheridenticalbothinsoundandspellingoridenticalonlyinsoundorspellingoTypesofhomonyms（同音同形异义关系的类别））Perfecthomonyms（完全同音同形异义词）：wordsidenticalbothinsoundandspelling,butdifferentinmeaning.2）Homographs（同形异义词）：wordsidenticalonlyinspelling,butdifferentinsoundandmeaning,（最多最常见））Homophones（同音异义词）：wordsidenticalonlyinsoundbutdifferentinspellingandmeaning,Originsofhomonyms（同形同音异义词的来源））changeinsoundandspelling：（eare一ear, lang-long,langian-long）borrowing（feria一fair,beallu-ball,baller-ball）Shortening（缩略）： （ad—advertisement,）ThedifferentiationofHomonymsfromPolysemes（同音同形异义词和多义词的区别）：）Thefundamentaldifference：Homonymyreferstodifferentwordswhichhappentosharethesameformandpolysemyaretheoneandsamewordwhichhasseveraldistinguishablemeanings.2）Oneimportantcriterionistoseetheiretymology（词源）：Homonymysarefromdifferentsources,Polysemantisfromthesamesource.3）Thesecondprincipleconsiderationissemanticrelatedness（语义关联）：Thevariousmeaningsofpolysemantarecorrelatedandconnectedtoonecentralmeaning.Meaningsofdifferenthomonymyshavenothingtodowithoneanother.Indictionaries,apolysemanthasitsmeaningalllistedunderoneheadwordwhereashomonymsarelistedasseparateentries.（完整word版）《英语词汇学》知识点归纳Rhetoricfeaturesofhomonyms（同形同音异义词的修辞特色）：Ashomonymsareidenticalinsoundorspelling,particularlyhomophones，theyareoftenemployedtocreatepunsfordesiredeffectof，say，humor，sarcasmorridicule。Synonymy（同义关系）：oneoftwoormorewordsintheEnglishlanguagewhichhavethesameorverynearlythesameessentialmeaning。TypesofSynonymy（同义词的类别）：）Absolute5丫门。门丫巾5（完全同义词）：alsoknownascompletesynonymsarewordswhichareidenticalinmeaninginallaspect，i。e.bothingrammaticalmeaningandlexicalmeaning，includingconceptualandassociativemeanings。[Absolutesynonymsarerestrictedtohighlyspecializedvocabularyinlexicology。]）relativesynonyms（相对同义词）：alsocallednear一synonymsaresimilarornearlythesameindenotation，butembracedifferentshadesofmeaningordifferentdegreesofagivenqualioty（e。g:change/alter/vary，stagger/reel/totter，strange/odd/queer，idle/lazy/indolent）Sourcesofsynonyms（同义词的来源） ：1）Borrowing（借词）：最重要的来源（room—chamber，foe-enemy,help一aid,leave-depart,wise一sage，buy-purchase）DialectsandregionalEnglish（方言和地区英语）Figurativeandeuphemisticuseofwords（单词的修饰和委婉用法）：occupation/profession—walkoflife，dreamer star-gazer，drunk-elevated,lie一distortoffact.Coincidencewithidiomaticexpressions（与习惯表达一致）：win—gaintheupperhand，decide一makeupone'smind，finish一getthrough,hesitate一beintwominds，help一lendoneahand。DiscriminationofSynonymsdifferenceindenotation夕卜延不同。Synonymsmaydifferintherangeandintensityofmeaning.（rich—wealthy,work-toil，want-wish一desire）differenceinconnotation内涵不同。Byconnotationwemeanthestylisticandemotivecolouringofwords.Somewordssharethesamedenotationbutdifferintheirstylisticappropriateness（借词：answer-respond，storm-tempest，wood—forest，handy—manual，unlike—dissimilar,homely-domestic，fleshy-carnal.中性词：policeman-constable-bobby-cop，ask-beg-request。古语词、诗歌：ire/anger,bliss-happiness,forlorn-distresses,dire-dreadful，list-listen，enow—enough，save—expect，mere—lake）differenceinapplication。Manywordsaresynonymousinmeaningbutdifferenceinusageinsimpleterms.Theyformdifferentcollocationsandfitintodifferencesentencepatterns。（allowsb。todosth。-letsb。dosth./answertheletter—replytotheletter）Antonymy（反义关系）：itisconcernedwithsemanticopposition。Antonymscanbedefinedaswordswhichareoppositeinmeaning.TypesofAntonyms：1）contradictoryterms（矛盾反义词）：theseantonymstrulyrepresentoppositenessofmeaning特点：①Theassertionofoneisthedenialoftheother.②Suchantonymsarenon—adable.They(完整word版)《英语词汇学》知识点归纳cannotbeusedincomparativedegreesanddonotallowadverbsofintensitylike“very"toqualifythemo (eog：single/married)2)contraryterms(对立反义词)：antonymsofthistypearebestviewedintermsofascalerunningbetweentwopolesorextremes.(e。g:old/young,rich/young,big/small)Thetwooppositesaregradableandoneexistsincomparisonwiththeother。3)relativeterms(关系反义词)：thistypeconsistsofrelationalopposites.(parent/child,husband/wife,employee/employer,sell/buy,receive一give)Someofthecharacteristicsofantonyms(反义关系的特点)：1)antonymsareclassifiedonthebasisofsemanticopposition(语义对立)2)awordwhichhasmorethanonemeaningcanhavemorethanoneantonymantonymsdifferinsemanticinclusion(语义内涵)contrarytermsaregradableantonyms,differingindegreeofintensity,soeachhasitsowncorrespondingopposite。(hot/warm:hot一cold/warm-cool)Theuseofantonyms(反义词的使用)1)Antonymsarehelpfulandvaluableindefiningthemeaningofwords。2)Toexpresseconomicallytheoppositeofaparticularthoughtforthesakeofcontrast.(e。g:nowornever,rainorshine,friendorfoe敌友，wealandwoe哀乐)3)Toformantithesis(对比法)toachieveemphasisbyputtingcontrastingideatogether.(proverbsandsayings:easycome,easygo./morehaste,lessspeed.)Hyponymy(上下义关系)：Hyponymydealswiththerelationshipofsemanticinclusion.ThemeaningofamorespecificwordisincludedinthatofanothermoregeneralwordoForexample,acatishyponymofanimalSuperordinateandSubordinate(上义词和下义词)：usesubordinateswhichareconcreteandprecise,presentingavividverbalpicturebeforethereader.Superordinateswhichconveyonlyageneralandvagueidea。SemanticField(语义场)Viewingthetotalmeaninginthiswayisthebasisoffieldtheory.e。go(apple,pear,peach,date,mango,orange,lemon,etc.makeupthesemanticfieldof‘fruits')Thesemanticfieldofthesameconceptmaynothavethesamemembersindifferentlanguage.e。go(auntinEnglish,maymeans“父亲的姐姐，妈妈的姐姐，父亲哥哥的妻子"inChinese.(122)（完整word版）《英语词汇学》知识点归纳Chapter7ChangesinWordMeaning词义的演变Vocabularyisthemostunstableelementofalanguageasitisundergoingconstantchangesbothinformandcontent.Comparativelythecontentisevenmoreunstablethantheform.TypesofChanges（词义变化的种类）1。Extension/generalization（词义的扩大）：isthenamegiventothewideningofmeaningwhichsomewordsundergo.Itisaprocessbywhichoriginallyhadaspecializedmeaninghasnowbecomegeneralizedo（e.g：manuscript,fabulous，picture，mill,journal,bonfire,butcher,companion）2。Narrowing/specialization（词义的缩小）：istheoppositeofwideningmeaning.Itisaprocessbywhichawordofwidemeaningacquiresanarrowerorspecializedsense。Inotherwords,awordwhichusedtohaveamoregeneralsensebecomesrestrictedinitsapplicationandconveysaspecialmeaninginpresent一dayEnglisho（e.g:deer,corn,garage,liquor,meat,disease,poison,wife,accident,girl）.[whenacommonwordisturnedintoapropernoun,themeaningisnarrowedaccordinglyo].Elevation/amelioration（词义的升华）：referstotheprocessbywhichwordsrisefromhumble粗陋的）beginningstopositionsofimportance.[nice,marshal,constable,angel,knight,earl,governor,fond,minister,chamberlain].Degradation/pejoration（词义的降格）：Aprocesswherebywordsofgoodoriginfallintoillreputationornon一affectivewordscometousedinderogatory（贬损的）sense.[boor,churl,wench,hussy,villain,silly,knave,lewd,criticize,lust].Transfer（词义的转移）：Wordswhichwereusedtodesignate指明onethingbutlaterchangedtomeansomethingelsehaveexperiencedtheprocessofsemantictransfer。CausesofSemanticChange（词义变化的原因）I.Extra-linguisticfactors（词义演变的语言外部因素）：）Historicalreason（历史原因）：Increasedscientificknowledgeanddiscovery,objects,institutions,ideaschangeinthecourseoftime.E。g:pen,car,computero）Classreason（阶级原因）：Theattitudeofclasseshavealsomadeinroadsintolexicalmeaninginthecaseofelevationordegradationo）Psychologicalreason（心理原因）：theassociatedtransferofmeaningandeuphemisticuseofwordsareoftenduetopsychologicalfactors.Suchslow,humbleanddespisedoccupationstakemoreappealingnamesisallduetopsychologicalreasonso.Linguisticfactors（语言内部原因）：thechangeofmeaningmaybecausedbyinternalfactorswithinthelanguagesystem.1）shorting缩略:gold-goldmedal,gas一coalgas,bulb一lightbulb,private一privatesoldier）borrowing借用：deer—animal-beast3）analogy类推：（完整word版）《英语词汇学》知识点归纳Chapter8MeaningandContext词义和语境ContextinitstraditionalsensereferstothelexicalitemsthatprecedeorfollowagivenwordModernlinguistshavebroadeneditsscopetoincludebothlinguisticandextra—linguisticcontexts.Twotypesofcontext（语境的种类）oExtra-linguisticcontext/Non-linguisticsituation（非语言语境）：Inabroadsense，contextincludesthephysicalsituationaswell,whichembracesthepeopletime,place,andeventhewholeculturalbackground.（lookout,weekend,landlord）2oLinguisticcontext/grammaticalcontext（语言语境）：Inanarrowsense,itreferstothewords,clauses,sentencesinwhichawordappearsItmaycoveraparagraph,awholechapterandeventheentirebook。分为两类：）Lexicalcontext（词汇语境）：Itreferstothewordthatoccurstogetherwiththewordinquestion.（e。g:paper,do））Grammaticalcontext（语法语境）：Itrefersthesituationwhenthemeaningofawordmaybeinfluencedbythestructureinwhichitoccurs。（e。g：become）Theroleofcontext（语境的作用）I.Eliminationof2由^85七丫（消除歧义）Ambiguityduetopolysemyorhomonymy.Grammaticalstructurecanalsoleadtoambiguity如何消除歧义？ ①extendtheoriginalsentence②alterthecontextalittle2oIndicationofreferents（限定所指）如何限定所指？ ①withclearcontext②withadequateverbalcontext3.Provisionofcluesforinferringword-meaning（提供线索以猜测词义）1）definition2）explanation3）example4）synonymy5）antonymy6）hyponymy（上下义关系）7）relevantdetails（完整word版）《英语词汇学》知识点归纳8）wordstructureChapter9EnglishIdioms英语习语Idioms（习语的定义）：areexpressionsthatarenotreadilyunderstandablefromtheirliteralmeaningofindividualelements。Inabroadsense,idiommayincludecolloquialisms（俗语），Catchphrases（标语），slangexpressions（俚语），proverbs（谚语），etc。TheyformanimportantpartoftheEnglishvocabulary。CharacteristicsofIdioms（英语习语的特点）1.Semanticunity（语意的整体性）：wordsintheidiomtheyhavelosttheirindividualidentityTheirmeaningsarenotoftenrecognizableinthemeaningofthewholeidiom.Thesemanticunityofidiomsisalsoreflectedintheillogicalrelationshipbetweentheliteralmeaningofeachoftheidiom。2.Structuralstability（结构的稳定性）：thestructureofanidiomistoalargeextentunchangeable.theconstituentsofidiomscannotbereplacedthewordordercannotbeinvertedorchangedtheconstituentsofidiomscannotbedeletedoraddedto，notevenanarticle。manyidiomsaregrammaticallyunchangeableThefixityofidiomdependsontheidiomaticity。习语性表达习惯ClassificationofIdioms（英语习语的分类）.idiomsnominalinnature名词性习语（whiteelephant累赘物）.idiomsadjectivalinnature形容词性习语（aspoorasachurchmouse）3。idiomsverbalinnature动词性习语（lookinto）.idiomsadverbialinnature副词性习语（toothandnail拼命）.sentenceidioms句式习语（neverdothingsbyhalves）Useofidioms（习语的使用）1.Stylisticfeatures（文体色彩）：）colloquialisms（俗语））slang（俚语）（完整word版）《英语词汇学》知识点归纳)literaryexpressions(书面表达)Thesameidiommayshowstylisticdifferenceswhenitisassigned(指派)differentmeanings.2。Rhetoricalfeatures(修辞色彩)phoneticmanipulation(语音处理)：(1)alliteration头韵法rhyme尾韵法lexicalmanipulation(词法处理)reiteration(duplicationofsynonyms)同义词并举[screamandshout]repetition重复加｛andout]juxtaposition(ofantonyms)反义词并置[hereandthere]3。figuresofspeech(修辞格)simile明喻metaphor暗喻metonymy换喻/以名词代动作：livebyone’spensynecdoche提喻/以部分代整体：earnone’sbread(5)Personification拟人法Euphemism委婉语：kickthebucket(die)hyperbole夸张：aworldoftroubleVariationsofidioms(习语的变异形式)：oaddition增加.deletion删除3oreplacement替换4oposition-shifting位置转移5.dismembering分解Chapter10EnglishDictionaries英语字典（完整word版）《英