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Environmentaleffectsofoilandgasleasesitesinagrasslandecosystem
EnvironmentalManagement
ThenorthernGreatPlainsofSaskatchewanisoneofthemostsignificantlymodifiedlandscapesinCanada.WhilethemajorityofanthropogenicdisturbancestoSaskatchewan’sgrasslandsaretheresultofagriculturalpractices,developmentofpetroleumandnaturalgas(PNG)resourcesisofincreasingconcernforgrasslandconservation.AlthoughPNGdevelopmentsrequireformalassessmentandregulatoryapproval,follow-upandmonitoringoftheeffectsofPNGdevelopmentongrasslandsisnotcommonpractice.Consequently,theeffectsofPNGactivityongrasslandsandthespatialandtemporalextentofsuchimpactsarelargelyunknown.ThispaperexaminesthespatialandtemporalextentofPNGdevelopmentinfrastructurefrom1955to2006inagrasslandecosysteminsouthwestSaskatchewan.TheeffectsofPNGdevelopmentongrasslandecologywereassessedfrommeasurementsofgroundcovercharacteristics,soilproperties,andplantcommunitycompositionat31sitesinthestudyarea.PNGleasesiteswerefoundtohavelowcoverofherbaceousplants,clubmoss(Lycopodiaceae),litter,andshalloworganic(Ah)horizons.Leasesiteswerealsocharacterizedbylowdiversityofdesirablegrasslandplantsandlowrangehealthvaluescomparedtooff-leasereferencesites.Theseimpactswereamplifiedatactiveandhighlyproductiveleasesites.ImpactsofPNGdevelopmentpersistedformorethan50yearsfollowingwellsiteconstruction,andextendedoutward20
m–25
mbeyondthedirectphysicalfootprintofPNGwellinfrastructure.Theseresultshavesignificantimplicationswithregardtothecurrentstateofmonitoringandfollow-upofPNGdevelopment,andthecumulativeeffectiveofPNGactivityongrasslandecosystemsoverspaceandtime.
ArticleOutline
1.Introduction
2.Methods
2.1.Studyarea
2.2.Wellticketandaerialphotodata
2.3.Fielddatacollection
2.4.Analysisofenvironmentaleffects
3.Results
3.1.PNGdevelopmentinthestudyarea
3.2.PhysicalfootprintofPNGsiteinfrastructure
3.3.Impactstogroundcoverandsoil
3.4.Impactstograsslandplants
3.5.Impactstorangehealth
3.6.Influenceofdrilldateandseason
3.7.Spatialextentofimpacts
3.8.CumulativeextentofPNGimpacts
4.Discussion
5.Conclusion
Acknowledgements
EasternCanadiancrudeoilsupplyanditsimplicationsforregionalenergysecurity
EnergyPolicy
Canadahasbeenblessedwithimmenseenergyresources;however,theirdistributionisnotuniform.Onesuchexampleiscrudeoil,whichisfoundprimarilyinwesternCanada.EasternCanada,consistingofthesixeastern-mostprovinces(NewfoundlandandLabrador,NewBrunswick,NovaScotia,Ontario,PrinceEdwardIsland,andQuebec),producelimitedquantitiesofcrudeoil,mostofwhichisexportedtotheUnitedStates.Ideally,westernCanadiancrudeoilwouldmeetthedemandsofeasternCanada;however,theNorthAmericanFreeTradeAgreement(NAFTA)andtheabsenceofoilpipelinesmeansthateasternCanadaincreasinglyreliesonsuppliesofcrudeoilfromasmallnumberofoilexportingcountries,manywithdecliningproduction.
Thispaperexaminescrudeoilproduction,supply,anditsrefiningineasternCanada.ItshowsthatcrudeproductionintheregionhasreacheditspeakandthatincreasingglobalcompetitionforcrudeoilwillaffectenergysecurityineasternCanada,eitherthroughpriceincreasesorsupplyshortages,orboth.
ArticleOutline
1.Introduction
2.Crudesupply
2.1.Transportingcrude
2.2.Refineries
2.3.WesternCanadiancrude
2.4.EasternCanadiancrude
2.5.Importedcrude
3.Refinedpetroleumproducts
4.Refinedproductdemand
5.Discussion
6.Concludingremarks
Acknowledgements
Worldenergyanalysis:H2noworlater?
EnergyPolicy
Thisisastudyofworldenergyresourcesustainabilitywithinthecontextofresourcepeakproductiondates,advancedenergyusetechnologiesinthetransportationandelectricitygenerationenergyusesectors,andalternativefuelproductionincludinghydrogen.Thefindingcausingthemostconcernistheprojectionofapeakinglobalconventionaloilproductionbetweennowand2023.Inaddition,thefindingsindicatethatthepeakproductiondatefornaturalgas,coal,anduraniumcouldoccurby2050.Thecentralquestioniswhetheroilproductionfromnon-conventionaloilresourcescanbeincreasedatafastenoughratetooffsetdeclinesinconventionaloilproduction.Thedevelopmentofnon-conventionaloilproductionraisesconcernsaboutincreasedenergyuse,greenhousegasemissions,andwaterissues.Duetotheemergingfossilfuelresourceconstraintsincomingdecades,thisstudyconcludesthatitisprudenttobeginthedevelopmentofhydrogenproductionanddistributionsystemsinthenear-term.Thehydrogengasistobeinitiallyusedbyfuelcellvehicles,whichwilleliminatetailpipegreenhousegasemissions.WithaloweringofH2productioncoststhroughtheamortizationofsystemcomponents,H2canbeaneconomicfuelsourceforelectricitygenerationpost-2040.
ArticleOutline
1.Introduction
2.Methodsanddata
2.1.Methods
2.2.Data
3.Findings
3.1.Energyresourcepeakproductiondates
3.2.Theeffectsofenergypathsonoilsupply/demandbalances
3.3.Sensitivityanalysisforpeakproductionestimates
4.Discussionoffindings
4.1.Evaluationofpeakproductiondateestimates
4.2.Issuesrelatedtotheproductionofsynfuelsfromnon-conventionaloilresources
4.3.H2productionanddistributionsystems
5.Conclusions
References
Energyefficiencyinsocialhousing:OpportunitiesandbarriersfromacasestudyinBrazil
EnergyPolicy
ThispaperinvestigatestheenergyefficiencyinasegmentofthebuildingsectorinemergingcountriesbyanalyzingandevaluatingtheenergyefficiencyofasocialhousingprojectinBrazil.Energyefficiencymeasuresandbioclimaticdesignstrategiesaredevelopedinordertoimprovethermalcomfortinthissocialhousingprojectandtoreducetheenergyconsumptionandexpensesoftheirresidents.Theinstitutionalbarriersandconstraintstowardhigherefficiencyaredescribed.TheresultsofthisstudyshowthatthereisahighpotentialtoincreaseenergyefficiencyinsocialhousinginemergingcountrieslikeBrazil.Theimplementationandconsiderationoftheenergyefficiencymeasuresandpolicyrecommendationswouldcontributesubstantiallytothegoaltodampenthefastgrowthofenergydemandinthesecountries.Moreovertheimprovementofenergyefficiencyinthesocialhousingsectorcouldbeadriverformarkettransformationtowardsmoresustainabilityinthewholebuildingsector.
ArticleOutline
1.Introduction
2.Methodology
3.SituationofsocialhousinginBrazil
3.1.Thehousingdeficit
3.2.Federalhousingpolicy
3.3.SocialhousinginRiodeJaneiro
4.EnergyefficiencyinBrazil
4.1.Energyefficiencypolicy
4.2.Brazilianbuildingstandardsandcodesrelatedtoenergyefficiency
4.3.Barrierstoenergyefficiencyinsocialhousing
.Investmentandlifecyclecost
.Awarenessandcapacity
.Policyandstandardization
.Fragmentationofbuildingsector
5.Mangueirasocialhousingproject
5.1.Projectcontext
5.2.Assessmentmatrixforenergyefficiencyanalysis
5.3.Energyefficiencyanalysis
6.Recommendationsandimplementation
6.1.Projectdesignrecommendations
.Designguidelines
.Economicevaluationandaffordability
6.2.Constraintsandopportunitiesofenergyefficiency
6.3.Institutionalframeworkrecommendations
7.Conclusion
Acknowledgements
Researchhighlights
►ThereisahighpotentialtoincreaseenergyefficiencyinsocialhousinginBrazil.►Energy-efficientsocialhousingwouldcontributesubstantiallytodampenthefastgrowthofenergyconsumptioninemergingcountrieslikeBrazil.►Implementationofenergyefficiencywouldimprovetheincomesituationofthepooreststrataofthepopulation.
Fuzzyrule-basedmodellingforhumanhealthriskfromnaturallyoccurringradioactivematerialsinproducedwater
EnvironmentalRadioactivity
Producedwater,dischargedfromoffshoreoilandgasoperations,containschemicalsfromformationwater,condensedwater,andanychemicaladdeddownholeorduringtheoil/waterseparationprocess.Although,mostofthecontaminantsfallbelowthedetectionlimitswithinashortdistancefromthedischargeport,afewoftheremainingcontaminantsincludingnaturallyoccurringradioactivematerials(NORM)areofconcernduetotheirbioavailabilityinthemediaandbioaccumulationcharacteristicsinfinfishandshellfishspeciesusedforhumanconsumption.Inthepast,severalinitiativeshavebeentakentomodelhumanhealthriskfromNORMinproducedwater.Theparametersoftheavailableriskassessmentmodelsareimpreciseandsparseinnature.Inthisstudy,afuzzypossibilisticevaluationusingfuzzyrulebasedmodelinghasbeenpresented.Beingconservativeinnature,thepossibilisticapproachconsiderspossibleinputparametervalues;thusprovidesbetterenvironmentalpredictionthantheMonteCarlo(MC)calculation.Theuncertaintiesoftheinputparameterswerecapturedwithfuzzytriangularmembershipfunctions(TFNs).Fuzzyif-thenruleswereappliedforinputconcentrationsoftwoisotopesofradium,namely226Ra,and228Ra,availableinproducedwaterandbulkdilutiontoevaluatetheradiumconcentrationinfishtissueusedforhumanconsumption.Thebulkdilutionwaspredictedusingfourinputparameters:producedwaterdischargerate,ambientseawatervelocity,depthofdischargeportanddensitygradient.Theevaluatedcancerriskshowscompliancewiththeregulatoryguidelines;thusminimumrisktohumanhealthisexpectedfromNORMcomponentsinproducedwater.
ArticleOutline
1.
Introduction
2.
Fuzzyrule-basedmodelling
2.1.
Fuzzysettheory
2.2.
Fuzzyrule
2.3.
Predictingbulkdilution
2.4.
Modellinghumanhealthrisk
3.
Possibilisticevaluation
4.
Resultsanddiscussions
5.
Conclusions
Analysisofthereactivitycoefficientsoftheadvancedhigh-temperaturereactorforplutoniumanduraniumfuels
AnnalsofNuclearEnergy
Theconceptualdesignoftheadvancedhigh-temperaturereactor(AHTR)hasrecentlybeenproposedbytheOakRidgeNationalLaboratory,withtheintentiontoprovideandalternativeenergysourceforveryhightemperatureapplications.Inthepresentstudy,wefocusedontheanalysesofthereactivitycoefficientsoftheAHTRcorefueledwithtwotypesoffuel:enricheduraniumandplutoniumfromthereprocessingoflightwaterreactorsirradiatedfuel.Moreprecisely,weinvestigatedtheinfluenceoftheoutergraphitereflectorsonthemultiplicationfactorofthecore,thefuelandmoderatortemperaturereactivitycoefficientsandthevoidreactivitycoefficientforfivedifferentmoltensalts:NaF,BeF2,LiF,ZrF4andLi2BeF4eutectic.Inordertobetterillustratethebehaviorofthepreviousparametersfordifferentcoreconfigurations,weevaluatedthemoderatingratioofthemoltensaltsandtheabsorptionrateofthekeyfuelnuclides,which,ofcourse,aredrivenbytheneutronspectrum.Theresultsshowthatthefuelandmoderatortemperaturereactivitycoefficientsarealwaysnegative,whereasthevoidreactivitycoefficientcanbesetnegativeprovidedthatthefueltomoderatorratioisoptimized(thecoreisundermoderated)andthemoderatingratioofthecoolantislarge.
ArticleOutline
1.
Introduction
2.
Geometrydescription
3.
Coolantsandfuelsdescription
4.
Results
4.1.
Excessofreactivityanddelayedneutronfraction
4.2.
Reflectorthickness
4.3.
Neutronspectra
4.4.
Voidreactivitycoefficient
.
Configuration1–Pucoreundermoderated,Ucoreovermoderated
.
Configuration2–Pucorelocallyovermoderated,Ucoreundermoderated
4.5.
Moderatortemperaturereactivitycoefficient
4.6.
FuelTemperatureReactivityCoefficient
5.
Conclusions
SmallFirmGrowthinDevelopingCountries
WorldDevelopment
Althoughthevastmajorityofsmallfirmsindevelopingcountriesneverexpandbeyondafewemployees,someexperiencerapidandsubstantialgrowth.Thisstudyexploresfactorsassociatedwithsmallfirmgrowth.Wediscusskeyfindingsforfourtypesoffactors:(1)individualentrepreneurcharacteristics;(2)firmcharacteristics;(3)relationalfactors(suchassocialnetworksorvaluechains);and(4)contextualfactors(suchasthebusinessenvironment).Weconcludebysuggestingimplicationsfordevelopmentpractitioners.
ArticleOutline
1.
Introduction
2.
Theroleofmicroandsmallenterprises
3.
Researchmethodology
4.
Individualentrepreneurcharacteristics
(a).
Education
(b).
Workexperience
(c).
Genderandhousehold
5.
Firmcharacteristics
(a).
Firmage
(b).
Formality(orInformality)
(c).
Accesstofinance
6.
HYPERLINK"://sciencedirect/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6VC6-4WM68JX-1&_user=8793841&_coverDate=09%2F30%2F2009&_alid=1516953866&_rdoc=20&_orig=search&_origin=search&_zone=rslt_list_item&_cdi=5946&_sort=r&_st=4&_docanchor=&_ct=85&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=8793841&searchtype=a&_fmt=full&_pii=S0305750X09000928&_issn=0305750X&md5=
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