雅思阅读技巧总结之快速定位

经典word整理文档，仅参考，双击此处可删除页眉页脚。本资料属于网络整理，如有侵权，请联系删除，谢谢！技巧总结之快速定，希望能够帮助到大家，下面就和大家分享，来欣赏一下吧。雅思阅读技巧总结之快速定位如何选取雅思阅读定位词?首先，选取定位词需要遵循一个总的原则，即——以名词为主。在此提醒烤鸭们不要忘记了雅思阅读考试的核心是同义替换，从考试核心出发，名词在各类词性中意思相对唯一且明确，寻找的便是名词。是名词中有一类是不符合这个特点的抽象名词。抽象名词可以举出很多例子，诸如reason，idea，definition…我们以definition为例，definition定义，解释中可能会出现对多个专家学者对某一特定现象的解释或阐释，那么在这篇中，每一个学者说过的话，都是一个“definition”，如此一来，如果我们选择某一题目中的“definition”作为定位词，那么该题目便无法对应到中的具体部分，显然就无法进一步解答了。因此，在定位词的选取上，我们要遵循名词为主的总原则，但是要排除掉名词中的抽象名词一类。寻找特殊词在以名词为主的总原则下，我们要进一步睁大我们的眼睛，去发现题目中的特殊词。那么何为特殊词”?常见的“特殊词”又有哪些?(1)以大写、斜体形式出现的词题目中读到了以大写或是斜体形式出现的单词，这些词因其外形上的与众不同，值得我们格外留意，一般来讲，这类词是适合选择的定位词。(2)数字就显得格外突出啦!所以，一般来讲，数字同样也是适合选作定位的特殊词之一。(3)时间雅思阅读中涉及到的时间非常多，大到世纪，小到分秒。时间同样是一类适合选择作为定位词的特殊词便是其唯一性，而这恰恰符合我们选择定位词的要求，诸如、二十世纪等都是唯一且确定的时间，同样容易发现，且不易替换。更不用说年份这类词尝尝是以阿拉伯数字形式出现的，就更加显眼了!(4)人名镜频率较高的一类特殊词。人名出现需要大写，且拼写方式明!因此，一般情况下，人名同样是题目中适合作为定位词的特殊词。雅思阅读定位特殊词的特殊情况首先看题目中有无特殊词换的特性。不易替换”当然不等于不会替换，考官们在特殊词上，也会想尽办法，企图难倒众烤鸭们。Test2Passage3的第34题：“Thesurveyconcludedthatone-fifthor20%ofthehouseholdtransportrequirementasoutsidethelocalarea.”中选择作为定位词，而回到中却根本没有发现20%这个数字，实际上就是考官耍了一个小trick，20%outside在中变成了80%within。所以，当用百分数X作为定位词没有找到对应时，我们要去寻找。遇到雅思阅读定位词没有特殊词怎么办?要始终坚信，考官是冷酷无情的!他们是不会轻易放过烤鸭位的特殊词。在没有特殊词的情况下，我们需要选择普通词作为主要定位词。词为主。中的主语名词和宾语名词。一般情况下，我们以主语名词为主，宾语名词为辅。原因在于主语名词中的主字，其重要性已经不言而喻，所以一道没有特殊词的题目，我们首先应当关注主语名词。熟悉、不常见，甚至完全不认识的词时，宾语名词就一跃成为了主要定位词。原因有两点：(1)该词在*中的对应性很强，有可能仅在此文中出现并进行专门讨论。(2)该词本身就是一个专有名词，那么该词就从一个所谓的普通词变成了不易，甚至是无法替换的特殊词。例如，剑7Test1Passage2中第22题：“Feedingincreasingpopulationsispossibledueprimarilytoimprovedirrigationsystems.”中的“irrigationsystems”是以原词形式出现的。同样的情况也适用于第26题：“Inthefuture,governmentsshouldmaintainownershipofwaterinfrastructures.”的“infrastructures”一词。特殊词，而只能选用普通词定位时，我们需语名词为主，宾语名词为辅当宾语名词更加不熟悉、不常见，是，普通词定位大概率会出现同义替换，要想做到精确定位，除了掌握好定位原则之外，还需要在同义词上多下功夫!雅思阅读的正确答题顺序：顺序原则什么是顺序原则”?即雅思官方在题型特点注释中所述的“Answersareinpassageorder.”顺着题号一题一题地往更靠后的位置找答案。包涵的全部题型，案分布在:剑桥雅思真题集系列Test4Passage1:前7题判断题分布于前6个段落，剩下的段落填空题分布于第9段，和前面7段无关。接下来说说哪些题型符合“Answersareinpassageorder”(我们把题型总体分成四大类：判断、选择、填空和配对)1.判断题，包括identifyinginformation(TRUE/FALSE/NOTGIVEN)和identifyingwriter’sviews(YES/NO/NOTGIVEN)均严格符合顺序原则。2.选择题。四选一的单选题符合顺序原则，而多选题则无所list中的位置可能与它们在中出现的先案都可以。3.填空题，(在此我们把所有要填单词作答的题型全部归为填空题)(summarycompletion)(shortanswerquestions)、句子填空(sentencecompletion)、表格填空(tablecompletion)、笔记填空(notescompletion)、流程图填空(flow-chartcompletion)和示意图填空(diagramlabeling)顺序原则。针对段落概括填空，我们可以默认它也为顺序原则，但需要做好个别答案乱序的心理准备(例如C7T4P1(AntIntelligence)、C8T2P2(TheLittleIceAge)4.配对题。字面理解，配对即把混乱的项与相应部分对应起来，因此配对题很自然就是乱序的，包括段落标题配对(matchingheadings)(matchinginformation)、人名与陈述配对(matchingpeopletostatements)和事件与时间段配对(matchingeventstotimeperiods)等。雅思阅读答题注意事项C9T1Q18-2618题至20题为shortanswerquestions21题至26题为identifyingwriter’sviews，20题的答案在的相应位置并不一定出现在21题答案的相应位置之前。雅思阅读解题指导方针为相关内容在文中按顺序出现，这样做考生也会感到循序渐进，也未尝不可，可先完成较容易定位的题目，再活用顺序原则，缩1数第二段，而我们的阅读顺序，如前文所述，肯定是从头段至尾段的。雅思阅读模拟题：经济进化论EconomicEvolutionALivingalongtheOrinocoRiverthatbordersBrazilandVenezuelaaretheYanomampeople,hunter-gathererswhoseaverageannualincomehasbeenestimatedattheequivalentof$90perpersonperyear.LivingalongtheHudsonRiverthatbordersNewYorkStateandNewJerseyaretheManhattanpeople,consumertraderswhoseaverageannualincomehasbeenestimatedat$36,000perpersonperyear.Thatdramaticdifferenceof400times,however,palesincomparisontothedifferencesinStockKeepingUnits(SKUs,ameasureofthenumberoftypesofretailproductsavailable),whichhasbeenestimatedat300fortheYanomamand10billionfortheManhattans,adifferenceof33milliontimes.BHowdidthishappen?AccordingtoeconomistEricD.Beinhocker,whopublishedthesecalculationsinhisrevelatoryworkTheOriginofWealth(HarvardBusinessSchoolPress,20XX),theexplanationistobefoundincomplexitytheory.Evolutionandeconomicsarenotjustanalogoustoeachother,buttheyareactuallytwoformsofalargerphenomenoncalledcomplexadaptivesystems,inwhichindividualelements,partsoragentsinteract,thenprocessinformationandadapttheirbehaviortochangingconditions.Immunesystems,ecosystems,language,thelawandtheInternetareallexamplesofcomplexadaptivesystems.CInbiologicalevolution,natureselectsfromthevariationproducedbyrandomgeneticmutationsandthemixingofparentalgenes.Outofthatprocessofcumulativeselectionemergescomplexityanddiversity.Ineconomicevolution,ourmaterialeconomyproceedsthroughtheproductionandselectionofnumerouspermutationsofcountlessproducts.Those10billionproductsintheManhattanvillagerepresentonlythosevariationsthatmadeittomarket,afterwhichthereisacumulativeselectionbyconsumersinthemarketplaceforthosedeemedmostuseful:VHSoverBetamax,DVDsoverVHS,CDsovervinylrecords,flipphonesoverbrickphones,computersovertypewriters,GoogleoverAltavista,SUVsoverstationwagons,paperbooksovere-books(still),andInternetnewsovernetworknews(soon).Thosethatarepurchased“survive”and"reproduce"intothefuturethroughrepetitiveuseandremanufacturing.DAswithlivingorganismsandecosystems,theeconomylooksdesigned—sojustashumansnaturallydeducetheexistenceofatop-downintelligentdesigner,humansalso(understandably)inferthatatop-downgovernmentdesignerisneededinnearlyeveryaspectoftheeconomy.Butjustaslivingorganismsareshapedfromthebottomupbynaturalselection,theeconomyismoldedfromthebottomupbytheinvisiblehand.Thecorrespondencebetweenevolutionandeconomicsisnotperfect,becausesometop-downinstitutionalrulesandlawsareneededtoprovideastructurewithinwhichfreeandfairtradecanoccur.Buttoomuchtop-downinterferenceintothemarketplacemakestradeneitherfreenorfair.Whensuchattemptshavebeenmadeinthepasttheyhavefailed—becausemarketsarefartoocomplex,interactiveandautocatalytictobedesignedfromthetopdown.Inhis1922book,Socialism,LudwigVonMisesspelledoutthereasonswhy,mostnotablytheproblemof“economiccalculation”inaplannedsocialisteconomy.Incapitalism,pricesareinconstantandrapidfluxandaredeterminedfrombelowbyindividualsfreelyexchanginginthemarketplace.Moneyisameansofexchange,andpricesaretheinformationpeopleusetoguidetheirchoices.VonMisesdemonstratedthatsocialisteconomiesdependoncapitalisteconomiestodeterminewhatpricesshouldbeassignedtogoodsandservices.Andtheydosocumbersomelyandinefficiently.Relativelyfreemarketsare,ultimately,theonlywaytofindoutwhatbuyersarewillingtopayandwhatsellersarewillingtoaccept.EEconomicshelpstoexplainhowYanomam-likehunter-gatherersevolvedintoManhattan-likeconsumer-traders.IntheNineteenthcenturyFrencheconomistFredericBastiatwellcapturedtheprinciple:“Wheregoodsdonotcrossfrontiers,armieswill."Inadditiontobeingfiercewarriors,theYanomamarealsosophisticatedtraders,andthemoretheytradethelesstheyfight.Thereasonisthattradeisapowerfulsocialadhesivethatcreatespoliticalalliances.Onevillagecannotgotoanothervillageandannouncethattheyareworriedaboutbeingconqueredbyathird,morepowerfulvillage—thatwouldrevealweakness.Insteadtheymasktherealmotivesforalliancethroughtradeandreciprocalfeasting.And,asaresult,notonlygainmilitaryprotectionbutalsoinitiateasystemoftradethat—inthelongrun—leadstoanincreaseinbothwealthandSKUs.FFreeandfairtradeoccursinsocietieswheremostindividualsinteractinwaysthatprovidemutualbenefit.Thenecessaryruleswerentgeneratedbywisemeninasacredtemple,orlawmakersincongress,butratherevolvedovergenerationsandwerewidelyacceptedandpracticedbeforethelawwaseverwritten.Lawsthatfailthistestareignored.Ifenforcementbecomestooonerous,thereisrebellion.Yettheconceptthathumaninteractionmust,andcanbecontrolledbyahigherforceisuniversal.Interestingly,thereisnowidespreadagreementonwhothe"higherforce"is.Religiouspeopleascribegoodbehaviortogodslaw.Theycannotconceiveofanorderlysocietyofatheists.Secularpeoplecreditthegovernment.Theyconsideranarchytobesynonymouswithbarbarity.Everyoneseemstoagreeontheconceptthatorderlysocietyrequiresanomnipotentforce.Yet,everywherethereisevidencethatthisisnotso.Animportantdistinctionbetweenspontaneoussocialorderandsocialanarchyisthattheformerisdevelopedbyworkandinvestment,undertheruleoflawandwithasetofevolvedmoralswhilethelatterischaos.TheclassicalliberaltraditionofvonMisesandHayeknevermakestheclaimthatthecompleteabsenceoftop-downrulesleadstotheoptimalsocialorder.Itsimplysaysweshouldbeskepticalaboutourabilitytomanagetheminthenameofsocialjustice,equality,orprogress.Questions1-5DothefollowingstatementsagreewiththeinformationgiveninReadingPassage1?Inboxes1-5onyouranswersheet,writeTRUEifthestatementistrueFALSEifthestatementiffalseNOTGIVENiftheinformationisnotgiveninthepassageSKUsisamoreprecisemeasurementtodemonstratetheeconomiclevelofacommunity.Noconcreteexamplesarepresentedwhentheauthormakesthestatementconcerningeconomicevolution.Evolutionandeconomicsshowadefectivehomolog.Martialactionsmightbetakentocrossthebordersiftradesdonotwork.Profitistheinvisiblehandtoguidethemarket.Questions6-8Choosethecorrectletter,A,B,CorD.Writeyouranswersinboxes6-8onyouranswersheet.6Whatoughttoplayavitalroleineachfieldtheeconomy?AastrictruleBasmartstrategyCatightlymanagedauthorityDapowerfullegislation7-8WhichtwoofthefollowingtoolsareusedtopretendtoaskforunionaccordingtooneexplanationfromtheperspectiveofeconomicsAanofficialannouncementBadiplomaticeventCtheexchangeofgoodsD