普通心理学第七讲thlan

ELIZA1960s,MITAConversationalist:Demonstratingthatitrecognizesworksandknowwhatrulestousetomaintainadialogue.WhatdistinguishesELIZAfromhuman?Relationbetweenthoughtandlanguage?Inwhatwayspeoplesgettolearnlanguage?1现在是1页\一共有38页\编辑于星期六ThoughtThinking,meansrepresentingthingsmentallyandoperatingontheserepresentations.2现在是2页\一共有38页\编辑于星期六OutlineUnitsofThought:Images,Concepts,andPropositionsReasoning,ProblemSolving,andDecisionMakingLanguage3现在是3页\一共有38页\编辑于星期六1.UnitsofThought:Images,Concepts,andPropositionsMentalImages&MentalModelsConceptsandCategoriesPropositions4现在是4页\一共有38页\编辑于星期六1.1MentalImagesandMentalModelsMentalImageAvisualrepresentationofastimulus.MentalModelsRepresentationsofsystemsthatenablepeopletodescribe,explain,andpredictthewaythingswork.5现在是5页\一共有38页\编辑于星期六1.2ConceptsandCategoriesConceptsMentalrepresentationofaclassofobjects,ideas,oreventsthatsharecommonproperties.CategorizationTheprocessofgroupingobjectsconsideredequivalentandexcludingthosethatarenot.Visualized&morethanvisualimage(car)Well-defined&FuzzyConcepts(good)6现在是6页\一共有38页\编辑于星期六7现在是7页\一共有38页\编辑于星期六ConceptsanditsOrganizationSetTheorySetofDefining(core)FeaturesFeatureIntegrationModelPrototypes原型Bird----robin&penguin8现在是8页\一共有38页\编辑于星期六概念与归类狗样例定义特征德国牧羊犬猎狗长毛卷耳狗玩具狮子狗四足、有尾动物吠声、气喘、淌口水通常受驯养、友好能捉跳蚤9现在是9页\一共有38页\编辑于星期六水果样例的典型性10现在是10页\一共有38页\编辑于星期六概念的形成Hypothesis-testingTheory整体策略部分策略同时性扫描连续性扫描保守性聚焦博弈性聚焦11现在是11页\一共有38页\编辑于星期六1.3PropositionsThesmallestunitsof

meaning

thatcanstandaloneasanassertionandbejudgedtrueorfalse.12现在是12页\一共有38页\编辑于星期六2.Reasoning,ProblemSolving,andDecisionMakingReasoningProblemSolvingDecisionMakingFactorsThatInterferewithRationalThinkingParallelDistributedProcessingUsingComputerstoSimulateThoughtADifferentPerspective:psychodynamic/behavioralview13现在是13页\一共有38页\编辑于星期六2.1ReasoningReasoningtheprocessbywhichpeoplegenerateandevaluatelogicalargumentsInductiveReasoning----observationreasoningfromspecificobservationstogeneratepropositionsthatareprobablytrue.DeductiveReasoning----ideaDrawingconclusionsfromassumptionsorpremises. 14现在是14页\一共有38页\编辑于星期六三段论(Syllogism)AllA(s)areBCisanACisaB15现在是15页\一共有38页\编辑于星期六三段论推理未婚者都不戴结婚戒指。小李未戴结婚戒指。所以，小李未婚。卡片一面是数字，一面是字母。如果卡片一面是字母A，另一面就是数字3。要验证第二个命题，必须翻什么卡片？AB3216现在是16页\一共有38页\编辑于星期六2.2ProblemSolvingTheprocessoftransformingonesituationintoanotherthatmeetsagoal.17现在是17页\一共有38页\编辑于星期六2.2.1TheProblem-solvingProcess Theproblemspace NoproblemInitialStateOperatorsGoalState18现在是18页\一共有38页\编辑于星期六2.2.2ThreeComponentsInitialstateExistingofproblemOperatorsmentalandbehavioralprocessesaimedattransformingtheinitialstateuntiliteventuallyapproximatesthegoalstate.GoalstateProblemissolved19现在是19页\一共有38页\编辑于星期六2.2.3StepsinProblemSolvingHollandetal.(1986):four-stepprocessDifferencesbetweenthetwostatesIdentifyandselectpossibleoperatorsApplytheoperators(Subgoals)ContinueusingoperatorsuntildifferencesareeliminatedWellorIll-definedproblemScience/Sociallife(信息和标准)20现在是20页\一共有38页\编辑于星期六Problem-SolvingStrategiesAlgorithmsSystematicproblem-solvingproceduresthatinevitablyproduceasolution.HeuristicsCognitiveshortcutsorRulesofThumbHypothesistestingExperience/Expectation/Motivation/Personality如何解决：半夜时分隔壁宿舍太闹/过得不开心21现在是21页\一共有38页\编辑于星期六2.3DecisionMakingDecisionmakingTheprocessbywhichanindividualweighstheprosandconsofdifferentalternativesinordertomakeachoice.Information-processingmodelsUtility/ProbabilityUtilityValueWeightedUtilityValueExpectedUtility22现在是22页\一共有38页\编辑于星期六23现在是23页\一共有38页\编辑于星期六RiskStrategies

(nonstatisticalriskestimate)Whichisyourchoice?85%chancetowin$100Suregainof$80Whichisyourchoice?85%chancetolose$100Surelossof$80Risk-averse/Risk-seekingstrategyOptimisticbias(whenestimateownrisks)24现在是24页\一共有38页\编辑于星期六2.4FactorsThatInterferewithRationalThinkingRepresentativeness&AvailabilityHeuristicDecidingwhetheranobjectorincidentbelongsinaparticularclass.Judgingthelikelihoodofsomethinghappeningonthebasisofitsavailabilityinmemory.ConfirmationBias2,4,6,MentalSetFunctionalFixedness25现在是25页\一共有38页\编辑于星期六2.5ParallelDistributedProcessingRuelhartetal.,1986:PDPmodelofcognitionTwopropositionsofPDPmodelParallelLetter-recognition/word-recognitionDistributed26现在是26页\一共有38页\编辑于星期六2.6UsingComputerstoStimulateThoughtArtificialIntelligenceGPS,GeneralProblemSolverELIZAExpertSystems27现在是27页\一共有38页\编辑于星期六2.7ADifferentPerspective:PsychodynamicandBehavioralViewofDecisionMakingRationaldecisionmakerofinformation-processingtheory.Decisionsinvolvemotivationandemotion,whichcanbetoomanyandirrationalandnotberepresentedinconsciousawareness.SyllogismaboutChairmanMaoWilson&Schooler(1991):草莓酱Wilsonetal.(1993)：艺术画28现在是28页\一共有38页\编辑于星期六AssignmentNo.4人类思维过程容易出现失误。为什么？ 请展开思路，从多个角度加以说明。29现在是29页\一共有38页\编辑于星期六3.LanguageThesystemofsymbols,sounds,meanings,andrulesfortheircombinationthatconstitutestheprimarymodeofcommunicationamonghumans.30现在是30页\一共有38页\编辑于星期六MaintopicsonlanguageLanguageandThoughtTransformingSoundsandSymbolsintoMeaningFromBabblingtoBanteringNonverbalCommunicationIsLanguageDistincttoHumans?31现在是31页\一共有38页\编辑于星期六3.1LanguageandThoughtHununoo(Philippines):92namesforriceGender/timephraseinEnglishB.Whorf(1956):WhorfianHypothesis

LanguageshapesthoughtThoughtshapeslanguageRosch(1973):Danipeopleforcolor(onlytwo)TheUnitedStates/TheseUnitedStates32现在是32页\一共有38页\编辑于星期六3.2TransformingSoundsandSymbolsintoMeaningElementsofLanguagephoneme,morpheme,sentence(phrase),grammarSlipsoftheTongue:MisplacingtheElementsofLanguage(PDP)SurfaceandDeepStructureTransformationalGrammarLAD,LanguageAcquisitionDeviceContextandMeaning33现在是33页