高中英语必修五知识点

高中英语必修五知识点Unit1:1.putforward:提出（计划、建议等）；将…提前；把钟表拨快e.g.Heputforwardagoodplanforthisproject.他为这项工程提出了一个好的方案。Thematchhasbeenputforwardto1:30.比赛已经提前到一点半举行。Puttheclockforwardbytenminutes.把钟表拨快十分钟。【词语联想】putaway:收起来；贮存，储蓄putdown:放下；写下，记下putoff:推迟；延期puton:穿上；增加；上演（戏剧）e.g.putonweight:增加了体重putonanewplay:上演新戏剧putup:张贴；撑开（帐篷）e.g.putupaposterputupatent:搭起帐篷2.conclude:v.作结论，断定（conclusion:n.结论）e.g.Thejuryconcludedthathewasguilty.陪审团认定他有罪。【习惯用语】★drawaconclusion作出结论3.defeatvt.打败,击败,战胜；使(希望,计划等)失败,挫败;阻挠,使无效e.g.Hefinallyconcededdefeat.他最终承认了失败。区别:defeat,conquer,overcomedefeat指“赢得胜利”,尤其指“军事上的胜利”,e.g.defeattheenemy打败敌人。conquer指“征服”、”战胜”,特别指“获得对人、物或感情的控制”,e.g.conquernatureovercome指“战胜”、“压倒”、“克服”尤指“感情”而言,e.g.overcomedifficulties4.attend:v.1)tobepresentat;goto(meeting,conference,lecture...)出席；参加e.g.Hedecidedtoattendthemeetinghimself.他决定亲自赴会。2)tolookafter,carefor,serve照顾；看护。e.g.Whichdoctorisattendingto(on)you?哪位医生护理你？3）togowith伴随e.g.Theworkwasattendedwithmuchdifficulty.这项工作带来许多困难。5.expose...to...e.g.Don'texposeyourskintothesunfortoolong.Theyhadtobeexposedtotheenemy'sgunfire.6.blamesb.forsth.因为某事责备某人e.g.Heblamedtheboyforhismistake.★betoblame:应受责备，应负责任Whoistoblameforthemistake？这个错误应归咎于谁？7.inaddition:除此之外，另外,意思相当于besides,what'smoree.g.Ipaid100Yuaninaddition.InadditiontoEnglish,hehastostudyasecondlanguage.区别:inadditionto,except,besides,besideinadditionto：除…之外，还有…，表示递进关系。e.g.Thecompanyprovidedtheworkerswithfreelunchinadditiontopaidholidays.这家公司为员工们提供带薪假期，还有免费午餐。except:除…之外，表示在整体中排除，e.g.Everyoneexceptmegotaninvitation.除了我以外,所有人都收到了请柬.besides表示“除了……以外，还有……”，与inadditionto同义，e.g.BesidesMrWang,wealsowenttoseethefilm.王先生也去了。Weallagreedbesideshim.我们都同意,他也同意。beside:在…旁边。表示方位。e.g.Lilysitsbesidemeinclass.莉莉在班上做我旁边。同义句转换1）HespeaksFrenchaswellasEnglish.e.g.HespeaksFrenchinadditionto/besidesEnglish.2)Apartfromthesalary,it’snotabadjob.e.g.Inadditionto/Exceptthesalary,it’snotabadjob.8.announce:公布；宣告e.g.Heannouncedhisdecision.他宣布了他的决定。9.absorbv.1)吸收Aspongeabsorbswater.海绵吸水。2）专心于★beabsorbedinsth:专心的，全神贯注的Thelittlegirlwasabsorbedinreadingatale.这个小姑娘正在全神贯注的阅读一篇故事。10.challengen.挑战;挑战书;邀请比赛;要求决斗vt.向...挑战,要求,怀疑;vi.挑战,对(证据等)表示异议e.g.meettheseriouschallenge面对严峻挑战Unit2:1.consistof＝bemadeupof由……组成(没有进行时）e.g.TheUKconsistsofGreatBritainandNorthernIreland.＝GreatBritainandNorthernIrelandmakeuptheUK.2.区别:separate...from(把联合在一起或靠近的人或物分离出来）o把…分开（把整体分为若干部分）e.g.Theteacherdividedtheclassintotwogroups.TheTaiwanStraitseparatesTaiwanfromFujian.3.debateaboutsth.e.g.Theydebateabouttheproposalforthreedays.debate/argue/quarrel4.clarify:vt./vi.(causesth.to)becomeclearoreasiertounderstand澄清；阐明;清楚；明了e.g.IhopewhatIsaywillclarifythesituation.Canyouclarifythequestion?5.belinkedto=beconnectedto/bejoinedto连接【习惯用语】★linkAtoB将A和B连接起来6.referto1)提及，指的是……e.g.Whenhesaid“somestudents”,doyouthinkhewasreferringtous?2)参考；查阅；询问e.g.Ifyoudon'tunderstandawordyoumayrefertoyourdictionaries.Pleaserefertothelastpageofthebookforanswers.3)关系到；关乎e.g.WhatIhavetosayreferstoallofyou.Thisrulereferstoeveryone.reference:n.参考e.g.referencebooks参考书7.toone'ssurprise(prep)“toone's+名词”表“令某人……”常见的名词有“delight,disappointment,enjoyment,astonishment等e.g.Idiscovered,tomyhorror,thatthegoodswereentirelyunfitforsale.ToJohn'sgreatrelieftheyreachedthehouseatlast.8....foundthemselvesunitedpeacefully“find+宾语＋宾补(adj;adv;v-ing;pp;介词短语；不定式）”e.g.Acookwillbeimmediatelyfiredifheisfoundsmokinginthekitchen.You'llfindhimeasytogetalongwith.Theyfoundthemselvestrappedbythebushfire.WhenIwokeup,Ifoundmyselfinhospital.Icalledonhimyesterday,butIfoundhimout.9.getsthdone=havesthdone使某事被做…….e.g.I'lljustgetthesedisheswashedandthenI'llcome.get+n.+todoget+n.+doingYou'llgethertoagree.I'llgetthecargoing.getdone:用于意想不到、突然或偶然发生，意为“被…….”e.g.Becarefulwhenyoucrossthisverybusystreet.10.breakaway(fromsb/sth)脱离；破除…e.g.Itisnoteasyforhimtobreakawayfrombadhabits.Themanbrokeawayfromhisguards.breakdown(会谈)破裂，失败；(汽车等)出故障；(人的健康状况)变得恶劣；（情感）失控e.g.Hiscarbrokedownonthewaytoworkthismorning.Hishealthbrokedownunderthepressureofwork.Hebrokedownandweptwhenheheardthenews.Talksbetweenthetwocountrieshavecompletelybrokendown.breakin闯入；打岔breakoff中断，折断breakinto闯入breakout爆发;发生breakup驱散；分散，拆散11.aswellas不仅…而且；既…又…e.g.Heisateacheraswellasawriter.Thechildrenaswellastheirfatherwereseenplayingfootballinthestreet.12.convenience:n.方便；便利（convenient:adj.）e.g.Weboughtthishouseforitsconvenience.13.attraction:（attract:v.）1).吸引；引力(不可数n.)e.g.attractionofgravitation重力2).吸引人的东西；喜闻乐见的东西；精彩节目(可数n.)Hecan'tresisttheattractionoftheseaonahotday.Abigcityoffersmanyandvariedattractions.Whataretheprincipleattractionsthisevening?14.influence1)v.对…产生影响e.g.Whatinfluenceyoutochooseacareerinteaching?2)可数n.产生影响的人或事e.g.Heisoneofthegoodinfluencesintheschool.3)(不可数n.)影响e.g.Ateacherhasgreatinfluenceoverhispupils.Unit3:1.impressionn.印记；印象；感想；后接ofsb./ofsth./onsb./that从句；e.g.Myfirstimpressionofhimwasfavourable.Igottheimpressionthattheywereunhappyaboutthesituation.知识拓展：impressv.给……留下深刻的印象；使铭记；使感动；常用结构有：impresssth.on/uponsb./impresssb.withsth.给……留下深刻的印象；使铭记；e．gItimpressedmethatsherememberedmyname.令我佩服的是她记得我的名字。2.remindv.提醒；使想起；常用结构有:remindsb.todosth.提醒某人做某事；remindsb.＋(that)/wh-从句提醒某人……；使某人想起……；remindsb.about/ofsth.使某人想起或意识到……；提醒某人某事e.g.I'msorry,butI'veforgottenyourname,canyouremindme?Youremindmeofyourfatherwhenyousaythat.知识拓展：remindern.提醒物；引起回忆的事物3.constantlyadv.始终；一直；重复不断地e.g.Fashionisconstantlychanging.时尚总是日新月异。知识拓展：constantadj.连续发生的；不断的；重复的；4.previousadj.先前的；以往的；（时间上）稍前的e.g.Nopreviousexperienceisnecessaryforthisjob.Icouldn'tbelieveitwhenIheardthenews.Ihadonlyseenhimthepreviousday.知识拓展：previouslyadv.先前的；早先e.g.Thebuildinghadpreviouslybeenusedasahotel.5.bendv.（bentbent）弯曲；使弯曲；弯腰；弯身；e.g.It'shardtobendanironbar.把铁棒弄弯很不容易。Shebentherheadandkissedherdaughter.她低下头吻了她的女儿。常用搭配有:bendone'smind/effortstosth.致力于某事bendsb.tosth.迫使；说服bendthetruth歪曲事实6.pressv.压；按；推；挤；坚持；敦促n.报章杂志，新闻工作者，新闻界e.g.Shepressedahandkerchieftohisnose.她用手绢捂住鼻子。Shepresseddownhardonthegaspedal.她用力踩下油门踏板。Heisstillpressingherclaimforcompensation.他仍坚持索赔。Thepresswas/werenotallowedtoattendthetrial.庭审谢绝新闻采访。7.switchn.&v.用作名词表示“开关；转换”。用作动词表示“转换”。e.g.Shemadetheswitchfromfull-timetopart-timeworkwhenherfirstchildwasborn.Pressthesetwokeystoswitchbetweendocumentsonscreen.Ican'tworknextweek,willyouswitchwithme?8.lackn.&v.用作名词，表示：“缺乏；短缺”；用作动词，表示：“缺乏；短缺；没有；不足”。e.g.alackoffood/money/skills缺乏食物/金钱/技能Thetripwascancelledthroughlackofinterest.因为缺乏兴趣这次旅行被取消了。Helacksconfidence.他缺乏信心。知识拓展：lackingadj.缺乏；没有；匮乏；不足9.surroundingsn.[pl.]环境；surroundv.围绕；环绕surroundingadj.周围的；附近的e.g.Everyonelikestoworkinpleasantsurroundings.10.catch/gain/getsightof发现，看出losesightof看不见,忘记loseone'ssight失明atfirstsight一见就；乍看起来Atfirstsight,theproblemseemseasy.at(the)sightof一看见就……Atthesightoftheteacher,theboyranaway.beinsight看得见，在眼前Theislandisstillinsight.outofsight看不见Outofsight,outofmind.11.takeuptofilloruseanamountofspaceortime占用（时间）；占据（空间）tolearntoorstarttodosth开始做（某项工作）；开始从事toacceptsth.thatisofferedoravailable接受（建议或能得到的东西）e.g.Thetabletakesuptoomuchroom.这张桌子太占地儿。Theyhavetakenupgolf.他们学起打高尔夫球来了。Shetookuphisofferofadrink.他请她喝一杯，她接受了。Hetakesuphisdutiesnextweek.他下周就要开始履行职责。12.sweepup打扫；清扫；横扫；涌向；快速地抱起e.g.Hesweptupthebabyupintohisarms.他一把将孩子抱进怀里Unit4:1.concentratevi.聚精会神，集中思想，多与on和upon或连用Concentrateonyourwork.集中精神工作。e.g.Adrivershouldconcentrateontheroadwhendriving.Industrialdevelopmentisbeingconcentratedinthewestofthecountry.2.acquirevt.获得,学到，取得，拥有acquired,acquiringe.g.SheacquiredaknowledgeoftheEnglishbycarefulstudy.Somesmokingandalcoholicdrinksareanacquiredtasteandarenotinborn.3.accusesb.ofdoingsth.指责，指控accused,accusinge.g.Thepoliceaccusedhimofmurder.警方指控他谋杀。Sheaccusedhimlying.她指责他说谎.Hewaswronglyaccusedofstealing.他误遭控告犯偷盗罪.4.beofinterest/importance,value,use,help,...=interesting/important/valuable/useful/helpful...e.g.Thisisamatterofgreatimportance.这是一件非常重要的事。Thebookisofgreatvaluetome.这本书对我来说有很大价值。Thereisnothinginteresting/ofinterestintoday'snewspaper.5.journalistn.新闻记者；新闻工作者e.g.Heisaprofessionaljournalist.他是一位专门的新闻从业人员6.delighteda.高兴的,快乐的e.g.Iamreallydelighted.我真的很高兴。【词语联想】delightn.高兴,愉快；vt.使高兴,乐于；vi.感到高兴(或愉快、快乐)e.g.Singingisherchiefdelight.唱歌是她的主要爱好。7.assistn.帮助,协助；vt.帮助,促进；vi.协助,参加【习惯用语】assistsb.withsth.帮助某人[做某事]assistsb.todosth.帮助某人[做某事]assistsb.indoingsth.帮助某人[做某事]区别:help,aid,assist都含"帮助"、"援助"的意思。help系常用词,意义较aid,assist强,指"以积极态度给予各方面的帮助",强调"受助者得到帮助或好处",并着重"受助者对帮助的需要"e.g.Pleasehelpmearrangethesepapers.aid属较正式用语,强调"帮助受助者脱离困难或危险",有时意味着"强者援助弱者"e.g.Theyaidedfloodvictims.assist是正式用语,多指"在提供帮助时,帮助者起次要或起协助作用"e.g.Sheassistedhiminhisexperiments.Unit5：1.firstaid的意思是“急救”，例如：firstaidtotheinjured给予伤员的急救。短语联想give/offeraid援助cometosb'said帮助某人teachingaids教具medicalaid医疗救护withtheaidof借助于getinjured受伤，在现代英语中大量地出现了由“get+及物动词不达意的过去分词”构成的被动语态，这叫get-型被动语态。又如：Thecomputergot(was)damagedwhenweweremoving.Mybikeisgetting(isbeing)repairedrow.2.Protect动词，“保护、维护”，用于句式“protect+名词+against/from+名词”。e.g.Heiswearingsunglassestoprotecthiseyesfromthestrongsunlight.【短语联想】Keep...from...不让/避免stop...(from)...阻止prevent...(from)...妨碍/防止disable...from...使……失去（能力/资格）save...from...挽救、拯救3.dependon取决于。e.g.Theamountyoupaydependsonwhereyoulive.词义拓展dependon依靠，依赖：Hisfamilydependsonhim.他的一家人全靠他养活。依赖，信任：WearedependingonyoutofinishthejobbyFriday.4.squeeze动词，意思是“榨取”、“挤出”，例如：squeezeanorange榨橘子squeeze+名词+out(of/from)+名词，e.g.Thoseblackmailersintendedtosqueezemoremoneyoutofhim.5.hurt既可作及物动词，作“伤害”、“使受伤”解，也可作不及物动词，作“疼痛”、“感到疼痛”解。既可表达身体的受伤，也可以表达情感的伤害。例如：e.g.Thelittleboyhasfallenoffaladderandhurthimself.Thedriverhurthimselfintheaccident.司机在事故中受了伤。6.unless除非……；如果不……。如：7.icyadj.冰凉的-y是个形容词后缀。如：windy有风的hilly多小山的sleepy困倦的greeny略呈绿色spicy辛辣的woody树木茂密的thirsty饥渴的dirty脏的snowy下雪的8.inplace放在适当的地方。如：e.g.Thelibrarianputthereturnedbooksinplace.图书管理员把还回的图书放到原处。Yon'dbetterputthingsbackinplace.Otherwise,itwillbedifficulttofindthings.9.sensen.感觉senseoftouch触觉senseofsight视觉senseofhearing听觉senseofsmell嗅觉senseofhumour幽默感senseofbeauty美感enseofhunger饥饿感thesixthsense第六感10.varietyn.多样,种类,★avarietyof…各种各样……【词语联想】variousa.不同的,各种的,多方面的,许多的e.g.Everyonearrivedlateatthepartyforvariousreasons.GRAMMAR一、过去分词过去分词兼有动词、副词和形容词的特征，可以带宾语或受状语修饰。过去分词和宾语或状语一起构成过去分词短语。它在句中可以作定语、表语、宾语补足语或状语。这节课讲解作定语、表语的用法。1.作定语作定语的过去分词如果是单词，一般放在被修饰词的前面；过去分词短语作定语，一般放在被修饰词的后面。例如：Therearemanyfallenleavesontheground.Thisisabookwrittenbyaworker.2.作表语过去分词作表语,多表示主语所处的状态。Iwaspleasedatthenews.Thedoorremainedlocked.过去分词作表语，相当于形容词，常见的有：delighted,disappointed,astonished,interested,satisfied,surprised,tired,worried,excited,married等。过去分词作表语时，应注意与被动结构的区别。系表结构说明主语的状态或具有的性质、特点；被动结构强调谓语动作。Thesmallvillageissurroundedbytrees.（状态）Thesmallvillagewassoonsurroundedbyenemysoldiers.（动作）I'minterestedinchess.（状态）3.过去分词做状语①表时间，相当于一个时间状语从句，有时过去分词前可加连词when或while来强调时间概念。Seenfromthetopofthehill,thecitylookedlikeabiggarden.AcceptedbytheParty,hedecidedtodevotehislifetothecauseoftheParty.②表原因，相当于一个原因状语从句。Exhausted,thechildrenfellasleepatonce.Encouragedbythespeech,theyoungpeoplemadeuptheirmindstotakeupthestruggle.③表条件，相当于一个条件状语从句，有时过去分词前可用if等词Heated,waterchangesintosteam.Givenanotherchance,hewilldobetter.④表让步，相当于一个though/although引导的让步状语从句。Laughedatbymanypeople,hecontinuedhisstudy.⑤表伴随，说明动作发生的背景或情况。Surroundedbyagroupofpupils,theoldteacherwalkedintotheclassroom.Thetrainerappeared,followedbyfivelittledogs.倒装句：一、here,there,now,then,thus等副词置于句首,谓语动词常用be,come,go,lie,run。Theregoesthebell.铃声响了。Thencamethechairman.主席来了。Hereisyourletter.你的信。二、否定词置于句首，句子应进行倒装。neither放句首Todcan'tswim,neithercanI.托德不会游泳，我也不会。用于never,hardly,seldom,scarcely,barely,little,often,atnotime,notonly,notonce,manyatime等词开头的句子。NevershallIgothereagain.我再也不去那了。Littledidheknowwhothewomanwas.他基本上不知道那女人是谁。Seldomwashelateforclass.他很少上学迟到。用于nosooner...than...,hardly...when...和notuntil...的句型中HardlyhadIreachedthestationwhenthetrainleft.我刚到车站,火车就离开了。Nosoonerhadshegoneoutthanthephonerang.她刚离开,电话就响了。Notuntiltheteachercamedidhefinishhishomework.直到老师来，他才完成作业。三、用于only放句首，修饰副词、介词短语或状语从句的句子。OnlyinthiswaycanyoumasterEnglishwell.只有这种方法，你才能学好英语。Onlythattimedidhedohishomework.直到哪个时间，他才做作业。OnlywhenhetoldmedidIrealizewhattroubleIwasin.省略句：一、省略的目的省略多见于非正式文体，尤其在对话中，省略是一种普遍的现象。英语中的省略一般说来有三个目的：1．避免重复，减少累赘。省略的主要目的是避免重复，去掉不必要的累赘和繁琐。Mikesaidthathewouldcometoschooltoseemethenextday,buthedidn'tcometoschooltoseemethenextday.Mikesaidthathewouldcometoschooltoseemethenextday,buthedidn't.（省掉最后九个词，句子简洁了许多）2．连接紧密，结构紧凑省略也是使上下文紧密连接的一种修辞手段。Johnwasthewinnerin1994andBobin1998.（Bob后省略了wasthewinner，句子结构显得比较紧凑）3．强调重点，突出信息省略的另一作用是突出新的信息Truthspeakstoolow,hypocrisytooloud.后一分句省略谓语speaks，突出了tooloud）二、句子成分的省略为了避免重复，或者为了使某一内容引人注目，可以省略某些句子成分而保持句子原意不变。1．省略主语Begyourpardon.请你原谅。（=Ibegyourpardon.））Servesyouright.你活该（=Itservesyouright.）2．省略谓语Anythingthematter?要紧吗？（=Isanythingthematter?）Theriverwasdeepandtheicethin.河很深，冰很薄。（=Theriverwasdeepandtheicewasthin.）3．省略表语Areyouready?Yes,Iam.（am后面省略了表语ready）4．省略宾语Wehavetoanalyzeandsolveproblems.(analyze后省略了宾语problems)Let'sdothedishes.I'llwashandyou'lldry.（wash和dry后面省略了宾语dishes）5．省略定语Hespentpartofthemoney,andtheresthesaved.（therest后面省略了定语ofthemoney）6．省略状语（Even）Thewisestmancannotknoweverything.省略在句子中的应用在一个句子中，省略可分为依赖上下文省略和不依赖上下文省略两种。前者省略的部分可在句子中找到，但后者可能找不到。1．简单句中的省略依赖上下文的省略在对话中最为常用。Likemorebeer?（=Would