兰寿(Ranchu)金鱼疾病的预防和对策

可编辑可编辑精品精品兰寿(Ranchu)金鱼疾病的预防和对策Disease Prevention and Countermeasures of Goldfish重在预防PreventionisKeyEveryonewhowanttofeedRanchuwillbebotheredbysicknessofthefish.Thelaterdiscoveryofillness,thelowerrateforfishtosurvive.mattermostistokeepfishhealthy,needlesstosayearlydetectionandtreatment.Here,the fiveprinciplesarelistedinordertoclarifythemethodofprevention.原则1饲养水的维持、管理不能懈怠Principle1Maintainingandmanagingthefeedingwatershouldnotbeenletup原因，除了从外部引入的特定病原体之外，就只有饲养水的管理不足了。FeedingtroughistheuniqelivingenvironmentforRanchu.TheconditionoffeedingwateriscloselyrelatedwithRanchu’shealth.Theonlycauseleadtofishdiseaseisthelackofmanagement,exceptofaspecificpathogenfromtheoutside.原则2多加注意防止引入疾病Principle2Paymoreattention,oryouwillleadindisease不论如何努力管理水质，如果带入了疾病就前功尽弃了。从外部引入疾病的途径有放入要作药浴，还要分开饲养一个季度。Ifinfectdisease,nomatterhoweffortswehaveputtomanagewaterquality,alltheworkwe'vedonewillbewasted.Theapproachsinfectingdiseasesfromoutsideareasfollows:putaforeignRanchuintothewater,polycultureoffishandsoon.eventheusingnetandcontainerthismomentisalsooneofthereasons.Notonlytomakemedicinebath,butalsokeepingaseparatequarterwhenleadingtheforeignfish.原则3进行预防药浴Principle3Preventivemedicinebath还可以通过药浴进行有效预防。Indifferentseasons,thediseasesthefishsusceptedarealsodifferent.Ifyouknowtheearlysymptomsofthedisease,notonlyearlytreatmentcanbeachieved,butalsocanbeeffectiveinpreventingdrugbath.原则4避免喂食过多饵料Principle4 Avoidoffeedingtoomuchbait持水质的稳定。Toomuchfeedwouldnotonlyincreasetheburdenofinternalorgans,waterqualitywillleadtocorruption.Allowfishtoeateighttokeepwaterqualitystable.5经常留意健康情况Principle5Payattentiontohealthfrequently鳃部的运动等了解鱼的健康状态并迅速采取对策，防止鱼得病。请牢记以上疾病预防的五大原则！Knowledgeiscertainlyimportant,butalsowillliveforeverydaybyusual observation. Through the surface, swimming stroke, gillmovement,etc.tofindoutthehealthoffish,andtakeprompttopreventthefishgettingsick.Keepinmindofthefiveprinciplesofdiseasepreventionabove!季节的变化与疾病Seasonchanges&Disease春季的疾病A、thespringdisease到了春天兰寿从冬眠中醒来由于冬眠中没能进食，免疫力较为低下。这个时期需注意的是由于饵料投放过多导致的肠炎以及由于水质腐败导致的细菌和原虫的滋生。15℃以下的冷天停止投饵，天气暖和时也需注意不要有剩饵。这一时期需要注意的有 白点病(Ich、烂尾(tail-rotdisease)、水霉(Saprolegniasis)等，如果在早期发现是比较容易治愈的。Inspring,Ranchuhavealowerimmunitywhentheywakeupfromhibernationwithouteatingsomething.Notethatthisperiodshouldnoteenteritiscausedbyputtingtoomuchbaitandbreedingofbacteriaandprotozoabecauseofcorruptionofwaterquality.Stopfeedingwhentheweatherdownsbelow15℃,andmakesuretherehavenoleftoverbaitwhentheweatheriswarm.Duringthisperiod,itshouldbenotedthatthereareIch,tail-rotdisease,Saprolegniasisandsoon,itisrelativelyeasytocureifhaveaearlydetection.夏季的疾病B、thesummerdisease由于水温上升，兰寿的体力和活动性都上升，免疫力也随之增高，但这是建立在饲养水的状态保持良好的基础之上的。水温上升致使水的腐败加快，需要通过换水保持水质。如果在这方面疏忽大意，能引发腮病的纤毛虫(ciliophora)、鞭毛虫（lagellate）(tail-rotdisease白云病(Costiasis)也需要引起注意。Asthewatertemperatureincreases,Ranchu’sstrengthandactivityareincreased,aswellasitsimmunity,butthisisbasedonkeepingagoodstateofwater.Itneedtomaintainwaterqualitybychangingthewaterwhenrisingwatertemperatureacceleratthecorruption.Ifthisisinadvertent,ciliophoraandlagellatethatleadtogilldiseasewillbreedinginalargenumber.Inaddition,tail-rotdiseaseandCostiasisalsoneedattention.Donothaveleftoverbait,andtakepreventivemedicinebathbasedonneed.Observedcarefullyeveryday,andtakepromptmeasureswhensomethingiswrong.秋季的疾病C、theautumndisease初秋天气凉爽，是最舒适的时期，但如果疏于管理饲养水，鱼就可能感染由纤毛虫和鞭毛虫（lagellate）(Ich）的发生。Coolweatherinearlyautumnismostcomfortablely,butifnotwellmanagedthebreedingwater,thefishmaybeinfecteddiseasescausedbyciliophoraandlagellateandotherprotozoa.Especiallyintheautumnperiod,lowwatertemperaturemayleadfishtodie,thatshouldmanagethebreedingwaterstrictly.Duringthisperiod,coolingwatertemperatureinautumnwillleadtoasharpdecline,itisalsoimportanttopreventthehappeningofIch.冬季的疾病D、thewinterdisease(Costiasis)和白点病(Ich）等。这些疾病也可以通过严格管理饲养水、进行预防药浴来防治。水池清扫、水质Inwinter,thefishactivitygoesdownthatleadingtolowimmunity.BecarefuleofCostiasisandIchandsoon.Thesediseasescanalsobepreventedthroughstrictlymanagingaboutbreedingwaterandtakingpreventivemedicinebath.Bycleaningthepool,controllingthewaterqualityandsoon,notonlycanpreventthediseaseinwinter,what’smoreimportantroleistopreventthediseaseinthespring.Fish,nomatterhowinactiveinthepoolwillbedepositeddirt,sowhentheweatheriswarm,drainingthebottomwaterandcleaningoutsedimentwhichworkasahotbedofbacteria.其他E、Others部引入疾病。Afterattendingseminarsandtasting,youshouldtakepreventivemedicinebathsforfishtohaveagoodrest,andbecarefulnottointroducethediseasefromtheoutside.⊙并将之运用在饲育管理上BeforeintroducingthevariousdiseasesofRanchu,weshouldlookattheotherreasonscausedRanchutodieexceptillnessatfirst.Pleasecarefullyreadbelowanduseitinthemanagementofrearing.死亡形态

死因 原因死死碍

水中溶解氧浓度不足，呼吸器（鳃）不完整亚硝酸（HONO）、铜离子（Cuion）过多，产生硫化氢中毒损伤

饲养密度过高，高水温，空气不足，投饵过多导致水质急剧恶化、骤变生有毒气体（换水不及时），白粉加重被捕食 鸟类（鹭鸶、乌鸦、伯劳），哺乳类（猫、防护网、防护栅等不完整，忘了盖上盖黄鼠狼、浣熊、老鼠等），蛇，水栖昆虫 等疏忽死死

外部的物理刺激 水温剧变，操作上的不注意体力消耗，衰老 产卵事故，运输过程中不注意，寿命药物致死恶性遗传病冻死DeathDeathDeathDeathreasonforms

药物剂量称量错误导致神经、器官的损伤、瘫痪遗传性畸形和残疾，极度虚弱体质结冰，气温急剧下降饲养容器、器具的破损，操作不当

估计剂量错误（未经充分确认），治疗药的错误使用，混入农药致畸因子的发现，孵化环境不合适（水温过高或过低）防冻措施不力，异常寒流，水深不足，青水调整不佳饲养环境检查不足，换水时的吸入事故，跳出容器Died of Lack of dissolved oxygen high Feeding density, highsuffocation

concentrationinwater,temperature,insufficientbreathingapparatus(gills)feedingtoomuchleadingtoisnotcomplete sharpdeteriorationinquality,suddenchangePoisoning

HONO,Cuiontoomuch,Feedingtoomuchbaitledtoproducinghydrogensulfidecorruptionthesedimentinthe(H2S)gas,bleachingtankproducetoxicgasespowderpoisoning

exchangeisnottimely),forgetneutralize bieachingpowdernutritionaldisturbanceBePreyed

LackofVitaminsandNutritionalimbalance,feedingminerals,sickofliver,toomuchleadtochronickidneyandothervisceralvisceraloverburdenBirds(egrets,crow,shrike),Protectivenet,protectivegrid,mammals(cats,weasels,whichdonotcomplete,forgotraccoons,mice,etc.),tocoverthelidandothersnakes,aquaticinsects, negligenceDied of External physical Drastic changes in waterimpacting

stimulation

temperature,notpayattentiontooperatingDebilitating

Physicalexertion,aging Spawningcarefully

accidents, duringdeathdrugfatality

transportation,lifeWeighingerrorsindosage Estimateddoseerrorledtodamage,paralysisin thefullrecognition),misuseofnerveandorgan drug,mixedwithpesticidesMaligna Genetic deformities and Teratogenicntgenetic

disabilities,physicalweakness

extreme factorsenvironment

,inappropriate(waterdiseases

temperatureistoohighortoolow)diecold

of Ice, the temperature inadequate droppedsharply measures,unusualcold,lowerwaterdepth,pooradjustmentofgreenwaterDied of Damage

of Feeding inadequate

inspection ofdisaster

containers,

apparatus, rearing

environment,

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inhalation

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changing water, out of container3）盐水浴3)salinebath疾病。SalinebathisaeffectivemethodtoregulateRanchu’shealthystatus,intheearlystages,evenwithoutusingdrugscancurediseases.A.盐分salinity含有的矿物质来调节体液的平衡，促进身体的恢复。因此，使用富含矿物质的天然盐Saltisthemaincomponentofseawhichisthemotherbredalllifeonearth.Thatisnotexaggeratetosaywhetherwater,thatis,fluidcanbewelladjustedplaysadecisiveroleonhealth.Keepbalanceofbodyfluidswithmineralwithinsaltsbyinjectingphysiologicalsalinetopromotephysicalrecoverywhenyoufeltsick.Therefore,usingnaturalsaltsrichinminerals,canachievegoodresults.盐水有效的原因B.thereasonsmakebrineeffective0.5-0.8%。通常情况下，比体液浓度低的水通过HealthyRanchuisabletomaintainanormalbodyfluidbalance,gillsandkidneyscanassumeitsfunction,becausethesetwoorganscanregulatebodyfluidosmoticpressure.Osmotic pressure means theeffect that when there existconcentration difference between the two systems when theconcentrationofthetwotendstomakeitequaltoinordertomaintainbalancedrole.C.盐水的浓度C.Theconcentrationofbrine低浓度盐浴法MethodofLowconcentratedsalt-bath0.3-0.5（盐水浴会肾小球（glomerulu）的滤过负担，对繁殖可能会造成影响，因此产卵时，温度在2℃以下时浓度保持在0.3%，25℃以上时使用0.5%的盐水，并进行日常的饲养管理，以达到治疗的目的。高浓度浴（短时间浴）Highconcentratedbath(short-termbath)须马上除去病原体。药浴时间要短，最长不能超过30分钟。药浴时需在旁边注意观察，若感到鱼的体力到达极限了就要立即捞出转移到0.3-0.5%的盐水中。超高浓度浴（极短时间的杀菌）Super-Highconcentratedbath(averyshorttimepasteurization)560D.混合药浴D.mixedmedicationalbath福尔马林（formali35-40甲醛水溶液formaldehydesolutio）绝对不可一起使用。Itisveryeffectiveinearlytreatmentandyoushouldusedoseofdrugsasprescribed.Itshouldnotbeusedtogetherwithformalin(35-40%formaldehydesolution),forithashighlytoxicwhenmixed.鳃病GilldiseaseJustasitsnameindicates,thisisadiseasethatinvatesgills.DamageofgillisfatalforRanchu.ItcanbesaidthatkeepingRanchuisastrugglewithgilldisease.Whileallcalledgilldisease,butithasavarietyofreasons,intheearlystages,diseasecanbetreatedwithsaltwaterbath,butasthediseaseprogresses,treatmentmethodshavebeguntomakeadifference.Hereatfirstsortoutthecauseofgilldisease,andtoexplainrespectively.A.柱状病（Columnari（初期为烂尾病(tail-rotdisease)）Columnaris(calledtail-rotdiseaseatearlystage)发病的直接原因Thedirectcauseofmorbidity由柱状屈挠杆菌（Flavobacterium感染导致发病。按其病灶部位不同，(tail-rotdiseas（Fin-roCaused byFlavobacteriumcolumnare,hasthename tail-rotdisease,Fin-rot,Rottenmouthdiseaseaccordingtotheirdifferentlesionsites.Butintheendareaffectedbythegill,therefore,allcalledgilldisease症状symptoms(Saprolegniasis)并发时，若不在早期进行治疗便无法治愈。Finscutting-edgebecomingopaqueandthesurroundingtissuehyperemiaaretheinitialsymptoms.Asthediseaseprogresses,gonorrheaspreadstotherootsoffins,fintipcracking,andwhenillseriously,thefinsbecomeonlybones,andsoontransferintogillsandgodie.whenSaprolegniasisconcurrent,ifnottreatedatanearlystagecannotbecured.治疗药与治疗方法drugsandmethodsfortreatment使用抗菌药物进行药浴能够杀灭病菌。有效的市售药品有Parazan使用抗菌药物进行药浴能够杀灭病菌。有效的市售药品有Parazan（（有效成分吲哚基磷酸Indole-basedphosphate、GreenFGol1（呋喃西林Nitrofurazon（Sulfamethoxazole-NHaitoropikaruT0018）（有效成分为依沙吖啶-利凡诺（Ethacridine-rivanol、磺胺间二甲氧嘧啶钠sulfadimethoxinesodiu、碳酸氢钠sodiumbicarbonat和氯化钠）时先换水，再使用0.5%盐水浴与上述药物进行混合药浴。如果同时伴有水霉病(Saprolegniasis)感染，要加投亚甲基蓝（MethyleneBluetrihydrate期后治疗会变得很困难，早期发现非常重要。Usingantimicrobialdrugsinmedicatedbathcankillbacteria.CommerciallyavailableandeffectivedrugsareParazanD(3)(theactiveingredientistheindole-basedphosphate),GreenFGold(1)(theactiveingredientistheNitrofurazone),sulfamethoxazole-Na),HaitoropikaruT0014 (8) (the active ingredient is the ethacridine - sulfadimethoxinesodium,sodiumbicarbonateandsodiumchlorideandsoon.Changethewaterbeforetreatment,thenuse0.5%salinebath with the above-mentioned drugs, mixing drugs bath. accompaniedbySaprolegniasis,shouldaidMethyleneBluetrihydrate.Thetreatmentofadvanceddiseasebecomesverydifficult,detectionisveryimportant.预防Prevention日常的饲养水管理，投饵保持八分饱，平时仔细观察鱼的情况，及时采取应对措施。Thedailyfeedingofwatermanagement,feedingtokeepeightfull,carefullyobservedthesituationoffish,andtakingresponsemeasuresattime.感染了柱状病的金鱼ThefishinfectedwithColumnaris斜管虫病（Chilodonelliosis）B.Chilodonelliosis发病的直接原因Thedirectcauseofmorbidity由纤毛虫(ciliophora)类的鱼居斜管虫（Chilodonellapiscicoola）寄生引起。春季前虚弱，较易得病。CausedbyciliophoraclassoffishlivingChilodonellapiscicoola.Itusuallyhappenedbeforespring,andwaterquality,environmentaldegradationisthemainreasonfortheoccurrenceofdisease.Ranchuisveryweakandmoresusceptibletodisease.whenjustreturnedfromhibernation.症状symptoms液开始异常分泌，病原体侵袭上皮细胞，不久鱼就会因呼吸困难而死亡。Atinitialperiod,itlossofappetite,lossofsurfaceluster,becomingnoclearsense.Astimegoeson,gillsbegantoabnormalmucussecretion,epithelialcells,pathogens,andsoonthefishwilldieduetobreathingdifficulties.治疗药与治疗方法drugsandmethodsfortreatment有效的市售药品为GreenF（5（呋喃西林Nitrofurazon亚甲基蓝（MethyleneBluetrihydrate和氯化钠）1~1.5行混合药浴，1天1次，每次15~90分钟左右，持续2~3天，这会使早期治愈会变得比较容易。盐水浴后，持续用GreenF（5）进行药浴直到痊愈。此外，高锰酸钾（mineralchameleon）也是治疗该病的特效药。虽然可以在药房买到，但由于不是常备药，需要先订购（在中国很容易5g用50010L2.5毫升药浴40分钟。如果是斜管虫病的话，溶液会由粉红色变为橙色。ThecommerciallyavailableandeffectivedrugsfaretheGreenF(5)(theactiveingredientistheNitrofurazone),MethyleneBluetrihydrateandsodiumchloride)andotherpigment-typesubstances.Toincorporateitintoa~1.5%ofthebrinemixedmedicatedbath,1dayatime,each15to90minutesfor2~3days,thiswouldbecomeeasiertocureearlystage.Afterthebrinebath,continuedtouseGreenF(5)toconductdrugbathuntilfullyrecovered.Inaddition,mineralchameleonisalsoacureforthetreatmentofthedisease.Althoughyoucanbuyinpharmacies,butnotastand-bydrugs,needtoorder(inChinaiseasy).Take5gdilutedwith500mlofpurewater,every10Laccessiontotheabovesolution,2.5mlwater,medicatedbathfor40minutes.IfitisChilodonelliosis,then,thesolutionfrompinktoorange.预防Prevention日常的饲养水管理，投饵保持八分饱，平时仔细观察鱼的情况。Thedailyfeedingofwatermanagement,feedingtokeepeightfull,carefullyobservedthesituationoffish.C.车轮虫病（Trichodinosis）.C.Trichodinosis发病的直接原因Thedirectcauseofmorbidity由纤毛虫(ciliophora)类的车轮虫大量寄生引起。车轮虫是一种圆形的纤毛虫(ciliophora)，以吞食兰寿体表的代谢物和细菌为生。少量寄生时不会有大的危害，但在饲Causedbyciliophoraclass,alargenumberofparasiticinsects.Trichodinaisakindofciliophora,livingbydevourmetabolitesandbacteriaofRanchusurface.Whenasmallamountofparasiticwillbenomajorharm,butinkeepingthewaterdeteriorationorwhenstockingdensityistoohigh,willbeasubstantialproliferationofthedisease.Ithavealargenumberofparasitesaroundthebodywouldstimulatetheaffectedpart,foranincreaseintheamountofmucussecretion.症状symptoms起。如果在鳃部大量寄生，鱼会因呼吸困难而死亡。First,fins,bodysurface,gillandotherpartswillgored,andifobservethem,youcanbeabletofindatanearlystage.Asthediseaseprogresses,finsbecomseasytopeeloffscales,mucussecretionincreased,makingthefish'smuster.Ifalargenumberofparasitesinthegills,thefishwilldieduetobreathingdifficulties.治疗药及治疗方法drugsandmethodsfortreatment发病初期，Green在一定程度上有效，剂量为每60升水中加入10g。该病在饲养水变质时较易发生，因为没有特别有效的药物，所以比较棘手。除了Green5，在介绍斜管虫病时提到的高锰酸钾对初期的疾病也有一定效果同。Intheearlystages,GreenF(5)doeseffectivetosomeextent,doseforevery60litersofwateradd10g.Thediseasearemorepronedeterioration in the rearing water occurs ,because there is particularlyeffectivedrugs,it'stricky.InadditiontoGreenFechinococcosismentionedatthebeginningofthediseaseofpotassiumpermanganatehassomeeffect,andthedosageisalsothesameasChilodonelliosis预防Prevention饲养水的管理不可懈怠、饲养密度不可过高。Themanagementoffeedingwatercannotbeslack,keepingthedensityisnottoohigh.D.鳃碘泡虫病（Myxoboliosis）D.Myxoboliosis发病的直接原因Thedirectcauseofmorbidity别有效的治疗方法，只能依靠鱼自身的免疫力。PathogenforthemucusisMyxobolussporesinsects,ofthetypesisthousandsormore,gillparasiteMyxoboluspartofitisthegills.Myxoboliosisisdividedintotwokinds,oneoccurredinearlywintertoearlysummerandanotherintheMay-Julyperiodofhightemperature.Theformerismainlyinfectedwithoneormoreofthefishage,deathismuchless;theotherisinfectedwithanagebelowwithgreatharm.Thediseaseisnotparticularlyeffectivemethodsoftreatmentrelyonthefish'sownimmunity.症状symptoms体表没有可见病变。打开鳃盖会发现类似白点病(Ich）的囊肿，非常容易辨别。其他的症状有：缺乏食欲，发呆，鳃的鼓动不自然、没有规律等。不论出现何种症状，都要立即将病鱼隔离，原水槽换水并仔细消毒，对病鱼进行盐水浴，寄希望于其自愈能力。Surfaceisnovisiblelesions.OpenthegillcoverwillfindsimilardiseaselikeIchofthecyst,itisveryeasilydistinguished.Othersymptomsinclude:lackofappetite,adaze,gillagitationisnotnatural,thereisnolawandsoon.Nomatterwhatkindofsymptoms,sickfishshouldbeimmediatelyisolated,theoriginalsinkandcarefullychangingthewater,andtakesalt-bathtothesickfish,hopesitsself-healingcapabilities.治疗药与治疗方法drugsandmethodsfortreatment5月Isodine（碘伏）等对饲养容器和器具进行完全消毒。福尔马林毒性较强，对人体有刺激作用且具挥发性，使用时要特别小心。Thereisnoeffectivetreatmentavailableinthemarketforsale.Thisdiseaselikerenalhypertrophy,relatedwithearthwormsinthemudpool,andthereforekeepingthewaterdepositionofthesludgedepositswastheculprit.Incoldweather,theageoftwoormorefishhaveastrongerimmunesystem;5monthslater,renalfunctionismoreactiveandcanbeexcretedpathogensandnaturalhealing,butstillimportanttoremovethepathogenicfactors.Itisneedtouseformalin,chlorine,Isodine,etc.forkeepingcontainersandutensilscompletelydisinfected.Formalinmaybetoxictohumanstimulus,beparticularlycarefulwhenusing.预防Prevention日常的饲养水管理，投饵保持八分饱，平时仔细观察，及时采取正确的应对措施。Thedailyfeedingofwatermanagement,feedingtokeepeightfull,carefullyobservedthesituationoffish,andtakingresponsemeasuresattime.E指环虫（Dactylogyru、三代虫病E.Dactylogyrus,gyrodactylus发病的直接原因Thedirectcauseofmorbidity过渡的5~7病死率较高，治疗晚了整缸鱼有可能全部死亡，早期发现是关键。Itisafatalinfectionofthegillsofdiseasecausedbydactylogyrusandgyrodactylus.Inthetransitionfromspringtosummer,5to7months,thebait,feces,algaeandotheraccumulatedatthebottomthatleadingtodeteriorationofwaterquality,pathogensthrive.Diseasemortalityrateishigh,itbekillallthefishift