Lectureseven锦上添花四字句概要

1倒装强调句型虚拟语气独立主格结构倒装的概念倒装是一种语法手段，用于表示一定的句子结构或强调某一句子成分。倒装句有两种：全部倒装和部分倒装。全部谓语动词都放在主语前；谓语动词的一部分如助动词，情态动词或系动词提前。写作中常用的全部倒装句型1.方位状语开头时，句子进行全部倒装2.主语与表语互换位置常用的部分倒装1.notuntil放在句首，2.当“only+状语”位于句首表示强调时用倒装，3.以否定意义状语开头，强调句的概念强调句是人们为了表达自己的意愿或情感，通过各种方式对句子的某个部分进行强调，从而起到修辞的作用。2.双重否定可表强调3.what引导的主语从句可表强调4.比较状语从句可表强调t虚拟语气种只存在讲话人想象中的“假设”或“推测”，而不是当做客观现实中的真实条件。它表达的是怀疑、忧虑、推测、假设、想象或祝愿等。例：2虚拟语气写作中常用的虚拟条件句分为以下三类：1)与现在事实相反的情况；2)与过去事实相反的情况；3)推测将来的情况(也可以理解为与将来事实相反的情况)通过下面这个小故事轻松学习虚拟语气。故事人物：男主人公：郭靖女主人公：黄蓉与现在事实相反的情况当黄蓉犹豫不决要不要嫁给郭靖时，被感动了的华筝愿意成全黄蓉。对黄蓉说：与现在事实相反，华筝是华筝，黄蓉是黄蓉，华筝不可能是黄蓉。与过去事实相反的情况黄蓉和郭靖结婚后过得很幸福，但是有一天闹别扭，愤怒的黄蓉大声对郭靖说：--No!推测将来的情况欧阳克对黄蓉死缠不休，誓娶黄蓉为妻。这时黄蓉为了让欧阳克死心，说了句与将来事实相反的虚拟语气句。虚拟条件虚拟条件句与现在事实If+主语+动词的过去式相反的假设(动词be用were)与过去相反If+主语+had+过去分词与将来相反1、If+主语+动词过去式的假设2、If+主语+wereto+动词原形might,could＋动词dmight,could＋动词原形would,might,couldeg:IfIhadtime,Iwouldattendthemeeting.ldhavecaughtthetrain3ogoabroadIwouldgotoAmericaMorepractice:我如果能回答你所有的问题，我就是天才了。如果我们不做充分的准备，会议是不会开得这么成功的。要是我做这项工作，我会以不同的方式去做。IfIweretodothework,Ishoulddoitindifferentway.二、虚拟语气在名词性从句中的运用(1)用于宾语从句一般用虚拟语气，表示一种不可能实现的愿望。其谓语动词形式为：表现在过去时表过去过去完成时表将来would,might,could＋动词原形Iwish(that)Iwereabird.Iwish(that)Ihadseenthefilmlastnight.Iwish(that)Iwould\couldgo.2.用于表示命令、建议、要求等一类词后面的宾语从句。他脸上的表情表明他对我们的工作很满意．(2)用于advice,demand,order等名词后的主语从句，表语从句和同位语从句中teacceptingitearIfIhadthebook,Iwilllendittoyou.will----shouldwould----willwould-----had4独立主格结构with+名词/代词短语/形容词/副词/现在分词/过去分词/动词不定式此独立主格结构在英文中作状语。分别举例如下：1.with+介词短语Manisdeterioratingtheenviromantincessantly,withmanyspeciesonthevergeofextinction.2.with+形容词treetunbreathable3.with+副词4.with+现在分词dtherechattingwithherteacherwithherboyfriendwaitingforher5.with+过去分词Mostfactorieslaymoreemphasisonprofit,withthedischargedpoisonouswater6.with+不定式Withthepollution-freeenergytobeusedintheprospectivefuture,ouratmosphere单句的扩展•英文段落中的各个语句在长度上应该有一定变换，即所谓的长短句之说。短句给人以精炼强调之感，长句则给人以严谨深刻之感。•一般说来，长句有两种情况，一种是由于结构复杂而形成的长句；还有一种是由简单句扩展而成以使语句表达得更加生动和清楚。•英文写作不能一味地使用短句。段落中的短句过多，不仅使得段落显得单调，而且使得段落非常零散、内容浅薄。如果一旦发现段落中尽是写短句的话，这时就需要将某些简短的语句扩展成比较长的句子。语句的扩展主要是在语句的主干上增添修饰成分(如定语、状语等)。.你现在应该戒烟了。这样进行：.Youshouldgiveupsmokingnow,forthesakeofyourownhealth,forthesakeofthehealthofothers,forthesakeofyourfamily,andforthesakeoftheentireworld..为了你自己的健康，为了他人的健康，为了你的家庭，也为了整个世界，你现在应该戒烟了。.2)Doctorsthinkthatanactivepersonshouldhavearestfulhobby,whileaperson.医生认为爱好活动的人应该有安静型的业余爱好，而伏案工作的人应该有着活动型的业余爱好。ivepersonsuchasabaseballplayeroraswimmershouldtonsorshells5.3)Achildwithaproblemwillprobablygotohisfriendsforsympathy..一个碰到问题的孩子有可能到朋友那里寻求同情。.如要扩展此句，可以这样来进行：.Achildwithaproblem,whenhefeelswhathewillprobablygetfromhisparentsisincomprehensionorcriticism,willgoinsteadtohisfriendsforsympathyandadvice,.通过阅读书籍我们可以了解很多东西。.如要扩展此句，可以这样来进行：.Byreadingscientificbooks,wecanbeinformedofmanyfacts;byreadinggeography,weknowtheearth'ssurface,forms,physicalfeatures,ect.;byreading练习一：串词成句•示例•1.metyoutwoeachotherhave?•2.havenodon'tbelieveIwee•3.veryfarfromhomeveryclosetonatureIfeltbut•Ifeltveryfarfromhomebutveryclosetonature.Morepractice•1.wereyouragaininterviewyouthinkingweren'tyou•Youwerethinkingaboutyourinterviewagain,weren'tyou?•2.standinginlinestruckupbothofusformovieticketsandaonwerewe•3.I'veeverbeencompletelydifferentfromitwasanyplaceen•4.pickupasItravelIfindthatmanyphrasesandexpressionsIcanlecture单句扩展•这一部分的训练主要依托所给予的非常有限的信息，同时根据字数要求进行发散性•主要目的是训练长句的组织能力，奠定坚实的语言表达功底。.NomatterhowbusyIam,Ialwaystrytofindtimetogoswimmingatleastoncea.2.noonewilleverdenythefactthat...friendshipimportantandthat...ut.Noonewilleverdenythefactthatfriendshipisimportantandthatlifewouldbeboringwithoutfriendsandfriendship.6.提示：帮忙.ItisnotthatIdon'twanttohelpyoubutthatIcan'tbecauseIhavesomuchworktodoatthemomentandsimplycan'tfindanytime..4.thoughtherearecertain...Iarguethatitsadvantagesfaroutweighandi.提示：留学gesyQuiz：whilesomepeoplethinkthatIholdthat).提示：献血.2.Ascanbeseentheabovediscussionequalitybetweenmenandwomen单词)IntroductionIntroductionClassificationstructureFunctionRhetoricLengthPartIindicative,interrogative,imperative,periodic,parallel7ctnt1)语法一致原则(grammaticalconcord)2)意义一致原则2)意义一致原则3)就近原则(principleofproximity)Theyoftenplayfootballontheplayground..Myfamilyarehavinglunchnow.3.就近一致：neqiname1.书刊名、国名、组织名+slverbce2.群岛、山脉、海峡、瀑布+plverb8neither…nor…,also…,principleTheStraitsofGibraltarhaveneither…nor…,also…,principle一家人+plverbges2.Thewriterandtranslator__(is/are)mygoodfriend.job6.DoctorSmith,togetherwithhiswifeandtwosons,__(is/are)toarriveontheeveningflight.andbothandVpl.★但是，并列主语如果指的是同一个人、同一事物或同一概念时，谓语动词用单3.当主语部分含有with，togetherwith，alongwith，aswellas等介词或介词短语时，谓语动词与第一个名词即真正主语一致4.either…or…，notonly…butproximityofnot…but…proximityPartIIinnumberUnity→Coherence→Conciseness→Emphasis→VarietyEffectivesentencesUnifiedOnemainideacompleteinasentenceCoherentClearandcorrectarrangementofthepartsofasentenceConciseBriefandclearEmphaticKeypointsVariousChangeforvarietySentenceUnityandCoherence.1.时态的一致性.2.正确使用平行结构.3.代词的指代关系要清楚ConsistencyinTense.当文章主要论说一种现象或社会问题，或阐述一种观点时，常常采用一般现在时。9.Classifiedadvertisingistheadvertisingwhichisgroupedincertainsectionsofthepaper..Suchgroupsas"HelpWanted","RealEstate","LostandFound"aremade.ParallelStructure.平行结构在写作中表现力度强，可使叙述显得条理清晰，语言整齐，但使用时注意各句子的语法形式要大致相同。例如：itisreassuringtobelievethattheycanbe-orcanbecome-affectionate,gentle,patient,sympathetic,andsoon.Ifmalesaretoserveashuntersandwarriors,itiscomfortingtobelievethattheycanbe-orcanbecome-adventurous,aggressive,courageous,energetic,independent,self-confident,andthelike.UsingofPronoun.在写作中，代词的使用是简化叙述和衔接前后的手段，在使用代词时，必须要有前置词或句子，才能够让读者判断代词所指的人或事物。.Nowitisclearthatthedeclineofalanguagemusthavepoliticalandindividualwriter.SentenceUnityunitymeansthatonlyoneideaorthoughtcanbeexpressedinonesinglesentence.andthatideaiscomplete.Forinstance:.Hediedinatrafficaccident,andhehasjustreachedtheageof73..Hediedinatrafficaccidentjustafterhehadreachedtheageof73.LastnightBobbrokehisarm,andhelosthiscarkeys.Unified:LastnightwhenBobbrokehisarm,helosthiscarkeysandthereforecouldnotdrivehimselftotheemergencyroom.Tips:otwoormoresentences.Twocommonerrorstobeavoidedinunifiedsentences:1Sentencefragmentsp26WaystorevisefragmentsMakeitapartofthecompletesentenceExamples:(Note:Fragmentsareprintedinitalics.)Fragment:Henrysmiledself-consciously.Likeapoliticianbeforeacamer.aRevised:Henrysmiledself-consciously,likeapoliticianbeforeacamera.or:Henrysmiledself-consciously---likeapoliticianbeforeacamera.Fragment:Althoughgrocerypricearestillhig.hFoodisplentiful.Revised:Althoughgrocerypricearestillhigh,foodisplentiful.Fragment:FoodbeingplentifulduringthisseasonP.ricesaredeclining.Revised:Foodbeingplentifulduringthisseason,pricesaredeclining.Fragment:Bobtriestocallhomeonceaweek.Tostayintouchwithhisfamil.yRevised:Bobtriestocallhomeonceaweektostayintouchwithhisfamily.andsquash.Revised:Thetablewasloadedwithvegetables,suchaslettuce,carrots,spinachandsquash.P28-P29.Partsofcompoundpredicates.Appositives.Lists.Examplesintroducedby"suchas',"forexample"andsimilarexpressions2)Makeitintoasentence.Fragment:Henrysmiledself-consciously.Likeapoliticianbeforeacamer.aRevised:Henrysmiledself-consciously.Helookedlikeapoliticianbeforeacamera.themwithalltheclothesshecouldfind.Revised:Sheturnedasuit-caseintoabedandputthechildreninsideit.SheCoveredthemwithalltheclothesshecouldfind.(consistencyintense)hembutnocoordinatingconjunctionpwrong..Manypeoplehaverealizedtheimportanceofqualityeducation,ourgovernmentisentededucationRevised:Humannatureisseldomassimpleasitappears.Hastyjudgmentsarethereforeoftenwrong.sntededucationRevised::Humannatureisseldomassimpleasitappears;Hastyjudgmentsarethereforeoftenwrong.ntededucationnoftenwrong.Revised:Manypeoplehaverealizedtheimportanceofqualityeducation,andourRevised:BecauseHumannatureisseldomassimpleasitappears,hastyjudgmentsareenwrongdRevised:Therealizationoftheimportanceofqualityeducationresultsinthegovernment’sAcoherentsentenceisonethatisintegrated,consistent,andintelligible.Coherenceiserentgroups.3.Allmodifiersshouldclearlymodifytheintendedword.b.Placealimitingadverbimmediatelybeforetheworditmodifiesratingthepartsofaverbphraseorthepartsofaninfinitivesplacedmodifiertb.Squintingmodifier:amodifierthatrefertoeitheraprecedingorafollowingword.often.Usually,.........usually.Danglingmodifierisamodifier,primarilyverbalphrasethatdoesnotreferclearlyandExampleor.PlacementofImportantIdeas.PlacementofImportantwords.UseofPeriodicSentence.ClimacticOrder.RepetitionOfImportantWords.However,''endfocus"or''endweight''..Forexample:.(1a)Incorrectgrammarandimproperconstructioninvariablydistractreaders'attention.bThehistoryofvocabularyis,inmanyways,therecordofcivilization..(2b)Thatsinger'slifewastragicandbrief..Thatsinger'slifewasbriefandtragic..Themainthoughtishelduntiltheendorneartheend.(especiallyadverbial.副词短语更是如此，如:itsdurability..Becauseofitsdurability,steeliscommonlyusedtomakeknives,razorsandother.(4b)Wereyouboredwithyearsofstudyinelementaryschool,highschoolanducation.(5a)Jackieenjoysthecompanyofladies.Helikestheirbeauty,helikestheir.(5b)...thelandstretchedoutwithoutnames.Namelessheadlandssplitthesurf;lentrest.Goodorganizatione.Variety.Why?.How?.Why?.---thecompositionmustbeboring..---it'satime-consumingjob..Howto?.combinedifferentwaystogether:usingsomepropercoordinateandcomplex.P84eWatchingyourealize.eOnecaneasilygothroughlife.→Downtherewherecoalisdugitisasortofworldapartwhichonecaneasilygothrough.....Isithereatthiskeyboard.Itrytothinkofthingstosay.ThewordsarenotcomingIamtired.^Icannotcontinuemywriting..1)Thegoatsgrazedpeacefullyinthefarmandwereunawareoftheapproachinghunter)+2).(5)Asthegoatsgrazedpeacefullyinthefarm,theywereunawareoftheapproachinghunter.(原因副词从句+主句))的句式最常见；如果加上其他三种互相交替，句子不是更多样化吗？.(2)Grazingpeacefully,thegoatsinthefarmwereunawareoftheapproachinghunter.(现在分语短语+简单句).(3)Inthefarm,thegoatsgrazedpeacefullyandwereunawareoftheapproachinghunter.(副词短语+并列分句(1)-(2)).(4)Thereweregoatsgrazingpeacefullyinthefarm,unawareoftheapproachinghunter.(简单句+形容语短语)ining.(b)Theyoungpilotfeltveryuneasyduringhisfirstoverseastraining.asyrstoverseastrainingtheyoungpilotfeltveryuneasyneasyryuneasy之外，其他五样，用的人并不多。人们最喜欢采用复杂句；接着便是并列句(h)。如果大多数人的句子只限于,(g),(h),(j)和这五种，而其他的则弃如敝屣，不是很可惜增强英语语句表现力的有效方法.一、避免使用语意弱的“be”动词。.1、把句中的表语转换为不同的修饰语。例如：置定语).2、将作表语用的形容词或名词变为行为动词。例如：ionoftardinessatestardiness.3、在以“here”或“there”开头的句子中，把“be”动词后的名词代词变成改写句的主.1)Weak:Thereisnoopportunityforpromotion..Revision:Noopportunityforpromotionexists.(主谓)dhavearrived二、多用语意具体的动词，保持句意简洁明了。例如：三、尽量运用主动语态。例如.Better:Charityhassupportedtheorganization.四、防止使用语意冗长累赘的词语。例如：.Improved:Mylittlesisterpreferschocolatemilk..2、Wordy:Weareinreceiptofyourletterandintendtofollowyour.Improved:Wehavereceivedyourletterandintendedtofollowyour.3、Redundant:Wehadaseriouscrisisatschoolyesterdaywhenourchemistrylaboratorycaughtfire.fire.五、杜绝滥用陈旧词语或难懂的专业术语。例如：salskIneedherfinancialinputbeforeIcanguesstimateourexpendituresnextfall..Improved:IneedherfinancialfiguresbeforeIcanestimateourexpendituresnextfall.Introduction.WhatisParallelism?.ThevalueofParallelismelism.AvoidfaultyParallelism.What?.When?ghtsorideasappearsinonestgradeteacherwasanelderlytallandfriendlywomanone