教程说明c8t1阅读

READINGPASSAGEYoushouldspendabout20minutesonQuestions1-13,whicharebasedonReadingPassage1below.AChronicleofOurconceptionoftimedependsonthewaywemeasureAAccordingtoarchaeologicalevidence,atleast5,000yearsago,andlongbeforetheadventoftheRomanEmpire,theBabyloniansbegantomeasuretime,introducingcalendarstoco-ordinatecommunalactivities,tontheshipmentofgoodsand,inparticular,toregulatentingandharvesting.(Q8)Theybasedtheircalendarsonthreenaturalcycles:thesolarday,markedbythesuccessiveperiodsoflightanddarknessastheearthrotatesonitsaxis;thelunarmonth,followingthephasesofthemoonasitorbitstheearth;andthesolaryear,definedbythechangingseasonspanyournet'srevolutionaroundtheBBeforetheinventionofartificiallight,themoonhadgreatersocialimpact.And,forthoselivingneartheequatorinparticular,itswaxingandwaningwasmoreconspicuousthanthepassingoftheseasons.Hence,thecalendarsthatweredevelopedatthelowerlatitudeswereinfluencedmorebythelunarcyclethanbythepractised,thesolaryearbecamemorecrucial.AstheRomanEmpireexpandednorthward,itorganiseditsactivitychartforthemostpartaroundthesolaryear.CCenturiesbeforetheRomanEmpire,theEgyptianshadformulatedamunicipalcalendarhaving12monthsof30days,withfivedaysaddedtoapproximatethesolaryear.(Q5)Eachperiodoftendayswasmarkedbytheappearanceofspecialgroupsofstarscalleddecans.AttheriseofthestarSiriusjustbeforesunrise,whichoccurredaroundtheall-importantannualfloodingoftheNile,12decanscouldbeseenspanningtheheavens.ThecosmicsignificancetheEgyptianscedinthe12decansledthemtodevelopasysteminwhicheachintervalofdarkness(andlater,eachintervalofdaylight)wasdividedintoadozenequalparts.Theseperiodsbecameknownastemporalhoursbecausetheirdurationvariedaccordingtothechanginglengthofdaysandnightswiththepassingoftheseasons.Summerhourswerelong,winteronesshort;onlyatthespringandautumnequinoxeswerethehoursofdaylightanddarknessequal.Temporalhours,whichwerefirstadoptedbytheGreeksandthentheRomans,whodisseminatedthemthroughEurope,remainedinuseformorethan2,500years.DInordertotracktemporalhoursduringtheday,inventorscreatedsundials,whichindicatetimebythelengthordirectionofthesun'sshadow.Thesundial'scounterpart,thewaterclock,wasdesignedtomeasuretemporalhoursatnight.Oneofthefirstwaterclockswasabasinwithasmallholenearthebottomthroughwhichthewaterdrippedout.Thefallingwaterleveldenotedthepassinghourasitdippedbelowhourlinesinscribedontheinnersurface.AlthoughthesedevicesperformedsatisfactorilyaroundtheMediterranean,theycouldnotalwaysbedependedonthecloudythecloudyandzingweatherofnorthernETheadventofthemechanicalclockmeantthatalthoughitcouldbeadjustedtomaintaintemporalhours,itwasnaturallysuitedtokeeequalones.Withthese,however,arosethequestionofwhentobegincounting,andso,intheearly14thcentury,anumberofsystemsevolved.Theschemesthatdividedthedayinto24equalpartsvariedaccordingtothestartofthecount:Italianhoursbeganatsunset,Babylonianhoursatsunrise,astronomicalhoursatmiddayand'greatclock'hours,usedforsomelargepublicclocksinGermany,atmidnight.(Q4)Eventuallytheseweresupersededby'smallclock',orFrench,hours,whichsplitthedayintotwo12-hourperiodscommencingatmidnight.(Q6)FTheearliestrecordedweight-drivenmechanicalclockwasbuiltin1283inBedfordshireinEngland.Therevolutionaryaspectofthisnewtimekeeperwasneitherthedescendingweightthatprovideditsmotivenorthegearwheels(whichhadbeenaroundforatleast1,300years)thattransferredthepower;itwasthepartcalledtheescapement.Intheearly1400scametheinventionofthecoiledspringorfuseewhichmaintainedconstanttothegearwheelsofthetimekeeperdespitethechangingtensionofitsmainspring.Bythe16thcentury,apendulumclockhadbeendevised,(Q3)butthependulumswunginalargearcandthuswasnotveryefficient.GToaddressthis,avariationontheoriginalescapementwasinventedin1670,inEngland.Itwascalledtheanchorescapement,whichwasalever-baseddeviceshapedlikeaship'sanchor.(Q7&9)Themotionofapendulumrocksthisdevicesothatitcatchesandthenreleaseseachtoothoftheescapewheel(Q10&11),inturnallowingittoturnapreciseamount.Unliketheoriginalformusedinpendulumclocks,theanchorescapementpermittedthependulumtotravelinaverysmallarc.Moreover,thisinventionallowedtheuseofalongpendulumwhichcouldbeatonceasecondandthusledtothedevelopmentofanewfloor-standingcasedesign,whichbecameknownasthegrandfatherclock.（Q12&13）HToday,highlyaccuratetimekeeinstrumentssetthebeatformostelectronicdevices.Nearlyallcomputerscontainaquartz-crystalclocktoregulatetheiroperation.Moreover,notonlydotimesignalsbeameddownfromGlobalPositioningSystemsalitescalibratethefunctionsofprecisionnavigationequipment,theydosoaswellforphones,instantstock-tradingsystemsandnationwidepower-distributiongrids.Sointegralhavethesetime-basedetoday-to-dayexistencethatourdependencyonthemisrecognisedonlywhentheyfailtoQuestions1-ReadingPassage1haseightparagraphs,A-WhichparagraphcontainsthefollowingWritethecorrectletter,A-H,inboxes1-4onyouransweradescriptionofanearlytimekeeinventionaffectedbycoldsundialtimekeeinvention，这段的最后一句有一个zingweathercoldtemperatures，能够说明这道题的信息在D段。theycouldnotalwaysbedependedoninthecloudyandoftenzingweatherofnorthernEurope.coldtemperaturesanexnationoftheimportanceofgeographyinthedevelopmentofthecalendarinfarmingcommunitiesHence,thecalendarsthatweredevelopedatthelowerlatitudeswereinfluencedmorebythelunarcyclethanbythesolaryear.年adescriptionoftheoriginsofthependulumpendulumclockF段末尾该词第一次出现,origin的概念。故该题答案为F。Bythe16thcentury,apendulumclockhadbeen16世纪，摇摆钟被发明出来……这题易错点在于通常会定位到G段。detailsofthesimultaneouseffortsofdifferentsocietiestocalculatetimeusinguniformhours.从问题当中 从问题当中 differentsocieties和uniformhours，注意看各段的首尾句E段首句说尽管机械钟的出现意味着能够计时，但还要保持equalone，对应uniformhours，说明可能在Edifferentsocieties:Italianhoursbeganatsunset,Babylonianhoursatsunrise,astronomicalhoursatmiddayand'greatclock'hours,usedforsomelargepublicclocksinGermany,atuniformQuestions5-Lookatthefollowingevents(Questions5-8)andthelistofnationalitiesbelow.Matcheacheventwiththecorrectnationality,A-F.Writethecorrectletter,A-F,inboxes5-8onyouranswerListListofTheydevisedacivilcalendarinwhichthemonthswereequalin解析 Egyptian在C段第一句，对应该题themonthswereequalinlength(每个月长度一致)的信息。故答案为B。CenturiesbeforetheRomanEmpire,theEgyptianshadformulatedamunicipalcalendarhaving12monthsof30days,withfivedaysaddedtoapproximatetheyear.year.早在罗 几个世纪以前，埃及人就制订了一个国家历法，每年有十个月，每个月三十天，再加上个月，每个月三十天，再加上5天来填 年12monthsof30days30Theydividedthedayintotwoequal解析 用French定位至E段末尾,故答案为FEventuallytheseweresupersededby'smallclock',orFrench,hours,whichsplitthedayintotwo12-hourperiodscommencingatmidnight.12小时的阶段。Theydevelopedanewcabinetshapeforatypeof解析：D定位EnglishG段：后半句着重描述了形状，与题目对应。故答案为D。Toaddressthis,avariationontheoriginalescapementwasinventedin1670,inEngland.Itwascalledtheanchorescapement,whichwasalever-baseddeviceshapedlikeaship'sanchor.为了解决这个问题，最初的escapement1670anchorescapement,是一个基于杠杆原理的设备，形状像是一艘船的锚。shape做名词表示形状，做动词表示形成…的形状。Theycreatedacalendartoorganisepubliceventsandwork解析 Babylonians在第一段就出现了：communalactivitiespublic故答案为AheBabyloniansbegantomeasuretime,introducingcalendarstoco-ordinatecommunalactivities,Small9.ship’s以1670lever-based 定位至G段，9题以空格附近 escapementescapementaship’sanchor，likeresemble所以答案是ship’sanchor，或者直接填anchor也可以，指船的锚。原文翻译见第Toaddressthis,avariationontheoriginalescapementwasinventedin1670,inEngland.Itwascalledtheanchorescapement,whichwasalever-baseddeviceshapedlikeaship'sanchor.为了解决这个问题，最初的escapement1670做anchorescapement,是一个基于杠杆原理的设备，形状像是一艘船的锚。重点是理解resemble的意思10&11解析：escapewheel根据图，1011空都应该与齿轮相关,根据thenreleaseseachtoothoftheescapewheel，可知10空的答案应该是escapewheelwheel。而通过第10题可以轻松11题应该是tooth。Themotionofapendulumrocksthisdevicesothatitcatchesandthenreleaseseachtoothoftheescapewheel钟摆的动钟摆的动 这个设备，所以它先抓住然后放开擒纵轮上的每个轮12.&13由pendulum12题填主语，且应该是一个单数可数名词aPendulum，答案为pendulum，13secondMoreover,thisinventionallowedtheuseofalongpendulumwhichcouldbeatonceasecondandthusledtothedevelopmentofanewfloor-standingcasedesign,whichbecameknownasthegrandfatherclock.once表示一次，secondREADINGPASSAGEAIRTRAFFICCONTROLINTHEUSAAAnaccidentthatoccurredintheskiesovertheGrandCanyonin1956resultedintheestablishmentoftheFederalAviationAdministrationFAAtoregulateandoverseetheoperationofaircraftintheskiesovertheUnitedStates,whichwere increasedthesafetyofflightintheUnitedStates,andsimilarairtrafficcontrolproceduresarealsoinceovermuchoftherestoftheworld.BRudimentaryairtrafficcontrolATCexistedwellbeforetheGrandCanyondisaster.Asearlyasthe1920s,theearliestairtrafficcontrollersmanuallyguidedaircraftinthevicinityoftheairports,usinglightsandflags,whilebeaconsandflashinglightswerecedalongcross-countryroutestoestablishtheearliestairways.——Q21、22Howeverthispurelyvisualsystemwasuselessinbadweatherand,bythe1930s,radiocommunicationwascomingintouseforATC.Thefirstregiontohavesomethingapproximatingtoday'sATCwasNewYorkCity,withothermajormetropolitanareasfollowingsoonafter.CInthe1940sATCcentrescouldanddidtakeadvantageofthenewlydevelopedradarandimprovedradiocommunicationbroughtaboutbytheSecondWorldWar,——Q15、23butthesystemremainedrudimentaryItwasonlyafterthecreationoftheFAAthatfull-scaleregulationofAmerica'sairspacetookce,andthiswasfortuitous,fortheadventofthejetenginesuddenlyresultedinalargenumberofveryfastnes,reducingpilots'marginoferrorandpracticallydemandingsomesetofrulestokeepeveryonewellseparatedandoperatingsafelyintheair.DManypeoplethinkthatATCconsistsofarowofcontrollerssittinginfrontoftheirradarscreensatthenation'sairports,lingarrivinganddepartingtrafficwhattodo.Thisisavery pletepartofthepicture.——Q16TheFAArealisedthattheairspaceovertheUnitedStateswouldatanytimehavemanydifferentkindsofnes,flyingformanydifferentpurposes,inavarietyofweatherconditions,andthesamekindofstructurewasneededto modateallofthem.ETomeetthischallenge,thefollowingelementswereputintoeffect.First,ATCextendsovervirtuallytheentireUnitedStates.Ingeneral,from365mabovethegroundandhigher,theentirecountryisblanketedbycontrolledairspace.Incertainareas,mainlynearairports,controlledairspaceextendsdownto215mabovetheground,and,intheimmediatevicinityofanairport,allthewaydowntothesurface.——Q24ControlledairspaceisthatairspaceinwhichFAAregulationsapply.Elsewhere,inuncontrolledairspace,pilotsareboundbyfewerregulations.Inthisway,therecreationalpilotwhosimplywishestogoflyingforawhilewithoutalltherestrictionsimposedbytheFAAhasonlytostayinuncontrolledairspace,below365m,——Q24whilethepilotwhodoeswanttheprotectionaffordedbyATCcaneasilyenterthecontrolledairspace.FTheFAAthenrecognisedtwotypesofoperatingenvironments.——Q18Ingoodmeteorologicalconditions,flyingwouldbepermittedunderVisualFlightRules(VFR),whichsuggestsastrongrelianceonvisualcuestomaintainanacceptablelevelofsafety.PoorvisibilitynecessitatedasetofInstrumentalFlightRules(IFR),underwhichthepilotreliedonaltitudeandnavigationalinformationprovidedbythene'sinstrumentpaneltoflysafely.Onaclearday,apilotincontrolledairspacecanchooseaVFRorIFRflightn,andtheFAAregulationsweredevisedinawaywhich modatesbothVFRandIFRoperationsinthesameairspace.However,apilotcanonlychoosetoflyIFRiftheypossessaninstrumentratingwhichisaboveandthebasicpilot'slicensethatmustalsobeheld.GControlledairspaceisdividedintoseveraldifferenttypes,designatedbylettersofthealphabet.——Q19UncontrolledairspaceisdesignatedClassF,——Q24whilecontrolledairspacebelow5,490mabovesealevelandnotinthevicinityofanairportisClassE.Allairspaceabove5,490misdesignatedClassA.ThereasonforthedivisionofClassEandClassAairspacestemsfromthetypeofnesoperatinginthem.Generally,ClassEairspaceiswhereonefindsgeneralaviationaircraft(fewofwhichcanclimbabove5,490manyway),andcommercialturbopropaircraft.Above5,490mistherealmoftheheavyjets,sincejetenginesoperatemoreefficientlyathigheraltitudes.ThedifferencebetweenClassEandAairspaceisthatinClassA,alloperationsareIFR,andpilotsmustbeinstrument-rated,thatis,skilledandlicensedThreeothertypesofairspace,ClassesD,CandB, ernthevicinityofairports.Thesecorrespondroughlytosmallmunicipal,medium-sizedmetropolitanandmajormetropolitanairportsrespectively,——Q26and passanincreasinglyrigoroussetofregulations.Forexample,allaVFRpilothastodotoenterClassCairspaceisestablishtwo-wayradiocontactwithATC.——Q25NoexplicitpermissionfromATCtoenterisneeded,althoughthepilotmustcontinuetoobeyallregulationserningVFRflight.ToenterClassBairspace,suchasonapproachtoamajormetropolitanairport,anexplicitATCclearanceisrequired.TheprivatepilotwhocruiseswithoutpermissionintothisairspaceriskslosingtheirYoushouldspendabout20minutesonQuestions14-26,whicharebasedonReadingPassage2onthefollowingpages.Questions14-ReadingPassage2hassevenparagraphs,A-ChoosethecorrectheadingforparagraphsAandC-GfromthelistWritethecorrectnumber,i-x,inboxes14-19onyouranswerxListofDisobeyingFAAregulationsAviationdisasterpromptsactionalSettingaltitudezonesAnoversimplifiedviewControllingpilots’licencesDefiningairspacecategoriesSettingrulestoweatherconditionsTakingoffFirststepstowards Paragraph答案：iiAviationdisasterpromptsXA段中心句，第一句很显然就以明显不对，中心句还有一个就是accident，对应ii选项中的disaster，所以ii选项事故促进了行动的实施，正确。 1956年发生在大峡谷上空的事故直接导致 航空管AnaccidentthatoccurredintheskiesovertheGrandCanyonin1956resultedintheestablishmentoftheFederalAviationAdministration(FAA)toregulateandoverseetheoperationofaircraftintheskiesoverthe 1956年发生在大峡谷上空的事故直接导致 航空管Paragraphx1515Paragraph答案 al解析：注意BC段。CATC候才有的新技术。radar和improvedcommunicationcontroliiicontroliiialthenewlydevelopedradarandimprovedradio16Paragraph答案 Anoversimplified解析：D段第一句说很多人认为ATC是什么样也就是说第二句会说不是这样，果然第二句说very pletepartofthepicture，但无论怎么说，这是对ATC的一个认识，所以答案anoversimplifiedview正确，一种观点。Thisisa pletepartofthepicture.——17Paragraph答案 Settingaltitude 往下看第二句，一是ATC延伸到整 iv设定垂直高度分区，因为altitude是高度的意思，该词多次在雅思阅读解题关键处出现。18ParagraphFIFR。这就对应了viiiTheFAAthenrecognisedtwotypesofoperatingenvironments.——Q18FAA发现了该段第一句就提到了environment的内容。19ParagraphG答案：viiSettingrulestoweather解析：Gairspacevii选项当中的category重复，所以正确答案是vii，定义若干空域类别，这道题相对简单.Controlledairspaceisdividedintoseveraldifferenttypes,designatedbylettersofalphabet.——Questions20-DothefollowingstatementsagreewiththeinformationgiveninReadingPassageInboxes20-26onyouranswersheet, ifthestatementagreeswiththe ifthestatementcontradictstheNOT ifthereisnoinformationon20TheFAAwascreatedasaresultoftheintroductionofthejet解析：以FAA解析：以FAA和asaresultof 导致的，不是引导致的，不是引入 1956负责管理并监 上空越来越拥挤的飞机运行AnaccidentthatoccurredintheskiesovertheGrandCanyonin1956resultedintheestablishmentoftheFederalAviationAdministration(FAA)toregulateandoversee1956负责管理并监 上空越来越拥挤的飞机运行补充：原文是个长难句，要考生具备分析长句主干的能力21AirTrafficControlstartedaftertheGrandCanyoncrashin解析：以解析：以AirTrafficControl 定位至B段首句，说before这件事之前有有 Rudimentaryairtrafficcontrol(ATC)existedwellbeforetheGrandCanyondisaster.Asearlyasthe1920s,theearliestairtrafficcontrollersmanuallyguidedaircraftinthevicinityoftheairports,usinglightsandflags,whilebeaconsandflashinglightscedalongcross-countryroutestoestablishtheearliestairways.——初步 在大峡 出现前就存在了早期的 员在机22BeaconsandflashinglightsarestillusedbyATC答案：NOT解析：根据Beaconsandflashinglights定位到B1句，原文中只是提到了在Rudimentaryairtrafficcontrol(ATC)existedwellbeforetheGrandCanyondisaster.Asearlyasthe1920s,theearliestairtrafficcontrollersmanuallyguidedaircraftinthevicinityoftheairports,usinglightsandflags,whilebeaconsandflashinglightscedalongcross-countryroutestoestablishtheearliestairways.——初步空通在大峡谷通员在机场23SomeimprovementsweremadeinradiocommunicationduringWorldWar解析：通过WorldWarII定位到C段第1句，原文中说improvedradioimprovedradiocommunicationbroughtaboutbytheSecondWorldWar,——原文中broughtaboutby24ClassFairspaceisairspacewhichisbelow365mandnotnearClassFG2句，得出ClassFUncontrolled（不受控区域Uncontrolledairspace365m定位到E段，但是E段并没有直接表述是否接近机场，这里我们需要进行同义替换，但是首先还要认识vicinity（）这个词，此外，E段中有这样的表述，from365mabovethegroundandhigher,theentirecountryisblanketedbycontrolledairspace.Incertainareas,mainlynearairportscontrolledairspaceextendsdownto215mabovetheground,and,intheimmediatevicinityofanairport,allthewaydowntothesurface.（从地面起，365m以上的整个国家都算作受控区域。在一些地方，主要是机场的地方，from365mabovethegroundandhigher,theentirecountryisblanketedbycontrolledairspace.Incertainareas,mainlynearairports,controlledairspaceextendsdownto215mabovetheground,and,intheimmediatevicinityofanairport,allthewaydowntothesurface.——Q24从地面起，365m以上的整个国家都算作受控区域。在一些地方，主要是25AllaircraftinClassairspacemustuse解析：通过Class定位到G用用IFR。但是原文中有这样的表述allaVFRpilothastodotoenterClassCisestablishtwo-wayradiocontactwithATC.（使用VFR 要进入C等级 使用VFR 要进入C使用VFR 要进入C等级区域只需要和ATC建立一个双向的无线电26ApilotenteringClassCairspaceisflyingoveranaverage-sizedC等级指的是中等大小的城市上空区域。这在原文中有明确表述。ClassesD,CandB,ernthevicinityofairports.Thesecorrespondroughlytosmallmunicipal,medium-sizedmetropolitanandmajormetropolitanairportsClassesD,CandB,ernthevicinityofairports.Thesecorrespondroughlytosmallmunicipal,medium-sizedmetropolitanandmajormetropolitanairports—D、CB三个等级区域，分布在机场附近。其大致分别对应小城市、中等城correspondtoREADINGPASSAGEYoushouldspendabout20minutesonQuestions27-40,whicharebasedonReadingPassage3below.Canhumanbeingscommunicatebythoughtalone?Formorethanacenturytheissueofepathyhasdividedthescientificcommunity,andeventodayitstillsparksbittercontroversyamongtopacademicsSincethe1970s,parapsychologistsatleadinguniversitiesandresearchinstitutesaroundtheworldhaveriskedthederisionofscepticalcolleaguesbyputtingthevariousclaimsforepathytothetestindozensofrigorousscientificstudies.Theresultsandtheirimplicationsaredividingeventheresearcherswhouncoveredthem.Someresearcherssaytheresultsconstitutecompellingevidencethatepathyisgenuine.Otherparapsychologistsbelievethefieldisor?thebrinkofcollapse,havingtriedtoproducedefinitivescientificproofandfailed.Scepticsandadvocatesalikedoconcurononeissue,however:thatthemostimpressiveevidencesofarhascomefromtheso-called'ganzfeld'experiments,aGermantermthatmeans'wholefield’.Q—27Reportsofepathicexperienceshadbypeopleduringmeditationledparapsychologiststothatepathymightinvolve'signals'passingbetweenpeoplethatweresofaintthattheywereusuallyswampedbynormalbrainactivity,Inthiscase,suchsignalsmightbemoreeasilydetectedbythoseexperiencingmeditation-liketranquillityinarelaxing'wholefield'oflight,soundandwarmth.Q—28Theganzfeldexperimenttriestorecreatetheseconditionswithparticipantssittinginsoftrecliningchairsinasealedroom,listeningtorelaxingsoundswhiletheireyesarecoveredwithspecialfilterslettinginonlysoftpinklight.Inearlyganzfeldexperiments,theepathytestinvolvedidentificationofapicturechosenfromarandomselectionoffourtakenfromalargeimagebank.Q—32Theideawasthata actingasa'sender'wouldattempttobeamtheimageovertothe'receiver'relaxinginthesealedroom.Q—31Oncethesessionwasover,this wasaskedtoidentifywhichofthefourimageshadbeenused.Q-33Randomguessingwouldgiveahit-rateof25percent;ifepathyisreal,however,thehit-ratewouldbehigher.In1982,theresultsfromthefirstganzfeldstudieswereysedbyoneofitspioneers,theAmericanparapsychologistCharlesHonorton.Theypointedtotypicalhit-ratesofbetterthan30percent-asmalleffect,butonewhichstatisticaltestssuggestedcouldnotbeputdowntochance.Theimplicationwasthattheganzfeldmethodhadrevealedrealevidenceforepathy.Buttherewasacrucialflawinthisargument-oneroutinelyoverlookedinconventionalareasofscience.Justbecausechancehadbeenruledoutasanexnationdidnotproveepathymustexist;thereweremanyotherwaysofgettingpositiveresults.Theserangedfrom'sensoryleakage'-wherecluesaboutthepicturesaccidentallyreachthereceiver-tooutrightfraud.Q—34，35Inresponse,theresearchersissuedareviewofalltheganzfeldstudiesdoneupto1985toshowthat80percenthadfoundstatisticallysignificantevidence.However,theyalsoagreedthattherewerestilltoomanyproblemsintheexperimentswhichcouldleadtopositiveresults,andtheydrewupalistdemandingnewstandardsforfutureresearch.Afterthis,manyresearchersswitchedtoautoganzfeldtests-anautomatedvariantofthetechniquewhichusedcomputerstoperformmanyofthekeytaskssuchastherandomselectionofimages.Q—36Byminimisinghumaninvolvement,theideawastominimisetheriskofflawedresults.Q—37In1987,resultsfromhundredsofautoganzfeldtestswerestudiedbyHonortonina'meta-ysis',astatisticaltechniqueforfindingtheoverallresultsfromasetofstudies.Thoughlesscompellingthanbefore, ewasstillimpressive.Q—38Yetsomeparapsychologistsremaindisturbedbythelackofconsistencybetweenindividualganzfeldstudies.Q—39Defendersofepathypointoutthatdemandingimpressiveevidencefromeverystudyignoresonebasicstatisticalfact:ittakeslargesamplestodetectsmalleffects.If,ascurrentresultssuggest,epathyproduceshit-ratesonlymarginallyabovethe25percentexpectedbychance,it'sunlikelytobedetectedbyatypicalganzfeldstudyinvolvingaround40people:thegroupisjustnotbigenough.Q—40Onlywhenmanystudiesarecombinedinameta-ysiswillthefaintsignalofepathyreally eapparent.Andthatiswhatresearchersdoseemtobefinding.Whattheyarecertainlynotfinding,however,isanychangeinattitudeofmainstreamscientists:moststilltotallyrejecttheveryideaofepathy.Theproblemstemsatleastinpartfromthelackofanyusiblemechanismforepathy.Varioustheorieshavebeenputforward,manyfocusingonesotericideasfromtheoreticalphysics.Theyinclude'quantumentanglement',inwhicheventsaffectingonegroupofatomsinstantlyaffectanothergroup,nomatterhowfaraparttheymaybe.Whilephysicistshavedemonstratedentanglementwithspeciallypreparedatoms,no-oneknowsifitalsoexistsbetweenatomsmakinguphumanminds.Answeringsuchquestionswouldtransformparapsychology.Thishaspromptedsomeresearcherstoarguethatthefutureliesnotincollectingmoreevidenceforepathy,butinpossiblemechanisms.Q—29Someworkhasbegunalready,withresearcherstryingtoidentifypeoplewhoareparticularlysuccessfulinautoganzfeldtrials.Earlyresultsshowthatcreativeandicpeopledomuchbetterthanaverage:inonestudyattheUniversityofEdinburgh,musiciansachievedahit-rateof56percent.Perhapsmoretestslikethesewilleventuallygivetheresearcherstheevidencetheyareseekingandstrengthenthecasefortheexistenceofepathy.Q—30Questions27-Completeeachsentencewiththecorrectending,A-G,below.Writethecorrectletter,A-G,inboxes27-30onyouranswersheet.thediscoveryofamechanismfortheneedtocreateasuitableenvironmentfortheirclaimsofahighsuccessasolutiontotheproblemposedbyrandomthesignificanceoftheganzfeldamorecarefulselectionofaneedtokeepaltering27Researcherswithdifferingattitudestowardsepathyagree答案 thesignificanceoftheganzfeld解析：原文当中的concuragreeon原文翻译：批评家和赞成的人都同意一个观点，现在最有说服力 是原文翻译：批评家和赞成的人都同意一个观点，现在最有说服力 是题中有differingattitudes后面是agreeonalike28Reportsofexperiencesduringmeditation答案 theneedtocreateasuitableenvironment 二段原文：Inthiscase,suchsignalsmightbemoreeasilydetectedbythoseexperiencingmeditation-liketranquillityinarelaxing'wholefield'oflight,sound到。他们所处的全场当中有令人放松的灯光，怡到。他们所处的全场当中有令人放松的灯光，怡 和温暖的环境29Attitudestoparapsychologywouldalterdrastically答案：Athediscoveryofamechanismfor解析：文章当中的transform对应题目当中的alter八段原文：Answeringsuchquestionswouldtransformparapsychology.Thishaspromptedsomeresearcherstoarguethatthefutureliesnotincollectingmoreevidenceforepathy,butinprobingpossiblemechanisms.30Recentautoganzfeldtrialssuggestthatsuccessrateswillimprove答案：FamorecarefulselectionofRecentautoganzfeldtrialsSomeworkhasbegunalready,withresearcherstryingtoidentifypeoplewhoareparticularlysuccessfulinautoganzfeldtrials.Earlyresultsshowthatcreativeandicpeopledomuchbetterthanaverage:inonestudyattheUniversityofEdinburgh,musiciansachievedahit-rateof56percent.Perhapsmoretest