符号学基本概念简介演示文稿

符号学基本概念简介演示文稿当前1页，总共23页。（优选）符号学基本概念简介当前2页，总共23页。thelinguisticsignis“thenatwo-sidedpsychologicalentity”,anditmayberepresentedbythefollowingdiagram.

Figure2.1NatureoftheLinguisticSign(Saussure,1972,2001:67)ConceptSoundPattern当前3页，总共23页。能指与所指signifier&signified：

Saussuremovesfurthertoexplain:“Inourterminologyasignisthecombinationofaconceptandasoundpattern.Butincurrentusagethetermsigngenerallyreferstothesoundpatternalone,e.g.thewordformarbor…theambiguitywouldberemovedifthethreenotionsinquestionweredesignatedbytermswhicharerelatedbutcontrast.Weproposetokeepthetermsigntodesignatethewhole,buttoreplaceconceptandsoundpatternrespectivelybysignificationandsignal.Thelattertermshavetheadvantageofindicatingthedistinctionwhichseparateseachfromtheotherandbothfromthewholeofwhichtheyarepart.”(1972,2001:67)当前4页，总共23页。Significationisthesenseofthesignwhichisthethingorideathesignrefersto,whilesignalistheform,inmostcasesthewrittenwords.Thetwoarerespectivelycalled‘signified’and‘signifier’laterbySaussure’sfollowers,forexampleRolandBarthes(1999).Signifiermayberegardedasthelinguisticformoflanguage,andsignifiedthecontent.Thedistinctionbetweensignifierandsignifiedrevealsthetwodimensionsoflanguage,namelythedimensionofexpressionandthedimensionofcontent.当前5页，总共23页。三项式关系（triadicrelation）：

ARepresentamenistheFirstCorrelateofatriadicrelation,theSecondCorrelatebeingtermeditsObject,andthepossibleThirdCorrelatebeingtermeditsInterpretant.InPeirce’sview,triadicrelation,whichisformedbythreecorrelates,namelythesignasthefirstcorrelate,theobjectasthesecondcorrelateandtheinterpretantasthethirdcorrelate,istheessentialcharacteristicofsign.

当前6页，总共23页。Thistriadicrelationcanbeexpressedindiagramasbelow:Interpretant

Sign Object

Figure4.2Triadicrelation(seeEco,1990:67)当前7页，总共23页。

ThediagramistransformedtoillustratetheTheoryofSemanticTriangleco-establishedbyOgden,C.andRichards,I.A.Thebasicprincipleofthistheorycanbeexhibitedbyatriangle:

Concept(Thought)

(Symbolizes)(Refersto)

Symbol(word)Referent(thing)

(Standsfor)Figure4.3Semantictriangle(see王铭玉2001:42;Eco1990:67)当前8页，总共23页。皮尔士三分法

Atrichotomyofsigns:icon,index,andsymbol当前9页，总共23页。

Peircedividessignsbythreetrichotomies(laterhediscoveredtentrichotomiesandsixty-sixclassesofsigns).Firstly,intermsofthecharacteristicsofthesignitself,asignmaybeamerequality,anactualexistence,oragenerallaw;Secondly,intermsofrelation,signsaredividedaccordingastherelationofthesigntoitsobjectconsistsinthesign’shavingsomecharacterinitself,orinsomeexistentialrelationtothatobject,orinitsrelationtoaninterpretant;Thirdly,accordingasitsInterpretantrepresentsitasasignofpossibleorasasignoffactorasignofreason.当前10页，总共23页。Accordingtothesecondtrichotomy,aSignmaybetermedanIcon,anIndex,oraSymbol.1)ICON“AnIconisasignwhichreferstotheobjectthatitdenotesmerelybyvirtueofcharactersofitsown,andwhichitpossesses,justthesame,whetheranysuchObjectactuallyexistsornot”.(CPvol.2:143)Forinstance,map,picture,photosetc.areicons.Iconsassuchhavethesamecharacteristicsastheirobjects.当前11页，总共23页。2)INDEX“AnIndexisasignwhichreferstotheObjectthatitdenotesbyvirtueofbeingreallyaffectedbythatObject.……Itdoes,therefore,involveasortofIcon……”(CPvol.2:143).IfthesignbeanIndex,itcanbeconsideredasafragmenttornawayfromtheobject,therelationbetweenthesignandtheobjectistherelationbetweenthewholeandapart.Anindexremindsusoftheexistenceofitsobject.Forexample,thecontentsofabookmaybeconsideredastheindexofthebookitself.Anotherexampleisfootprint.Footprintonthesandsmayremindofpresenceofamanwhohaswalkedawayfromhere.当前12页，总共23页。3)SYMBOL“ASymbolisasignwhichreferstotheObjectthatitdenotesbyvirtueofalaw,usuallyanassociationofgeneralideas,whichoperatestocausethesymboltobeinterpretedasreferringtothatObject.Itisthusitselfageneraltypeorlaw,thatit,isaLegisign.……andthustheSymbolwillinvolveasortofIndex,…”(CPvol.2:144)Forinstance,pigeonisthesymbolofpeace,scalesarethesymbolofjustice.Symbolsstandfortheirobjectsbysocialandculturalconventions,forexample,theGreatWallsymbolizesChina,dragonalsosymbolizesChinabecausetheyareconventionallyconsideredso.当前13页，总共23页。什么是符号学？

符号学的思想是在20世纪初由瑞士语言学家索绪尔（Saussure）首先提出的，在其《普通语言学教程》一书中写道：“我们可以设想有一门研究社会中符号生命的科学……我将把它叫做符号学。符号学将表明符号是由什么构成，符号受什么规律支配。因为这门科学还不存在，谁也说不出它将会是什么样子，但是它有存在的权利，它的地位预先已经确定了。”（索绪尔，1985：38）当前14页，总共23页。

Whatissemiotics?Todefinethescience,Saussure(1857-1913)coinedtheterm‘semiology’.Whentalkingaboutthenatureoflanguage,hesays:Alanguageisasystemofsignsexpressingideas,andhencecomparabletowriting,thedeaf-and-dumbalphabet,symbolicrites,formsofpoliteness,militarysignals,andsoon.Itissimplythemostimportantofsuchsystems.Itisthereforepossibletoconceiveofasciencewhichstudiestheroleofsignsaspartofsociallife.Itwouldformpartofsocialpsychology,andhenceofgeneralpsychology.Weshallcallitsemiology.Itwouldinvestigatethenatureofsignsandthelawsgoverningthem.Sinceitdoesnotyetexist,onecannotsayforcertainthatitwillexist.Butithasarighttoexist,aplacereadyforitinadvance.Linguisticsisonlyonebranchofthisgeneralscience.(Saussure,1972,2001:15-16)当前15页，总共23页。符号学的发展（TheDevelopmentofSemiotics)：“符号学作为一门独立学科勃兴于60年代的法国、美国以及前苏联……目前符号学正以强劲的发展势头向各个学科进行渗透，对符号学的认识与运用整在形成一种科学大趋势。”(王铭玉，2005)ThepersonwhoactuallydevelopedsemioticsintoasciencewasanAmericanphilosopherCharlesPeirce.InCharlesPeirce’sopinion,semioticsisnothingbutanothernameforlogic(Guiraud,1988：4).Heclaims:“Logic,initsgeneralsense,is,asIbelieveIhaveshown,onlyanothernameforsemiotic,thequasi-necessary,orformal,doctrineofsigns”(Peirce,1985)InPeirce’sview,thescienceofsemioticshasthreebranches:puregrammar,logicproper,andpurerhetoric.Peirce’sdefinitionisrathervague,buthiscategorizesofthreebranchesareveryclear.当前16页，总共23页。

AnotherAmericanphilosopherCharlesMorrisdevelopedPeirce’stheoryofsignfurther.Heregardedsemioticsasacomprehensivescienceaboutsymbolization,whichconsistsofaesthetics,cognitivesociology,andpsychology.Thesesubjectscomposethepracticalsectionofsemiotics,whilesemioticsplaysaroleof“organizingscience”forthesesubjects(Guiraud,1988:6).AccordingtoMorris,semioticsiscomposedofthreebranches–grammar,semantics,andpragmatics,onthebasisofwhichhedistinguishesthethreedimensionsofasign–semantic,syntacticandpragmatic.Correspondingtothethreedimensionsarehisthreecategoriesofsignmeanings,thatis,linguisticmeaning,referentialmeaningandpragmaticmeaningrespectively.当前17页，总共23页。符号学与翻译

当前18页，总共23页。符号学在翻译研究中的应用（theapplicationofsemioticsintranslationstudy)Jakobsonwasthefirstpersontoapplylinguisticsandsemioticsinthestudyoftranslation,asGorleé(1994:17)claimsthat“Jakobsonmustbeconsideredastheoriginatorofthesemioticapproachtotranslation”.InhisessayOnLinguisticAspectsofTranslationpublishedin1959,Jakobsondistinguishedthreekindsoftranslation:(1)Intralingualtranslationisaninterpretationofverbalsignsbymeansofothersignsofthesamelanguage;(2)Interlingualtranslationortranslationproperisaninterpretationofverbalsignsbymeansofsomeotherlanguage;(3)Intersemiotictranslationortransmutationisaninterpretationofverbalsignsbymeansofsignsofnonverbalsignsystems.(Jakobson,1959:233).Nidaisregardedastherepresentativeofthesociosemioticapproachtotranslation.TherearealsoChinesescholarstakingtheapproach,suchasChenHongwei,Keping,etc.当前19页，总共23页。

翻译的符号学性质

Thesemioticnatureoftranslation：

Semiosisisasign-process,thatis,aprocessinwhichsomethingisasigntosomeorganism.Itisaprocessinwhichsignsareinterpretedandinwhichmeaningsandfunctionsofsignsarerealized.Inthissense,translatingisasemiosis,whichinterpretsthesourcetexttoproduceatranslatedtextandthetranslatoristheinterpreter.Translatedtextistheproductofsemiosis.当前20页，总共23页。三种符号关系与相对应的符号意义Threesignrelationsandthecorrespondingmeaningsofthesign当前21页，总共23页。

Morrisclaimedthatsemioticsiscomposedofthreeparts:semantics,grammar,andpragmatics.Accordinglyhecategorizesthreesignrelations,namelysemanticrelation,grammaticalrelationandpragmaticrelation. Semanticrelation:Therelationbetweenthesignanditsobject; Grammaticalrelation:Therelationbetweenthesigns; Pragmaticrelation:Therelationbetweenthesignandthesignuser.Correspondingtothethreecategoriesarethreemeaningsofsign,thatis,des