联合国妇女署-妇女和男子地位报告：加勒比创新融资、气候变化和减少灾害风险英

THESTATUSOFWOMEN

ANDMENREPORT

INNOVATINGFINANCING,

CLIMATECHANGEAND

DISASTERRISKREDUCTION

INTHECARIBBEAN

UnitedNationsEntityforGenderEqualityandtheEmpowermentofWomen

(UNWomen)

UNWomenistheUnitedNationsorganizationdedicatedtogenderequalityandtheempowermentofwomen.Aglobalchampionforwomenandgirls,UNWomenwasestablishedtoaccelerateprogressonmeetingtheirneedsworldwide.UNWomensupportsUNMemberStatesastheysetglobalstandardsforachievinggenderequality,andworkswithgovernmentsandcivilsocietytodesignlaws,policies,programmesandservicesneededtoimplementthesestandards.Itstandsbehindwomen’sequalparticipationinallaspectsoflife,focusingonfivepriorityareas:increasingwomen’sleadershipandparticipation;endingviolenceagainstwomen;engagingwomeninallaspectsofpeaceandsecurityprocesses;enhancingwomen’seconomicempowerment;andmakinggenderequalitycentraltonationaldevelopmentplanningandbudgeting.UNWomenalsocoordinatesandpromotestheUNsystem’sworkinadvancinggenderequality.

AbouttheEnGenDERProject

TheEnablingaGender-ResponsiveDisasterRecovery,ClimateandEnvironmentalResilienceintheCaribbeanProject(EnGenDER)ProjectisfundedbyGlobalAffairsCanada(GAC)andtheUnitedKingdom’sForeign,CommonwealthandDevelopmentOffice(FCDO).LedbytheUnitedNationsDevelopmentProgramme(UNDP),theEnGenDERProjectisjointlyimplementedbytheUnitedNationsEntityforGenderEqualityandEmpowermentofWomen(UNWomen),WorldFoodProgramme(WFP)andthe-CaribbeanDisasterEmergencyManagementAgency(CDEMA).NineCaribbeancountriesarebeneficiariesoftheEnGenDERProject–AntiguaandBarbuda,Belize,Dominica,Grenada,Guyana,Jamaica,SaintLucia,SaintVincentandtheGrenadines,andSuriname.

Disclaimer

TheviewsexpressedinthispublicationarethoseoftheauthorsanddonotnecessarilyrepresenttheviewsofUNWomen.

ThisUNWomenflagshipreportwasproducedwithfundingsupportfromUNWomenandtheEnGenDERproject.

Author:KizzannSammy,MA;MBA

Editor:BarbaraAnnHall

UNWomenProofreading:SharonCarter-Burke

UNWomenPublicationsCoordination:SharonCarter-BurkeandShadéRichardson

GraphicDesigner:VilmarLuiz

©UNWomen2022

AllRightsReserved

May2022

THESTATUSOFWOMEN

ANDMENREPORT

INNOVATINGFINANCING,CLIMATECHANGEANDDISASTERRISKREDUCTIONINTHECARIBBEAN

CONTENTS

AcronymsandabbreviationsV

ExecutiveSummaryVI

A.Introduction1

B.Methodology5

C.OverviewofDisasterRiskReductionFrameworksintheCaribbean7

D.Genderedimpactsofclimatechangeanddisasters13

E.Managingimpactsofclimatechangeanddisastersonwomenandmen19

F.RecommendationsforachievingresilienceintheCaribbean28

References31

Annexes36

AnnexI.InterviewListandGuide37

AnnexII.Definitions38

AnnexIII.HazardIconGuide40

AnnexIV.GuidelinesforHazardDescriptions41

FIGURES

Figure1.Indigenouspeoples–Caribbeanprofile3

Figure2.Disasterriskreductionframeworks9

Figure3.HazardsandCopingMechanismsintheCaribbean15

Figure4.Jamaicaloandisaggregation,2016–201823

Figure5.HazardIconGuide40

Figure6.GuidelinesforHazardDescriptions4

1

TABLES

Table1.Debt-to-GDPratio(%)11

Table2.Caribbeandevelopmentfinancialinstitutions23

V

ACRONYMSAND

ABBREVIATIONS

2SLGBTQI

TwoSpirit,Lesbian,Gay,Bisexual,Transexual,QueerandIntersex

CARICOM

CaribbeanCommunity

CBO

Community-basedorganization

CCCCC

CaribbeanCommunityClimateChangeCentre

CDEMA

CaribbeanDisasterEmergencyManagementAgency

COP26

UnitedNationsClimateChangeConference2021

DRR

Disasterriskreduction

EnGenDER

EnablingaGender-ResponsiveDisasterRecovery,ClimateandEnvironmentalResilienceintheCaribbeanProject

GCF

GreenClimateFund

GDP

Grossdomesticproduct

IFRC

InternationalFederationofRedCrossandRedCrescentSocieties

ILO

InternationalLabourOrganization

IRDR

IntegratedResearchonDisasterRisk

MCO

Multi-CountryOffice–Caribbean(UNWomen)

MSME

Micro,smallandmedium-sizedenterprises

NAP

NationalAdaptationPlan

NDC

NationallyDeterminedContribution

OECS

OrganisationofEasternCaribbeanStates

PPP

Purchasingpowerparity(GNI)

SDG

SustainableDevelopmentGoal

SIDS

SmallIslandDevelopingStates

UNDRR

UnitedNationsOfficeforDisasterRiskReduction

UNWomen

UnitedNationsEntityforGenderEqualityandtheEmpowermentofWomen

EXECUTIVESUMMARY

VI

EXECUTIVESUMMARY

TheStatusofWomenandMenReport:InnovatingFinancing,ClimateChangeandDisasterRiskReductionintheCaribbeanaddressesthethemeofthesixty-sixthsessionoftheCommissionofStatusofWomen(CSW66)–“Achievinggenderequalityandtheempowermentofallwomenandgirlsinthecontextofclimatechange,environmentalanddisasterriskreductionpoliciesandprogrammes”.CommissionedbytheUnitedNationsEntityforGenderEqualityandtheEmpowermentofWomen(UNWomen)Multi-CountryOffice–Caribbean(MCO–Caribbean),thereportdrawsfromtrendsinnineCaribbeancountriesthatareapartoftheEnablingaGender-ResponsiveDisasterRecovery,ClimateandEnvironmentalResilienceintheCaribbean(EnGenDER)Project.EnGenDERwasfundedbytheGovernmentsofCanadaandtheUnitedKingdom,andimplementedbytheUnitedNationsDevelopmentProgramme(UNDP-leadagency),UNWomen,WorldFoodProgramme(WFP)andtheCaribbeanDisasterEmergencyManagementAgency(CDEMA)inAntiguaandBarbuda,

Belize,Dominica,Grenada,Guyana,Jamaica,

SaintLucia,SaintVincentandtheGrenadines,andSuriname.ItalsodrawsreferencetootherCaribbeanCommunity(CARICOM)countries,andCaribbeancountrieswithinthedirectmandateoftheUNWomenMCO–Caribbean.Thereviewfocusesoncopingmechanismsadoptedbymenandwomeninresponsetolarge-andsmall-scale,suddenandslow-onset,frequentandinfrequent,andnaturalorman-madehazards.ThereportprofilestheCaribbeantoprovideinsightsintoareasofvulnerability,climatechangeanddisasterriskreductionmethodsadoptedintheregion,especiallywithinthecontextoftheglobalimpactofthewarinUkraine,givenSmallIslandDevelopingStates(SIDS)uniqueexposuretofood,energyandfinancialshocks.Itoutlinespastresearch

undertakenbytheUNWomenMCO–Caribbeanthatexplorescopingstrategiesusedbymenandwomeninthefaceofrapidandslowonsetdisasters,andidentifiespositiveandnegativecopingmechanisms.Italsoexaminesbarrierstoentryforfinancingtowardsaddressingclimatechangeanddisasterriskreduction.

Keyfindings

yMenaremoredirectlyaffectedfinanciallybydisastersthanwomen.

yWomenareaffectedbothdirectlyandindirectly.

yNegativecopingmechanismscandestabilizecommunitiesandincreasevulnerabilitiesinthefaceofclimatechange.

yDatagapsandnon-standardizedindicatorshaveresultedinanincompleteandinconsistentprofileofclimatechangeanddisasterriskreductionintheCaribbean.

ySustainableclimatefinancemustbedrivenfromlocalandnationalpriorities,supportedunderaregionalframework.

yTheCaribbeanhaslinesofprivatefinancingthatcansupportclimatechangeadaptation(CCA),whichcanbedevelopedandutilizedthroughpublic-privatepartnerships.

yGenderlensinvestingcanoffersolutionstoreducefinancialbarriersforwomen-ledand

women-ownedbusinesses.

Recommendations

yStandardizetermsusedtodefinehazardsandindicatorscollectedpost-disaster.

yImproveregionalcoherenceinCCAandmitigationtosupportfoodsecurity.

yPromotetheempowermentoflocalvoicesandactors,includingthemostmarginalized,inthedevelopmentofclimatechangeinitiatives

anddisasterriskreductionapproaches.

THESTATUSOFWOMENANDMENREPORT

INNOVATINGFINANCING,CLIMATECHANGEANDDISASTERRISKREDUCTIONINTHECARIBBEAN

VII

EXECUTIVESUMMARY

yMainstreamthroughanintersectionalgenderlensinclimatefinanceanddisasterriskreductionprogrammes.

yPrioritizetheprotectionofwomenandgirls,throughcomprehensiveshockresponsivesocialprotectionprogrammesandendingviolenceagainstwomenandgirls’initiatives.

THESTATUSOFWOMENANDMENREPORT

INNOVATINGFINANCING,CLIMATECHANGEANDDISASTERRISKREDUCTIONINTHECARIBBEAN

VIII

A.INTRODUCTION

1

A.INTRODUCTION

notreflecttherealitiesofmanymicroandsmallbusinesses,whichare“largelyinformal,unbankedandownedbywomen”(Sammy,2021).TheInternationalLabourOrganization(ILO)(2020)describestheinformalsectorinLatinAmericaandtheCaribbeanasa“labourmarketbuffer”,creatinglinesofincomeformoreremoteordisenfranchisedmembersofthepopulation.Thisoftenincludesgroupsviewedasmorevulnerabletoclimatechangeanddisasters,suchaswomenandgirls,indigenouspeoples(Figure1),personswithdisabilities,andyouth.

TheprojectedglobalimpactofthewarinUkraine,resultinginincreasedfoodandenergyprices,andrestrictedaccesstofinancing,couldprovedisastrousforheavilyindebtedSIDS:40economiesofatotalof58SIDShavebeendeemedtohavemaximumexposurescoresinatleastoneoftheFood,EnergyandFinancedimensionsoftheimpactoftheUkrainecrisis(UNCTAD,2022).Thisunderscorestheneedfor

climate-resilientandgender-responsivefoodsystems,aswellasshock-andgender-responsivesocialprotectionsystemsintheCaribbean.Inadditiontoclimate-resilientagriculturalsystems,thiswouldmeanthatsmall-,medium-andlarge-scalefarmersinvestinginclimate-resilientcropswouldrequiretherequisiteskillstoeffectivelyaccesslocalandregionalmarkets.

Services,includingsocialprotection,acrosstheregioncontinuetobedependentonpaper-basedandin-personprocessingsystems,andgovernmentservicesareoftencentralizedwithinmajorcitiesandtowns.Coastalandruralcommunitiesmaybelessabletoaccessplanningsupportorservicesunlessdecentralizationtakesplaceandarelessabletoaccessdirectsupportpost-disaster.Formalsocialandbankingrequirementsforregistrationusingpaper-basedidentificationdocuments,in-personregistration,orprocessing/maintenancefeesareviewedasadeterrentbymembersoftheinformaleconomy,orbythosewhoarelessfinanciallyliterate.

FIGURE1

Indigenouspeoples–Caribbeanprofile

Indigenouspeoples

TheCaribbeanhasfewterritoriesthatlegallyrecognizeindigenouspeoples.Ofthecountriesunderfocus,fivehavecreateddistinctspacesforindigenoustraditionsandculture.IndigenouspeoplescanbefoundinBelize(threeMayagroups–Yucatec,Mopan,andQo’eqchiMaya,aswellasGarifuna),Dominica(Kalinago),Guyana(Arawaks,WaiWai,Caribs,Akawaio,Arecuna,Patamona,Wapixana,MacushiandWarao),SaintLucia(Kalinago),SaintVincentandtheGrenadines(Kalin-ago),Suriname(Akurio,Alamayana,Apalai,Kali’.a,Katuena/Tunayana,Lokono,Maraso,Mawayana,Okomoyana,Pireuyana,Sak.ta,Sirewu,Sikiiyana,Trio,Wai-WaiandWayana),andTrinidadandTobago(Carib).Indigenouscommunitiesoftenremainisolatedinremotevillages,relyingmostlyonsubsistencefarming,fishingandcottageindustries,suchashandicrafts.Guyanahasmorethan100indigenousvillagesengagedunderitsMinistryof

AmerindianAffairs.

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3

A.INTRODUCTION

Fintechoptionsarebeingexploredintheregiontoreachtheunbanked.In2020,theBahamaslaunchedadigitalcurrency,andin2021,theEasternCaribbeanannouncedthelaunchof“DCash”,ablockchain-basedcurrencyactiveinAntiguaandBarbuda,Grenada,SaintLucia,andSaintKittsandNevis.Thecashlesscurrencyinadownloadedappaimstoallowforcheaperpaymentoptionsandremovetheneedfortraditionalbankaccountstopurchaseandsellgoodsandservices.Lockdownsandrestrictedmovementduringthepandemicresultedingovernmentsadaptingservicestructures,introducingteleworking,andexploringinnovativewaystoquicklydigitizeorofferservicesremotely.Thisnewwayofbusinesscanthenstrengthentheresilienceofpersonsworkingintheinformalsectorbycreatinganavenueforentryintodigitalfinancialservices.

TheSixthAssessmentReportfromthe

IntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChange

(IPCC)(2022)statedthatwaterandfoodinsmallislandswereatriskduetoincreasedinsecuritiesbecauseterrestrialandmarineecosystemscontinuetobedegraded.Sea-levelrise,invasivespeciesandcoralbleachingareallchallengesbeingfacedinCaribbeancountries,togetherwithmoreextremeconditionslinkedtoenvironmentalhazards.Vulnerabilitiestoclimatechangecandifferbasedonage,gender,economicstatus,ability,sexualorientation/identification,migrationstatus,ethnicityandhealth(mentalandphysical)(ILO,2020),andinturnaffecthowcommunitiescopewithdisasters.ThisreportwillreviewcopingmechanismsintheCaribbeanandthegendertransformativestepsneededtoimprovebothapproachestomitigateclimatechangeanddisasterriskreductionintheregion.

THESTATUSOFWOMENANDMENREPORT

INNOVATINGFINANCING,CLIMATECHANGEANDDISASTERRISKREDUCTIONINTHECARIBBEAN

4

B.METHODOLOGY

5

B.METHODOLOGY

TheDisasterRiskManagementandClimateChangeAdaptationintheCARICOMandWiderCaribbeanRegion:StrategyandActionPlan,4SendaiFrameworkforDisasterRiskReduction,BeijingDeclarationandPlatformforAction,the2030AgendaforSustainableDevelopment,theParisAgreementonClimateChange,nationalreportsfromthesixty-fourthsessionoftheCommissionofStatusofWomen(CSW64)/Beijing+25(2020),andseveralpublicationsrelatedtoclimatechange,disasterriskreduction,andplanningweredrawnupontoestablishcontextforthisreport.

Virtualinterviewswereconductedwithrepresentativesfromfiveorganizations(AppendixI)thatofferedservicesregionallyintheareasofgender,disasterpreparedness,disasterresponseandrecovery,andclimatechangeresearch,adaptation,andmitigation.ThisincludedtheCaribbeanCommunityClimateChangeCentre(CCCCC),Caribbean

DisasterEmergencyManagementAgency

(CDEMA),InternationalFederationofRedCrossandRedCrescentSocieties(IFRC),InternationalOrganizationforMigration(IOM),andtheClimateChangeandDisasterResilienceUnit(CCDR)oftheOrganisationofEasternCaribbean

States(OECS).

Limitations

TheanalysisdefinestheCaribbeanwithinthescopeofUNWomenMCO–Caribbean

countriesoffocus,whichincludeCARICOMmemberandassociatestates.Thisapproachisalignedwithexistingclimatefinanceandmulti-lateralagreementsandpartnerships.Itisnoteworthythatthisdefinitionexcludesmorethan26millionCaribbeanresidentsfromCuba,DominicanRepublic,PuertoRico,andFrenchDepartmentsalongtheCaribbeanarchipelago.

ConsistentandaccuratedataarenotavailableforallCaribbeancountries.Figuresvarybasedonthereportingsource,anddatagapsvaryfromcountrytocountry.Averagefiguresarebasedondataavailableatthetimeofthisstudyandmaynotrepresentafullpictureoftherealitiesontheground.Gender-disaggregateddataintheCaribbeanalsoremainbinary,andthereislittleevidencetoidentifyandaccountforindividualswhoidentifywithoptionsoutsideofmaleorfemale.ThecopingmechanismsemployedbypersonswhoidentifyasTwoSpirit,Lesbian,Gay,Bisexual,Transexual,QueerandIntersex(2SLGBTQI)weredifficulttoaccessandwerenotcapturedinallcountrylevelreports.

ThisreportacknowledgesthattheCaribbeanisatriskofman-madedisastersintheformofsocialunrest/war,terrorism,miningorindustrialaccidents,andfoodinsecurity,butwillnotincludeananalysisofthecopingmechanismsinplaceformitigatingorrespondingtothesedisasters.Thereportdoesincludeananalysisofanthropogenichazardsthatcontributetoclimatechange.

4ThisplanwassupportedbytheFoodandAgricultureOrganizationoftheUnitedNations(FAO)andfocusesprimarilyonclimatechangeadaptationandDRRrelatedtofoodproductionintheCaribbean.

THESTATUSOFWOMENANDMENREPORT

INNOVATINGFINANCING,CLIMATECHANGEANDDISASTERRISKREDUCTIONINTHECARIBBEAN

6

C.OVERVIEWOF

DISASTERRISK

REDUCTION

FRAMEWORKSIN

THECARIBBEAN

7

C.OVERVIEWOFDISASTERRISKREDUCTIONFRAMEWORKSINTHECARIBBEAN

Climatechangepoliciesand

programmes

TheCaribbeaniscategorizedasamulti-hazardregionbutismostoftenaffectedbymeteorologicalandclimatologicalhazards.Hurricanes,tropicalstormsandfloodingleadtoannualdisastersthataffectindividualsandcommunities.Frequentlyfacedwithsudden-onsetcascadinghazardouseventsthatoftenoccursimultaneously,theregionisnowconfrontedbyslowonsethazards,intheformofoceanacidification,sealevelrise,biodiversityloss,extremeheat,anddegradationofcoastalareas,hillsidesandforests.Vector-bornediseasesendemictotheregionincludedenguefever,yellowfeverandmalaria(Haiti).Theperiodspost-disastersareoftenmarkedbyariseinwater-borneillnesses,suchascholera,thatfurtheraffectrecoveryeffortsandthehealthofcommunities.

Hometomorethan50percentofSIDSandAssociateMemberStatesofSIDSglobally,theCaribbeanisconsideredpartof“thesecondmostdisaster-proneregionintheworld”(UnitedNationsOfficefortheCoordinationofHumanitarianAffairs,2020).Areviewofdisastersfrom2000to2019recordedintheLatinAmericaandCaribbeanregion,identifiedfloodsasmostlikelytoaffectpersonsduetometeorologicalevents.Theregionalsorecordedextremetemperatures,volcanicevents,droughts,earthquakes,landslidesandwildfires.TheCaribbeandoesexperiencetheseeventscyclically,withhurricanesandfloodsmostprevalentbetweenJuneandNovember.Withclimatechangeasanunderlyingriskdriver,the

regionwasaffectedby23Category5hurricanesbetween2000and2019,severeearthquakesinHaiti(2010)andTrinidadandTobago(2018),andamajorvolcaniceruptioninSaintVincentandtheGrenadines(2021).

Caribbeangovernmentshavetakenstepstocreateframeworksforclimatechangemitigationanddisasterriskreduction.AllaresignatoriestotheParisAgreement,andallhavelaunchedNationallyDeterminedContributions(NDCs)

(Figure2).ThereareNationalAdaptationPlans(NAPs)infourcountries,5andeffortsareinplacetointroduceplansinotherstates.Programmestoprotectagricultureandfisheries,promoteclimate-resilientinfrastructureandpost-disastersocialsupportforthemostvulnerableareinplace.However,duringthepandemic,gapshavebeenobservedindisastermanagement

responses.

UnemploymentinsuranceonlyexistsinfiveCaribbeancountries–AntiguaandBarbuda,Belize,Guyana,SaintVincentandtheGrenadines,andTrinidadandTobago,andeligibilityislimitedtopersonsemployedintheformalsector.Socialprotectionsystemsthatrestrictfinancingtoformallyemployedworkerslimitsaccesstothoseperformingunpaidcareworkorthoseoperatingundertheinformaleconomy.Thelackofunemploymentinsurancehasplacedagreaterburdenonstatesastheyseektorecoverfromthefinancialstagnationofoverthelasttwoyears.

Localactorsplayalimitedroleinmostnationalprogrammesandpolicies.Localgovernmentcapacitytoleaddisasterpreparation,response

5TheNAPforGrenadawassettoexpirein2021,butthistri-islandnationwasthefirstCARICOMcountrytolaunchagovernment-approvedNAP.

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C.OVERVIEWOFDISASTERRISKREDUCTIONFRAMEWORKSINTHECARIBBEAN

andmitigationiseitherabsentorlimitedinscopefrommostgovernmentalframeworks,althoughthisischangingwiththepushtolocalizetheSustainableDevelopmentGoals(SDGs).TheCCCCCispursuingamunicipaldevelopmentprojectfocusingonruralandindigenouscommunities,andin2021,JamaicabecamethefirstcountryintheworldtohaveallitslocalgovernmentcorporationsjointheMakingCitiesResilient2030(MCR2030)initiative.6

Non-profitorganizationsandcivilsocietygroupsareoftenpointsofcontactpost-disaster,providingmuchneededservicesintheaftermathofaclimateorman-madeshock,buttheireffortsarenotcoordinatedatthenationallevel.Therearesomeexceptions,asseenincountrypartnershipswithmembersocietiesundertheIFRC,prominentchurches,andmorevocalwomen’srightsorganizationsandhumanrightsgroups.

FIGURE2

Disasterriskreductionframeworks

Nationally

Determined

Contributions

FirstNDC

Nationally

Determined

Contributions

FirstNDCUpdated

Nationally

Determined

Contributions

SecondNDC

National

AdaptationPlans

yAntiguaandBarbuda

yTheBahamas

yBarbados

yBelize

yDominica

yGrenada

yGuyana

yHaiti

yJamaica

ySaintKittsandNevis

ySaintLucia

ySaintVincentandtheGrenadines

ySuriname

yTrinidadandTobago

yAntiguaandBarbuda

yBarbados

yBelize

yJamaica

ySaintKittsandNevis

yGrenada

ySuriname

yGrenada

ySaintLucia

ySaintVincentandtheGrenadines

ySuriname

Source:NDCRegistry(interim)(UNFCCCsecretariat)

,adaptedbytheauthor.

6UNDRR(2021).

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C.OVERVIEWOFDISASTERRISKREDUCTIONFRAMEWORKSINTHECARIBBEAN

Whilethereareexamplesofprivatesectorpartnersprovidingsupportpost-disaster,thereislittleevidenceofpublic-privatepartnershipsthatpromoteclimatechangeadaptationandmitigation.Someprogrammesarebeingintroducedtoencouragemoreresilientbuildingsandbusinesses,buttheseprogrammesaretargetedatindividualsandbusinessesoperatingintheformaleconomy.

Regionally,inter-governmentalcollaborationtowardsdisasterriskreductionisprimarilymobilizedundertheCaribbeanDisasterEmergencyManagementAgency(CDEMA,formerlyCaribbeanDisasterEmergencyResponseAgency).ThisCARICOM-levelagencyhasamemorandumofunderstandingwith20membercountries,isgovernedbyanexecutivecouncil,andisguidedbytechnicaladvisorycommitteeswithrepresentativesfromeachmembercountry.Thereareseveralmultinationalagenciesthatsupportgovernmentsinhazardidentificationandtracking,post-disasterrecovery,andclimatechangecapacity-buildingtrainingandsupport.

Financialsystems

TheCaribbeanhasamixofstrongfinancialsystemswithaprevalentinformaleconomy.CommercialbanksrecordedUSD41billioninassetsin2019,spreadover80institutionsin19countries.Creditunionsarepresentin16countriesandreportedUSD7.3billioninassetswithin196memberinstitutions.Addedtothisarethefinancialflowsfrommultilaterallendingagencies,withoverUSD8billioncommittedto

theregion.Incontrast,publicfundsaredeclining,withdebt-to-GDPratiosaveraging76percent,andexternaldebttoppingatUSD54.27billion.7In2020,foreigndirectinvestment(FDI)inTrinidadandTobagodecreasedby-239percent,tiedtoitsdependenceontheenergysector.InJamaica,therewasa45percentdropofFDIduetoacontractionintourism,whichwasexacerbatedin2021duetohealthandtravelrestrictions.

ClimatefinanceandinvestmentsintheCaribbeanoftentargetsspecificprojects.TheClimateChangeAdaptationProgrammeimplementedundertheU.S.AgencyforInternationalDevelopment(USAID)togetherwiththeCCCCCmobilizedUSD310millionbetweenJuly2016andSeptember2020.ThisinvestmentwasusedtodeployCoralReefEarlyWarningSystemstations,LightDetectionandRanging(LiDAR)instrumentsandautomaticweatherstations,aswellassupportforscalingupofprojects.8FinancingthroughtheGreenClimateFund(GCF)supportsworkattheCCCCCandisbeingpursuedbyseveraldevelopmentfinancialinstitutionstofostermoreresilientmicro,smallandmedium-sizedenterprises(MSMEs)intheregion.ThelackofnationaladaptationplansinmanyCaribbeancountriesmaybeviewedasadeterrentforlendersorfinanciersseekingtoinvestinclimateadaptationormitigation.

Remittanc