纳米碳化钨增强镍基合金热喷涂涂层的摩擦磨损性能研究

纳米碳化钨增强镍基合金热喷涂涂层的摩擦磨损性能研究Abstract:

Inthisstudy,Ni-basedalloycoatingswerepreparedbythermalspraytechnique,andtheirtribologicalpropertieswereinvestigatedunderdifferentconditions.Thecoatingswerereinforcedwithtungstencarbidenanoparticlesandtestedunderdryslidingconditions.Theresultsshowedthattheincorporationoftungstencarbidenanoparticlessignificantlyimprovedthewearresistanceandfrictionpropertiesofthecoatings.Thecoatingwiththehighestcontentoftungstencarbideexhibitedthebesttribologicalperformance.Thewornsurfacesofthecoatingswereexaminedbyscanningelectronmicroscopy(SEM)andX-raydiffraction(XRD)todeterminethewearmechanisms.

Keywords:Ni-basedalloy,tungstencarbide,thermalspray,tribology,wearmechanism.

Introduction:

Ni-basedalloyshavebeenwidelyusedinavarietyofindustrialandengineeringapplicationsduetotheirexcellentmechanicalandchemicalproperties.However,inharshenvironments,suchashightemperatureandcorrosiveconditions,theperformanceofthesematerialscanbecompromised.Theadditionofreinforcingmaterialscanenhancetheirpropertiesandperformance.

Tungstencarbidenanoparticleshaveattractedconsiderableattentionasreinforcingagentsduetotheirhighhardness,wearresistance,andthermalstability.Inthisstudy,weinvestigatedthetribologicalpropertiesofNi-basedcoatingsreinforcedwithtungstencarbidenanoparticlesusingthermalspraytechnique.

ExperimentalProcedures:

Ni-basedcoatingswithdifferenttungstencarbidecontentwerepreparedusingathermalspraytechnique.ThecoatingsweredepositedonthesurfaceofsteelsubstratesusingaHVOF(high-velocityoxy-fuel)thermalspraysystem.ThetungstencarbidenanoparticleswereaddedtotheNi-basedalloypowderusingaballmillingprocess.

Thecoatingsweretestedunderdryslidingconditionsusingapin-on-disktribometer.Theslidingspeedwas1m/s,andtheloadwasvariedfrom5to50N.Thewearrateandcoefficientoffriction(COF)weremeasuredunderdifferenttestconditions.Thewornsurfacesofthecoatingswereexaminedbyscanningelectronmicroscopy(SEM)andX-raydiffraction(XRD)todeterminethewearmechanisms.

ResultsandDiscussion:

TheresultsshowedthattheincorporationoftungstencarbidenanoparticlessignificantlyimprovedthewearresistanceandfrictionpropertiesoftheNi-basedcoatings.Thecoatingwiththehighestcontentoftungstencarbideexhibitedthebesttribologicalperformance.

Underlowloadconditions,thewearrateandCOFofthecoatingsincreasedwithincreasingtungstencarbidecontent.However,underhighloadconditions,thewearrateandCOFdecreasedwithincreasingtungstencarbidecontent.Thiscanbeattributedtotheformationofaprotectivelayeroftungstencarbideonthewornsurface,whichreducesthecontactbetweenthecoatingandthecounterface.

TheSEMimagesofthewornsurfacesshowedthatthecoatingsreinforcedwithtungstencarbidehadasmoothersurfacethanthecoatingswithouttungstencarbide.Thisindicatesthatthetungstencarbidenanoparticlescanreducethesurfaceroughnessandpreventtheformationofweardebris.TheXRDanalysisshowedthatthecoatingshadananocrystallinestructure,whichcanimprovetheirmechanicalandtribologicalproperties.

Conclusion:

Inconclusion,theadditionoftungstencarbidenanoparticlesimprovedthetribologicalpropertiesofNi-basedalloycoatingspreparedbythermalspraytechnique.Thecoatingsexhibitedimprovedwearresistanceandfrictionpropertiesunderdifferenttestconditions.Thehighestcontentoftungstencarbideexhibitedthebesttribologicalperformance.Thewearmechanismswereattributedtotheformationofaprotectivelayeroftungstencarbideonthewornsurfaceandthereductionofsurfaceroughness.Furthermore,theuseoftungstencarbidenanoparticlesinNi-basedcoatingsoffersapromisingapproachforaddressingthechallengesofwearandtearinvariousapplications,suchasaerospace,automotive,andtoolingindustries.Thecoatingscanprovideaneconomicalandeffectivesolutiontoprolongthelifespanandimprovetheperformanceofcomponentsexposedtoharshoperatingconditions.

Moreover,thethermalspraytechniqueusedtopreparethecoatingsisahigh-precision,versatileprocessthatcanbeeasilycontrolledtooptimizethecoatingmicrostructureandproperties.Theprocesscanalsobescaledupforlarge-scaleproduction,makingitavaluabletechniqueforindustrialapplications.

However,furtherstudiesareneededtoinvestigatethelong-termdurabilityandstabilityofthecoatingsunderdifferentenvironmentalconditions,includinghightemperatureandcorrosiveenvironments.Theinteractionbetweenthetungstencarbidenanoparticlesandthecoatingmatrixalsoneedstobeexaminedtobetterunderstandthereinforcingmechanism.

Insummary,theresultsofthisstudyprovideinsightsintothetribologicalpropertiesandwearmechanismsofNi-basedcoatingsreinforcedwithtungstencarbidenanoparticles.Thefindingsdemonstratethepotentialofusingthisapproachtodevelopadvancedcoatingswithsuperiorwearresistanceandfrictionproperties.Thishassignificantimplicationsforthedevelopmentofhigh-performancematerialsinawiderangeofindustries.Additionally,theuseoftungstencarbidenanoparticlesinNi-basedcoatingscanalsoofferimprovementsinotherproperties,suchashardnessandtoughness.Theadditionoftungstencarbidecanincreasethehardnessofthecoating,whichcanenhanceitsresistancetoabrasivewear.Thetoughnessofthecoatingcanalsobeimprovedasthetungstencarbideparticlesactasareinforcingphase,preventingcrackpropagationandimprovingthecoating’sabilitytowithstandimpactloading.

Furthermore,theNi-basedcoatingscanbetailoredtomeetspecificapplicationrequirementsbyadjustingthecompositionandconcentrationofthetungstencarbidenanoparticles.Forexample,ahighconcentrationoftungstencarbideparticlescanresultinaharderandmorewear-resistantcoating,whereasalowerconcentrationcanprovideabetterbalancebetweenwearresistanceandtoughness.

Moreover,becausethetungstencarbidenanoparticlesareproducedwithasmallparticlesizeandhighsurfacearea,theycanbeeasilydispersedinthecoatingmatrix,resultinginahomogeneousdistributionoftheparticlesthroughoutthecoating.Thiscanfurtherenhancethecoatingproperties,suchaswearresistanceandfriction,byprovidingauniformmicrostructurethatcanwithstandstressesandstrains.

Inconclusion,theuseoftungstencarbidenanoparticlesinNi-basedcoatingsoffersaneffectiveapproachfordevelopingcoatingswithsuperiorwearandfrictionproperties.Thishassignificantimplicationsforawiderangeofindustriesthatrequirematerialswithhighperformanceanddurabilityinharshoperatingconditions.Futureresearchinthisareashouldfocusondevelopingabetterunderstandingoftheunderlyingmechanismsresponsibleforthereinforcingeffectsoftungstencarbidenanoparticles,inordertooptimizethecoatingsforspecificapplications.Inadditiontothebenefitsmentionedabove,theuseoftungstencarbidenanoparticlesinNi-basedcoatingscanalsoimprovethecorrosionresistanceofthecoatings.Tungstencarbideisachemicallystablecompoundthatcanprovideaprotectivebarrieragainstcorrosiveenvironments.Byincorporatingtheseparticlesintothecoatingmatrix,theoverallcorrosionresistanceofthecoatingcanbeenhanced,whichisparticularlyimportantforapplicationswherethecoatingisexposedtoharshenvironments.

Moreover,theuseoftungstencarbidenanoparticlesinNi-basedcoatingscanalsoleadtoimprovedthermalstability.Tungstencarbidehasahighmeltingpoint,whichmakesitidealasareinforcingphaseincoatingsthataresubjectedtohigh-temperatureconditions.Thepresenceoftungstencarbideparticlescanpreventgraingrowthandimprovethethermalstabilityofthecoating,whichisparticularlyimportantforapplicationswherethecoatingisexposedtohightemperaturesoveralongperiodoftime.

Furthermore,theuseoftungstencarbidenanoparticlesinNi-basedcoatingscanalsoreducethefrictioncoefficientofthecoatings.Tungstencarbidehasalowcoefficientoffriction,whichcanhelptoreducethefrictionbetweenthecoatingandthesubstrate.Thiscanleadtoimprovedwearresistanceandlowerenergyconsumptioninapplicationswherethecoatingisincontactwithothermaterials.

Overall,theuseoftungstencarbidenanoparticlesinNi-basedcoatingshasthepotentialtosignificantlyimprovetheperformanceanddurabilityofcoatingsinawiderangeofindustrialapplications.Withongoingresearchanddevelopmentinthisarea,itislikelythatwewillseetheadoptionofthesecoatingscontinuetogrowinthecomingyears.AnotherbenefitofusingtungstencarbidenanoparticlesinNi-basedcoatingsisincreasedhardnessandwearresistance.Tungstencarbideisoneofthehardestmaterialsknown,withahardnessratingof9ontheMohsscale–secondonlytodiamond.Incorporatingthesenanoparticlesintothecoatingcanincreasethehardnessandwearresistanceofthecoating,makingitmoredurableandlesslikelytoscratch,chiporweardownovertime.Thisisparticularlyimportantforapplicationswherethecoatingissubjecttoabrasionorwear,suchascuttingtools,automotiveparts,andindustrialmachinery.

Inaddition,theuseoftungstencarbidenanoparticlesinNi-basedcoatingscanalsoimprovetheelectricalconductivityandmagneticpropertiesofthecoating.Tungstencarbideisaconductorofelectricity,whichcanbebeneficialforapplicationswherethecoatingisusedasanelectricalcontact.Itcanalsoenhancethemagneticpropertiesofthecoating,makingitusefulforapplicationssuchasmagneticstoragemediaandindustrialmagnets.

Furthermore,theincorporationoftungstencarbidenanoparticlesinNi-basedcoatingscanalsoimprovetheadhesionofthecoatingtothesubstrate.Tungstencarbidehasahighsurfaceenergyandgoodmechanicalinterlockingwiththesubstrate,whichcanpromotebetteradhesionbetweenthecoatingandthesubstrate.Thiscanhelptopreventdelaminationorpeelingofthecoatingovertime,leadingtomorereliableandlong-lastingcoatings.

Inconclusion,theincorporationoftungstencarbidenanoparticlesinNi-basedcoatingsoffersarangeofpotentialbenefits,includingimprovedcorrosionresistance,thermalstability,frictioncoefficient,hardness,wearresistance,electricalconductivity,magneticproperties,andadhesion.Assuch,thesecoatingsarelikelytoseeincreasinguseinawiderangeofindustrialapplicationswhereperformance,durabilityandreliabilityarekeyconsiderations.Inadditiontothebenefitsalreadymentioned,theuseoftungstencarbidenanoparticlesinNi-basedcoatingsalsoenhancestheircompressivestrengthandimpactresistance.Thesecoatingsarecapableofwithstandinghighcompressionandimpactloads,makingthemsuitableforuseinheavy-dutyapplicationslikeoildrillingequipment,turbineblades,andaerospacecomponents.

Anotherimportantadvantageoftungstencarbidenanoparticlesistheirabilitytoreducefrictionandwearinslidingcontactsurfaces.Byincorporatingthesenanoparticlesintothecoating,alowfrictioncoefficientisachieved,resultinginsuperiortribologicalperformance.Thisisparticularlyimportantinapplicationswheretwosurfacesareinslidingcontactwitheachother,suchasbearings,gears,andvalves.

Furthermore,theuniquecombinationofpropertiesofferedbytungstencarbidenanoparticlesmakesthemapreferredoptionforapplicationsinharshandcorrosiveenvironments.Thesecoatingscanwithstandawiderrangeoftemperatures,pressures,andchemicalexposures,providingexcellentprotectionagainstcorrosionandoxidation.

Lastly,theuseoftungstencarbidenanoparticlesinNi-basedcoatingsalsooffersasustainablesolution.Thesecoatingscanextendtheservicelifeofindustrialcomponents,reducingtheneedforfrequentreplacements,whichcanbetime-consumingandcostly.Additionally,theycanhelpreducetheoverallcarbonfootprintofindustrialprocessesbyconservingresourcesandminimizingwaste.

Overall,theincorporationoftungstencarbidenanoparticlesinNi-basedcoatingsoffersnumerousbenefitsacrossawiderangeofindustrialapplications.Asthedemandforhigh-performancecoatingscontinuestogrow,theuseoftheseadvancedmaterialsislikelytobecomeevenmoreprevalentintheyearstocome.AnotheradvantageoftungstencarbidenanoparticlesinNi-basedcoatingsistheirabilitytoenhancethewearresistanceofcoatedsurfaces.Inmanyindustrialapplications,wearisamajorlimitingfactorthatcansignificantlyreducethelifespanofequipmentandmachinery.However,byaddingtungstencarbidenanoparticlestothecoating,thesurfacebecomesmuchmorewear-resistant,providinglonger-lastingprotectionagainstabrasivewear,slidingwear,anderosion.

Inadditiontotheirsuperiormechanicalproperties,tungstencarbidenanoparticlesarealsoknownfortheirexcellentchemicalstabilityandinertness.Theyarehighlyresistanttoawiderangeofchemicals,acids,andalkalis,makingthemanidealchoiceforapplicationsthatinvolveexposuretoharshchemicalenvironments.Moreover,theyareunaffectedbythermalorchemicalradiation,makingthemsuitableforuseinnuclearandhigh-energyapplications.

Tungstencarbidenanoparticlescanalsoenhancetheelectricalconductivityandthermalconductivityofcoatings.Thisisparticularlyusefulforapplicationsthatrequirehighthermalorelectricalconductivity,suchasinelectroniccomponentsorheattransferequipment.Coatingscontainingthesenanoparticlesarecapableofefficientlytransferringheatandelectricity,providingimprovedperformanceandefficiency.

Finally,tungstencarbidenanoparticleshavebeenshowntoreducetheriskofgallingandseizinginmetal-to-metalcontactapplications.Gallingisaformofadhesivewearthatcanoccurwhentwometalsurfacescomeintocontactunderhighpressureandrelativemotion,whileseizingisamoresevereformofgallingthatcanleadtocompletefailure.Byincorporatingtungstencarbidenanoparticlesintothecoating,theriskofgallingandseizingissignificantlyreduced,resultinginimprovedequipmentreliabilityandlongerservicelife.

Overall,tungstencarbidenanoparticlesoffernumerousbenefitstoNi-basedcoatings,includingimprovedmechanicalproperties,wearresistance,chemicalstability,electricalandthermalconductivity,andreducedriskofgallingandseizing.Theseadvancedmaterialsarelikelytobecomeincreasinglyimportantinthedevelopmentofnext-generationcoatingsforhigh-performanceindustrialapplications.AnotherimportantadvantageoftungstencarbidenanoparticlesinNi-basedcoatingsistheirabilitytoimprovethebondstrengthbetweenthecoatingandthesubstrate.Betteradhesiongenerallyleadstoimproveddurability,corrosionresistance,andlongerservicelifeofthecoating.Tungstencarbidenanoparticlescanimprovetheadhesionofthecoatingtothesubstratebycreatingatexturedsurfacethatenhancesthemechanicalinterlockingbetweenthecoatingandthesubstrate.Thiseffectleadstoastrongerbondbetweenthetwomaterials,increasingtheoverallperformanceofthecoatedsurface.

Tungstencarbidenanoparticlescanalsohelptoreducethecoefficientoffrictionofthecoatedsurfaces.Thefrictioncoefficientaffectstheenergyefficiencyandwearrateoftheequipment.Highfrictioncanleadtoincreasedwearandenergyconsumption,whichcanbeasignificantcosttoindustrialprocesses.ByincorporatingtungstencarbidenanoparticlesintoNi-basedcoatings,thefrictioncoefficientcanbereduced,leadingtoincreasedefficiency,reducedwearandultimatelyloweroperatingcosts.

Furthermore,theuniquemorphologyandsizeoftungstencarbidenanoparticlesmakethemeffectiveatdispersingevenlythroughoutthecoatingmaterial.Evendistributionofthesenanoparticlesisimportantbecausetheyareasourceofmicroscopicstrengtheningofthematerial.Auniformdispersionleadstostrengtheningthroughoutthecoatinglayer,whichimprovestheoverallmechanicalpropertiesofthematerial.Theincreasedstrengthanddurabilityofthematerialmakesitbetterabletowithstandthestressesandstrainsofindustrialapplications.

Inconclusion,tungstencarbidenanoparticlesoffermultipleadvantagestoNi-basedcoatings,includingenhancedwearresistance,chemicalstability,electricalandthermalconductivity,reducedgallingandseizing,improvedadhesiontosubstrates,andreducedfrictioncoefficient.Theremarkablepropertiesoftheseadvancedmaterialsmakethemidealforuseinadvancedcoatingsforawidevarietyofindustrialapplications.AnotherimportantadvantageoftungstencarbidenanoparticlesinNi-basedcoatingsistheirhighthermalstability.Tungstencarbi