英文文献：年产万吨的苹果汁工厂设计

英文文献2.5.3.DesignandconstructionofthebuildingRoofsandceilingsWallsWindowsanddoorsFloorsLightingandpowerWatersupplyandsanitationLayoutofequipmentandfacilitiesIngeneral,abuildingshouldhaveenoughspaceforallproductionprocessestotakeplacewithoutcongestionandforstorageofrawmaterials,packagingmaterialsandfinishedproducts.However,theinvestmentshouldbeappropriatetothesizeandexpectedprofitabilityoftheenterprisetoreducestart-upcapital,thesizeofanyloanstakenoutanddepreciationandmaintenancecharges.RoofsandceilingsIntropicalclimates,overhangingroofskeepdirectsunlightoffthewallsandoutofthebuilding.Thisisparticularlyimportantwhenprocessinginvolvesheating,tomakeworkingconditionsmorecomfortable.Fiber-cementtilesoffergreaterinsulationagainstheatfromthesunthangalvanizedironsheetsdo.Highlevelventsinroofsbothallowheatandsteamtoescapeandencourageaflowoffreshairthroughtheprocessingroom.Theventsmustbescreenedwithmeshtopreventinsects,rodentsandbirdsfromenteringtheroom.Ifheatisaseriousproblem,theentrepreneurcouldconsiderfittingelectricfansorextractors,althoughthisclearlyincreasescapitalandoperatingcosts.Raftersorroofbeamswithintheprocessingandstorageroomsareunacceptable.Theyallowdusttoaccumulate,whichcanfalloffinlumpstocausegrosscontaminationofproducts.Similarly,insectscanfallfromthemintoproducts.Theyalsoallowpathsforrodentsandbirds,withconsequentrisksofcontaminationfromhairs,feathersorexcreta.Itisthereforeessentialtohaveapaneledceilingfittedtoanyprocessingorstore-oom,withcarefulattentionwhenfittingthemtoensurethattherearenoholesinthepaneling.Careshouldalsobetakentopreventbirds,rodentsandflyinginsectsgainingaccesstotheprocessingroomthroughgapsintheroofstructureorwheretheroofjoinsthewalls.-总结-WallsAsaminimumrequirement,allinternalwallsshouldberenderedorplasteredwithagoodqualityplastertopreventdustformingintheprocessingroom.Anexperiencedplasterershouldbeusedtoensurethatnocracksorledgesremaininthesurfacefinish,whichcouldaccumulatedirtandinsects.Thelowerareaofwalls,toatleast1.08metres(fourfeet)abovethefloor,ismostlikelytogetdirtyfromwashingequipment,fromproductsplashingetc.andspecialattentionshouldbepaidtoensurethatthisareaiseasilycleaned.Higherareasofwallsshouldbepaintedwithagoodqualityemulsion.Thelowerpartsofwallsshouldbeeitherpaintedwithawaterproofglosspaint,preferablywhite,toallowthemtobethoroughlycleaned,orideallytheyshouldbetiledwithglazedtiles.Iftilingaprocessroomistooexpensive,itispossibletoselectparticularareassuchasbehindsinksormachineryandonlytiletheseparts.InsomecountriesthereisalegalrequirementforspecifiedinternalfinishesandthisshouldbecheckedwiththeMinistryofHealthorotherappropriateauthority(seealsoSection2.4.2)WindowsanddoorsWindowsillsshouldbemadetoslopefortworeasons:topreventdustfromaccumulatingandtopreventoperatorsfromleavingclothsorotheritemslyingthere,whichinturncanattractinsects.Windowsallowstafftoworkinnaturaldaylight,whichispreferabletoandcheaperthanelectriclighting.However,intropicalclimatesthereisanaturalinclinationforworkerstoopenwindowstoallowgreatercirculationoffreshair.Thisprovideseasyaccessforflyinginsects,whichcanreadilycontaminatetheproduct.Windowsshouldthereforebefittedwithmosquitomeshtoallowthemtobeleftopen.Normallydoorsshouldbekeptclosed,butiftheyareusedregularlythereisagainatendencyforthemtobeleftopenwithsimilarconsequencesofanimalsandinsectsenteringtheplant.Inthiscase,thinmetalchainsorstripsofmaterialthatarehungverticallyfromthedoorlintelmaydeterinsectsandsomeanimals,whileallowingeasyaccessforstaff.Alternativelymeshdoorscreenscanbeused.Doorsshouldbefittedaccuratelysothattherearenogapsbeneaththemandallstoreroomdoorsshouldbekeptclosedtopreventinsectsandrodentsfromdestroyingstockoringredients.FloorsItisessentialtoensurethatthefloorsofprocessingroomsandstoreroomsareconstructedofgoodqualityconcrete,smoothfinishedandwithoutcracks.Insomedevelopingcountries,itispossibletobuyproprietaryfloorpaintsorvinylbasedcoatings,buttheseareusuallyveryexpensive.Generally,itisnotadequatetouse-总结-theredwaxfloorpolishesthatarecommonlyfoundinhouseholds,asthesewearawayeasilyandcouldcontaminateeitherproductsorpackages.Overtime,spillagesofacidicfruitproductsreactwithconcreteandcauseittoerode.Attentionshouldthereforebepaidtocleaningupspillagesastheyoccurandtoregularlymonitortheconditionofthefloor.Thecomerswherethefloorandthewallsjoinareplacesfordirttocollect.Duringconstructionofthefloor,itshouldthereforebecurveduptomeetthewall.Itispossibletoplacefilletsofconcrete(or'coving')inthecomersofanexistingfloortofilluptherightangle,butcareisneededtoensurethatnewgapsarenotcreatedwhichwouldharbourdirtandinsects.Thefloorshouldslopeatanangleofapproximately1in8toacentraldrainagechannel.Attheendofaday'sproduction,thefloorcanbethoroughlywashedanddrained.Properdrainagepreventspoolsofstagnantwaterforming,whichwouldinturnriskcontaminationofequipmentandfoods.Thedrainagechannelshouldbefittedwithaneasilyremovedsteelgratingsothatthedraincanbecleaned.Wherethedrainexitsthebuilding,thereisapotentialentrypointforrodentsandcrawlinginsectsunlesswiremeshisfittedoverthedrainopening.Thistooshouldbeeasilyremovedforcleaning.LightingandpowerGeneralroomlightingshouldbeminimizedwhereverpossible.Fulluseshouldbemadeofnaturaldaylight,whichisbothfreeandbetterqualitylight,especiallyforintricatework.Whereadditionallightingisneeded,florescenttubesarecheapertooperatethanincandescentbulbs.However,ifmachineryisusedthathasfastmovingexposedparts,theseshouldbelitwithincandescentbulbsandnottubes.Thisisbecauseeventhoughthepartsshouldhaveguardsfitted,arotatingmachinecanappeartostandstillifitsspeedmatchesthenumberofcyclesofthemainselectricitythatpowersfluorescenttubes-withobviousdangerstooperators.Allelectricpowerpointsshouldbeplacedatasufficientlyhighlevelabovethefloorthatthereisnoriskofwaterenteringthemduringwashingthefloororequipment.Ideally,waterproofsocketsshouldbeused.Itisimportanttouseeachpowerpointforoneapplicationandnotusemultiplesocketswhichriskoverloadingacircuitandcausingafire.Ifthereareinsufficientpowerpointsfortheneedsofaprocess,additionalpointsshouldbeinstalled,eventhoughthisismoreexpensive.Allplugsshouldbefittedwithfusesthatareappropriateforthepowerratingoftheequipmentandideallythemainssupplyshouldhaveanearthleakagetripswitch.Ifthree-phasepowerisneededforlargermachinesorforheavyloadsfromelectricheating,itisimportantthatthewiringisinstalledbyaqualifiedelectriciantobalancethesupplyacrossthethreephases.-总结-WatersupplyandsanitationWaterisessentialinnearlyallfruitandvegetableprocessing,bothasacomponentofproductsandforcleaning.Anadequatesupplyofpotablewatershouldthereforebeavailablefromtapsaroundtheprocessingarea.Inmanycountries,themainssupplyisunreliableorperiodicallycontaminatedanditisthereforenecessaryfortheentrepreneurtomakearrangementstosecurearegularsupplyofgoodqualitywatereachday.Thiscanbedonebyinstallingtwohighlevel,coveredstoragetankseitherintheroof-spaceoronpillarsoutsidethebuilding.Theycanbefilledalternatelywhenmainswaterisavailableandwhileonetankisbeingused,anysedimentinwaterintheothertankissettlingout.Assedimentationtakesseveralhours,thecapacityofeachtankshouldbesufficientforoneday'sproduction.Thetanksshouldhaveaslopingbaseandbefittedwithdrainvalvesabovetheslopeandatthelowestpoint.Inuse,wateristakenfromtheuppervalveandwhenthetankisalmostempty,thelowervalveisopenedtoflushoutanysedimentthathasaccumulated.Waterthatisincludedinaproductshouldbecarefullytreatedtoremovealltracesofsedimentandifnecessary,itshouldbesterilised.Thisisparticularlyimportantiftheproductisnotheatedafterwaterhasbeenmixedinasaningredient.Therearefourwaysoftreatingwateratasmallscale:byfiltration;byheating;byultra-violetlightandbychemicalsterilants,suchashypochlorite(alsonamed'chlorinesolution'or'bleach').Otherwatertreatmentmethodsaregenerallytooexpensiveatasmallscaleofoperation.Filtrationthroughdomesticwaterfiltersisslow,buthavingmadethecapitalexpenditure,itisrelativelycheap.Largerindustrialfiltersareavailableinsomecountries.Heatingwatertoboilingandholdingitatthattemperaturefor10-15minutesissimpleandhaslowcapitalcosts,butitisexpensivebecauseoffuelcostsanditistimeconsumingtodoroutinely.Heatingsterilisesthewaterbutdoesnotremovesedimentandboiledwatermaythereforerequirefilteringorstandingtoremovesediment.Ultra-violetlightdestroysmicro-organismsinwaterandcommercialwatertreatmentunitsthatusethisprinciple(Figure38)arecomingdowninpricetothepointthattheycanbesuitableforthosesmallscaleprocessorsthatusealotofwater.Again,thismethoddoesnotremovesedimentfromthewater.Finally,chemicalsterilisationusinghypochloriteisfast,relativelycheapandeffectiveagainstawiderangeofmicro-organisms.Cleaningwatershouldcontainabout200ppmofchorineandwaterthatisusedasaningredientshouldcontainabout0.5ppmtoavoidgivingachlorineflavourtotheproduct.Achlorineconcentrationof200ppmcanbemadebyadding1litreofbleachto250litresofwateranda0.5ppmsolutionisobtainedbyadding2.5mlofbleachto250litresofwater.Althoughchlorinekillsmostmicro-organisms,italsohasanumberofdisadvantages:itcancorrodealuminiumequipment;itcantaintfoods;bleachmust- . -总结-behandledwithgreatcareasitdamagesthenecessary,theconcentrationofchlorineinwatercanbemeasuredusingachemicaldyethatproducesacolourwhenitreactswithchlorine.Theintensityofthecolouriscomparedtostandardcoloursonglassdiscsina'comparator'.Goodsanitationisessentialtoreducetheriskofproductcontaminationandtodeterinsects,rodentandbirds.Allwastesshouldbeplacedinbinsandnotpiledonthefloor.Processesshouldhaveamanagementsysteminplacetoremovewastesfromthebuildingastheyareproduced,ratherthanlettingthemaccumulateduringtheday.Wastesshouldneverbeleftinaprocessingroomovernight.ThisaspectisdescribedfurtherinSection2.7.2,andsummarizedinAppendixI.LayoutofequipmentandfacilitiesThedifferentareasrequiredforfruitandvegetableprocessingareshowninFigure39foradryingunitandinFigure40forothertypesofproduction.Thelayoutsoftheseprocessingroomsshowhowrawmaterialsmovethroughaprocessandthroughtheroomwithoutpathscrossing.Differentstagesinaprocessshouldbephysicallyseparatedwhereverpossible.Thishelpspreventcontaminationoffinishedproductsbyincoming,oftendirty,rawmaterialsandclearlyidentifiesareasoftheroomwherespecialattentiontohygieneisnecessary.Thisisparticularlyimportanttopreventcontaminationarisingfromactivitiessuchasbottlewashinginwhichinevitablebreakagesproduceglasssplintersthatcouldcontaminateaproduct.Thisseparationalsoreducesthelikelihoodofaccidentsorofoperatorsbumpingintoeachother.Perishablerawmaterialsshouldbestoredseparatelyfromnon-perishableingredientsandpackagingmaterials.Aseparateofficeallowsrecordstobefiledandkeptcleanandprovidesaquieterworkingenvironmentforbook-keeping.Toiletsshouldeitherbehousedinaseparatebuildingortwodoorsshouldexistbetweenthemandaprocessingarea.Allworkersshouldhaveaccesstohand-washingfacilitieswithsoapandcleantowels.Laboratoryfacilitiesaregenerallynotneededinfruitandvegetableprocessing,althoughaseparatetableforconductingqualityassurancechecksorcheck-weighingpackagesoffinishedproduct(Section2.7.2)couldbelocatedintheofficeorinaseparateareaoftheprocessingroom.英文文献^文2.5.3.建筑物的设计和建造屋顶和天花板墙壁- . -总结-窗户和门地板照明和能源水供应和公共卫生仪器和设备的布局总的说来，一个厂房应该有足够的空间来进行产品的加工制造，避免拥堵和原料，包装材料和成品混杂储存的情况发生。当然，投资需要看企业的大小和预期的收益性，一般企业的计划应该是适当的减少启动资产，被取出的贷款和折旧费用和维护费用。屋顶和天花板在热带的地方，悬垂的屋顶可以保持直接照射的日光避开墙壁和建筑物外层。这样做非常重要，可以使工作环境更加舒适，特别是进行加热处理的时候。纤维水泥砖瓦能够得到比薄铁片更加好的绝热和绝缘的效果。屋顶的高标准的排气口能够使得热气和蒸汽都散出并且使得新鲜空气可以流经加工车间。排气口一定要装备网子以阻止昆虫，老鼠类动物和鸟进入屋子。如果散热是一个严重问题,企业家可以考虑安装适宜的电风扇或鼓风机,即使这样会明显地增加资金和操作费用。在加工车间和储存车间是不要椽或顶梁的。它们会积累灰尘,散落下一些块状物从而引起产品的污染。同样地，昆虫能从椽或顶梁落下进入产品里。它们也为老鼠和鸟提供了通道，从而造成来自毛发，羽毛或排泄物的污染而引起的危险。嵌镶板的屋顶可以应用在任何一间加工车间或是储存车间，前提是需要认真的检-总结-查以确定镶嵌板上没有洞。仔细检查也应该包括阻止鸟，老鼠和飞的昆虫从加工车间屋顶结构的缝隙处进入或屋顶和墙壁的连接处进入。墙壁对于墙壁最低的要，所有的墙应该用高质量的水泥石膏来粉刷和垒砌以阻止灰尘在加工车间形成。一个富有经验的泥水匠应该习惯于确保完成后的表面没有可以累积污垢和昆虫裂缝或者突出物。墙壁的较低的地方应该至少高于地板1.08公尺（四英尺）,否则很有可能在清洗仪器或是产品洒溅的时候弄脏，而且特别应该注意的是这一个区域应该很容易清理。墙壁较高的地方应该喷涂上高质量的乳液涂料。墙壁较低部份应该涂上防水的光彩油漆,白色的比较好，因为它们能够被彻底的清洗,或者说更为理想地是应该铺上光滑的瓷砖。如果用瓷砖来铺加工车间成本太高,也可以只将瓷砖铺在一些需要的地方，比如水槽和机器附近。在一些国家完成后进行详细说明是一个合法的需求，而且应该有健康检疫部门或其他的相关权威部门一起进行检查。（参考第2.4.2节）窗户和门窗台应该被做成斜面的二个理由:阻止灰尘积累和阻止操作员离开的时候在那里留下衣服或其他的可以吸引昆虫的东西。窗户的好处就是可以让职员在白天的时候在比电灯的光线更好更廉价的自然的光线下工作。无论怎么说，在热带的气候条件下，这种自然倾斜的窗台可以让工人在打开窗户后使得新鲜空气的循环更为通畅。当然这也为飞虫提供了容易的通路,能很容易地弄污产品。因此窗口应该配备有防蚊网来防止蚊子等飞虫。通常情况下门应该是关闭的，但是如果他们总是有规则地开门关门，动物和昆虫的一样会进入到加工车间。在这情况，当职员进出门的时候，将细的金属链-.-总结-子或是其他材料的带子垂直地栓在门楣上可以阻止昆虫和一些动物。另一种较常使用的方法是在门上安装上网子。门应该制作得非常精确且没有缝隙，而且所有的储藏室的门都应该是关着的，以阻止昆虫和老鼠破坏产品和其他的东西。地板加工车间和储藏室的地板的基本要要用高质量的水泥建造，而且要光滑平整没有裂缝。在一些发展中国家，可能会有买专用的地板油漆或是用乙烯基涂料，但是通常这些是非常贵的。通常，在家庭里使用红色的腊地板被发现的光泽不好,而且会很容易地污染产品或包装。在随着时间的推移，水果产品产生的酸会和地板起反应而且将它侵蚀。当出现这种情况的时候，注意应该及时清理溢出物并且有规则地监控地板的情况。地板和墙壁的连接部分容易聚集灰尘。在地板的建造时候，这个部分应该被设计成曲面。一般可能的做法是在这个地方用混凝土（或“弧形饰”）做成直角，但是需要确定新的缝隙不会藏匿污垢和昆虫。对一个中央排水通道，地板上应该有大约1-8个斜坡。在一天的制生产结束后，地板应该被彻底地清洗并且排干污水。良好的排水系统可以阻止地板上形成容易造成设备和产品污染的水洼。排水沟应该建造得恰倒好处远离钢铁栅栏以便于排水沟的清理。在工厂排水沟的出口有可能成为老鼠和昆虫潜入工厂的入口，除非在排水沟的出口上面安装适合的金属丝网。这里也应该容易地的拆装清洁。照明和能源通常情况下的房间照明设备应该是尽量减少使用的。充分使用的是免费且更好的白天的自然光线，尤其是进行复杂的操作的时候。在需要使用额外的照明工-总结-作的时候，日光灯管要比白炽灯廉价。然而，如果机器在移动中已经有了暴露的部分,这时候就应该使用白炽灯泡和非管形的灯。这是因为即使这个部份有了应该有的安全措施,看起来似乎可以长时间使用，但如果它的速度周期和输电干线电的荧光管相匹配——这就很明显的对操作员有危险。所有的电力点应该被放置在离地板很高的可以确定在清洗地板和设备的时候不会有水进入的危险的地方。理论上说来，应该使用防水材料制作的插座。很重要的是使用每个电力点只能供应一个设施并且不要使用插座过载一个线路，这样会使线路过载并且有引起火灾的危险。如果电力点不足以满足加工的需要，