二轮复习 书面表达新创 层级4 第3讲 概要写作 学案

第3讲概要写作［概要写作微技能］一概要写作微技能一概要写作微技能［同义替换小结］◎名词的替换目标：targetfgoal难题：problem—issue影响：influence—impact机会：chance—opportunity困难：difficulty—obstaele老人：oldpeople—theaged,theelderly名声：fame—reputation8•优势：advantage—strength缺陷：disadvantage—drawback,weakness发展：development—advance，progress11.方法：method—approach12.财产：wealth—fortune,property◎动词的替换得到：get—acquire,obtain减少：reduce—decrease,lessen,cut改进：improve—promote,enhance帮助：help—assist,aid5•拥有：have—possess,own同意：agree—approve感谢：thank—appreciate表达：express—convey解决：solve—copewith,dealwith激励，激发：encourage—motivate,fuel保持：keep—preserve,reserve,maintain给予：give—offer,provide,supply,afford培养：develop—cultivate,foster宣称：declare—claim保护：protect—conserve,preserve确保：ensure—assure,guarantee17•展示：show—reveal,illustrate,demonstrate,present相似：looklike—resemble改变：change—transform,alter禁止：forbid—ban,prohibit◎形容词的替换1•悲伤的：sad—depressed,frustrated富有的：rich—wealthy,welloff3•贫穷的：poor—needy,inpoverty好的：good—rosy,outstanding,remarkable坏的：bad—wicked,awful,dreadful聪明的：clever—smart,gifted,sharpminded困难的：difficult—tough,challenging,stressful,demanding巨大的：big—enormous,vast,massive有害的：harmful—damaging,ruinous,destruetive许多：many—aseaof,abundant,numerous,considerable美丽的：beautiful—eyecatching,goodshaped,appealing,charming,fascinating害怕的：afraid—frightened,scared,panicstricken快速的：fast—speedy乏味的：boringfdull,tiresome怀疑的：doubtful—sceptical,suspicious16•疲劳的：tired—exhausted,wornout新的：new—fresh,brandnew最初的：original—initial常见的：common—notuncommon生气的：angry—annoyed,irritated严重的：serious—severe传统的：traditional—conventional显然的：clear—obvious,apparent,evident勇敢的：brave—fearless,courageous,bold出名的：famous—notable,noticeable合理的：reasonable—sensible,sound27•精确的：exact—precise28•充足的：enough—abundant,ample,plentiful29.基本的：basic—fundamental30•重要的：important—significant,essential,vital,critical◎副词的替换经常：often—frequently,constantly不常：seldom—rarely仅仅：only—merely每天：everyday—dayinanddayout起初：firstly—originally,initially完全地：completely—totally,absolutely立刻：immediately—shortly,rightnow,rightaway大约：about—around,roughly,approximately最后：finally—eventually,ultimately肯定地：certainly—definitely,undoubtedly,apparently事实上：infact—asamatteroffact,practically,ineffect,非常：very—extremely,intensely,overwhelmingly,unbelievably,morethan［说明文的概要写作模板］1．描写某事物的性质功能。即“事物＋性质功能＋利弊”。Inthepassagethewriterintroduces...tous,especiallyits...性（质或功能）,fromwhichweknow...（事物带来的利弊）。2．针对某个问题提出解决方法或措施。即“问题＋解决方法”。Thepassagelists/indicates...（问题）andbringsforthseveralmeasures/solutionstosolvetheproblem，whichincludes...（方法1）,...（方法2）and...（方法3）。3．介绍某现象及其原因、结果。即“现象＋原因＋结果”Theauthortalksabout...Itiscausedby...Asaresult/Consequently,...或：Theauthor/writerstates/presentsthephenomenonof.because/but...（原因1/本质1）,and...（原因2/本质2）。［说明文佳作背诵］（2018•浙江11月）阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要It'sareallygoodideatovisitcollegesbeforeyouapplybecausetheirwebsitescanallstarttolookandsoundthesame.Nothingwillgiveyouthesenseofwhatitwillactuallybeliketoliveonacollegecampus（校园）likevisitingandseeingforyourselfthedorms,classroomsandathleticequipmentand,ofcourse,thestudents.Itseemsalittlecrazyoncesenioryearshitstofindthetimetovisitcollegecampuses,anditcanalsobepriceyiftheschoolsyouareapplyingtohappentobemorethanacarrideaway.Butkeepinmindthatyouaremakingadecisionaboutthenextfouryearsofyourlife,anddoalltheresearchyoucantomakesureyouaremakingtherightone.Thereisnoexcusenottovisittheschoolsinyourlocalarea.Infact,alotofcollegeapplicationsevenaskifyouhavevisitedcampus,andobviously,ifyouliveacrossthecountrythatwon'tbeasmuchofapossibility,butifyoulivenearly,gocheckitout.Ifcampusvisitsaren'tgoingtohappenbeforeyouapply,attheveryleastyoushouldfindsometimebetweenapplyingandgettingyouracceptanceletterstovisittheschoolsyou'dliketoattend.Itcansaveyoualotofheartacheifyouruleoutnowthethingsthatyoudon'tlikeaboutcertaincampuses,thingsthatyouwouldn'tknowunlessyouactuallyvisit.Now,iftimeandmoneyaremakingitimpossible,thencheckouttheonlinecollegefairsatCollegeWeekLive.It'sachancetochatonlinewithadmissionsofficers,students,andcollegecouselors（顾问），anditwon'tcostyouapenny!Y.Whilevisitinganonlinecollegefaircan'ttaketheplaceofanactualcampusvisit,itcanbeaveryusefultoolthatalongwithallyourotherresearchwillhelpyoumakeaninformeddecisionaboutwhichcollegesoruniversitiesyou'dliketoattend.［参考范文］It'sawisechoiceforyoutopayapersonalvisittothecollegeyouareapplyingto,especiallytheonesthatareclosetoyou.（要点1）Inordertoavoidbeingregretful,youshouldatleastvisitthecollegeyoudecidedtoattend.（要点2）Ifalltheaboveisnotaffordable,itwillbehelpfultosearchtheonlinecollegefairsatCollegeWeekLivewhereyoucangetthenecessaryinformation.（要点3）［议论文的概要写作模板］首先要找出主题句(thetopicsentences)、支撑句(supportingsentences)和结论句(conclusionsentences)，其中最主要的是找准主题句。概要模板：论点＋论据(＋结论)。有些文章没有结论句。［议论文佳作背诵］(2019•浙江6月卷)阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。Parentseverywherepraisetheirkids.JennBerman,authorofTheAtoZGuidetoRaisingHappyandConfidentKids,says,“We'vegonetotheoppositeextremeofafewdecadesagowhenparentstendedtobemorestrict.”Bygivingkidsalotofpraise,parentsthinkthey'rebuildingtheirchildren'sconfidence,when,infact,itmaybejusttheopposite.Toomuchpraisecanbackfireand,whengiveninawaythat'sinsincere,makekidsafraidtotrynewthingsortakeariskforfearofnotbeingabletostayontopwheretheirparents'praisehasputthem.Still,don'tgotoofarintheotherdirection.Notgivingenoughpraisecanbejustasdamagingasgivingtoomuch.Kidswillfeellikethey'renotgoodenoughorthatyoudon'tcareand,asaresult,mayseenopointintryinghardfortheiraccomplishments.Sowhatistherightamountofpraise?Expertssaythatthequalityofpraiseismoreimportantthanthequantity.Ifpraiseissincereandfocusedontheeffortnottheoutcome,youcangiveitasoftenasyourchilddoessomethingthatdeservesaverbalreward.“Weshouldespeciallyrecognizeourchildren'seffortstopushthemselvesandworkhardtoachieveagoal，”saysDonahue,authorofParentingWithoutFear:LettingGoofWorryandFocusingonWhatReallyMatters.“Onethingtorememberisthatit'stheprocessnottheendproductthatmatters.”Yoursonmaynotbethebestbasketballplayeronhisteam.Butifhe'soutthereeverydayandplayinghard,youshouldpraisehiseffortregardlessofwhetherhisteamwinsorloses.Praisingtheeffortandnottheoutcomecanalsomeanrecognizingyourchildwhenshehasworkedhardtocleantheyard,cookdinner,orfinishabookreport.Butwhateveritis,praiseshouldbegivenonacasebycasebasisandbeproportionate（相称的）totheamountofeffortyourchildhasputintoit.［参考范文］It'snoeasyjobtoeducatechildren.Parentsarewrongfromstrictdisciplineinthepasttoexcessivepraisetoday.要（点1）Considerablepraisehelpstoencouragechildrentomakeprogress,butdon'tgofromoneextremetotheother.（要点2）Highqualitypraiseshouldfocusonchildren'sefforts,ratherthanonresults.（要点3）Theprinciplefordealingwithpraiseistoconsiderthelinkbetweenpraiseandeffort.（要点4）［语篇演练］A（说明文）阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。In1971，China'sfirstsubwaylineinBeijingwasformallyputintooperation.ByDecember2017，therewere171subwaylinesstretchingover5，083kmin35citiesontheChinesemainland.Currentl，yChinahasthelongesturbanrailwaynetworkintheworld，whichispredictedtosurpass6，000kmby2020.TherapiddevelopmentofChina'surbanrailwaysystemreflectsthecountry'sgrowingeconomicstrength.Thesystemhasexperiencedthefastestgrowthoverthepast15yearsduetotheinvestmentofwealthaccumulatedfromthereformandopeningupinurbaninfrastructureconstruction.Anurbanrailwaysystemisexpensivetobuild，withonekilometerofsubwaycostingapproximately700millionyuan($110million)．Acitywithouteconomicstrengthcannotdevelopsuchanexpensivesystem.Theprogressinurbanrailwayconstructiontechnologieshasalsotothefastexpansionoftheinfrastructure.Subwayconstructioninvolvesbuildingundergroundtunnels，layingrails，manufacturingtrainsandtheoperationandmanagementofsubways.Itisasystematicprojectwhichnotonlycoverstraditionalinfrastructurebuildingbutalsomodernelectronicsandinformationtechnology.China'srailwayconstructiontechnologiesarethebestintheworld，withChinesesubwaytrainsnowexportedtodevelopedcountriesincludingtheUnitedStates.TheexpansionofChinesecitieshasmadeitnecessarytodevelopurbanrailwaysystems.Sincethestartofthereformandopeningup，alargenumberofpeoplehavemigratedtocitiesandthenumberofprivatecarshasincreaseddramatically，resultinginserioustrafficcongestion.Buildingsubwayshasbecomeanimportantwaytosolvethisproblem.Thisyearmarksthe40thanniversaryofthelaunchofChina'sreformandopeningup，andtherapiddevelopmentofChina'surbanrailwaysystemexemplifiestheachievementsmadebythepolicy.AsChinafurthersitsopeningup，itwillcontinuetomaintainsteadyandrapideconomicgrowthandrailwaysystemswillbeavailableinmoreandmorecities.

【参考范文】ThepastfewdecadeshaswitnessedthefastdevelopmentofChineseurbanrailwaysbothinnumberandlength，whichisareflectionofChina'sprosperouseconomy.（要点l）Actually,notonlythegrowingconstruetiontechnologiesbutalsotheexpansionofChinesecitieswithboomingpopulationandheavytraffic，stimulatestheurbanrailwayconetruetion.（要点2）Withthedeepeningofthereformandopeninguppolicy,moreurbanrailwayswillcomeintouse.（要点3）B（议论文）阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。Havinggoodmannersmeanspracticeofbehavingdecently（得体地）andhavingafeelingtoactlikeadecentman.First,wemustunderstandthemeaningof“manners".Manneristhewayofdoingsomethingthewaytoperformsomeaction,andthewaytobehaveinspecificconditions.Goodmannersarethustheproperanddecentwaystoperformsomeactionortobehavewellinspecificconditions.Havinggoodmannersandbehavingwellareimportantinourroutinelife.Goodmannersandgoodbehaviormakeamanvaluableandrespectable.Goodmannersarenotonlytotalkpolitely.Thewholemeaningofgoodmannerscountsmanythings.Thewaytoeatanddrin,kthebehaviorwhiletravelling,thewayofsittinginfrontofelders,theaccentoftalkingtoyoungones,theperformanceduringlectures,thewayofsittinginameeting,thebehaviorduringsomegatherings,andmanymore.Apersonhavingasenseofbehavingwellisawel