考研英语写作技巧讲义

如何准备考研英语写作（田育英）英语写作对许多考生来说是令人头痛的难题。究其原因，造成写作困难的因素很多，根据我们对考生的了解,可归结为以下两个主要方面。第一，在外语学习五项能力——听、说、读、写、译——的训练方面，学生从中学到大学在听、说、读三项能力方面得到的训练比较多，而在写的能力上得到的培养最少，有时最基本的写句训练都是靠做选择项的形式来完成的，很少有真正动手写的机会；因而很多学生在做语法题或改错时有敏锐的辨别力，能够找出很复杂的语法错误，可是一旦自己真正动笔写，却错误多得不得了，而且很多都是最简单最基本的语法错误。所以，平时写的少，练的少，是构成写作困难的主要原因。第二，不少学生缺乏对写作知识和写作技巧的了解和学习。他们一写作文，就感到脑子空空，不知如何下笔，写起来也是想到哪儿，写到哪儿，有时还东拼西凑，因而写作文时，常常是低水平上的重复，提高不快。如果能了解和学习一些英语写作知识，加上适当的指导和训练，写作水平会很快得到提高。全国硕士生入学英语考试大纲对短文写作做了明确的规定。考生要根据所给题目、素材、写作提纲、规定情景或图表等在40分钟内写出不少于150词的短文。要求内容切题，表达清楚，意义连贯，语言比较规范。根据大纲的要求，考生要想在短文写作中取得高分，首先要具备两方面的英语基本功：一是较强的句子表达水平，句子要写正确、表达准确到位，要有一定的英语修辞知识。二要具备英语语篇写作知识，这样才能适应不同类型的命题，主动灵活有条理地运用自己的语言知识和能力写好短文。此外，考生还应对作文考题有一定的了解，知己知彼才能稳操胜券。考题特点：（1）作文选材均为热门话题并贴近生活作文选题范围均为当今社会的热门话题，从电视广告到希望工程，从父母与子女的关系到拥有健康的重要性，从世界烟民现状到近年盛行一时的“承诺”，环境保护，无不反映了当前公众最为关注的事。（2）文体多为说明文与议论文说明文和议论文用途较广，我们平时接触的文章、报纸、信件等等多为这两种体裁。在工作岗位上所撰写的材料大多也是说明或议论文。因而考这种体裁的写作比较符合实际需要。（3）出题形式趋于多样化1991年至1996年的作文题一直呈一种模式，直到1997年才被打破。这一变革显示了国家教委对提高考生的实际运用语言能力的重视，同时也要求考生要在多写多练上下功夫，这样才能在作文考试中夺取高分。提高笔头表达能力是关键：我们希望广大考生要在切实提高英语写作水平上下功夫，不能靠扣题、押题或背诵一些短文应付考试，其结果必然与希望的相差甚远。背诵是学习英语的一种好方法，但仅靠背诵来提高英语写作水平是不够的。写作水平的提高还是要靠亲自动笔写，多写多练，把学到的语言知识运用在写作中去。考生可以参考以下方法进行写作练习。1．多读范文多读范文能使考生了解写作方法，写作的常用词汇，记住其中一些比较好的用法。2．多写作文12月前应该每周写一篇作文并且要把每一篇写好，不要在一个水平上反复重复，要力争写好每一篇，这样写几篇后就会有收获。临近考试，可以按照规定时间写作，此时写作的题目要广泛，各种话题都要写一些，以增强适应性。3．写作时可以多查字典，不看范文。写作时遇到不会写的词句要多查字典，还要看该词的用法，这样才能保证正确使用；写前不要看范文，看了范文会影响自己的思路，写完后再参看范文。4．注意书写整齐平时写作就要注意书写整齐，规范，要在平时养成良好习惯，在考场上才能发挥得好。字迹潦草，卷面不干净会影响成绩。考研短文写作的基本模式（朱泰祺）（一）议论文Itisgenerallybelievedthat..isahottopicwhichiswidelytalkedaboutbothathomeandabroad.Nowourgovernmentattachesgreatimportancetosolvingthisproblem.Scientistsinthisfieldhaveputforwardanumberofsuggestionstendingtorelieveit.Tobeginwith,weshould..Furthermore,..Itisclearthat..People,however,differintheiropinionsonthismatter.Somepeoplethinkthat..Accordingtothem,allofusshould..Othersarguethat..Intheiropinion,nobodycan..without..Thereisnodoubtthat..Asaconsequence..Inshort,Ifirmlysupporttheviewthat..Itisbecause..Somyconclusionisthat..(107words)Thereisnodenyingthefactthat…ispopulartopicwhichismuchtalkedaboutnotonlyby…、butalsoby…，Itisgenerallythoughtthat…，Thereasonsfor…areasfollows.Tobeginwith,…Secondly,…Therefore,weshouldattachgreatsignificancetosolvingtheproblem.Thereare,Ithink,atleasttwopossiblewaystocopewithit.Thefirstwaytotackleitistoappealtotheauthoritiestotakedrasticmeasuresto(do)…Theotherpolicythatisworthadoptingistoworkoutnewregulationsto(do)…，Onlyinthiswaycanwesucceedindealingwiththeprobleminthenearfuture.Toconclude,itseemsobvious…Sotheprospectwearelookingforwardtowillbebothbrightandencouraging.(127words)(二)图表作文Asisshowninthetable(orinthepictures),…droppedfrom…in1996.Accordingtothefiguresgiveninthetable,…hasgreatlyincreased(ordecreased)inthepast…years(ordecades),reaching…in1996.Fromthetablewecanalsoseethattherehasbeenasharpdecline(orrise)in…Itisclearthat…Thereareatleasttwogoodreasonsfor…Ontheonehand,…Let'shaveanexampletoillustratethegreatincreasein…Ontheotherhand,…isduetothefactthat…Inaddition,…isresponsiblefor…Maybetherearesomeotherreasonstoshow…Butitisgenerallybelievedthattheabovementionedreasonsarecommonlyacceptable.AsfarasIamconcerned,Ibelievethat I amsuremyopinionisbothsoundandwell-grounded.(126words几种典型的作文开头引述方法Type1引述他人观点(为提出自己观点铺垫)Itiswidely(commonly)accepted(hold)+THATAwidelyaccepted(commonly)holdidea(pointofview,viewpoint,opinion,assumption)is+THAT/NPA/Thedominant(prevalent,prevailing)idea(see[2])isNP/toDOItistakenforgrantedTHAT(or:Weoften/frequentlytakeitforgrantedTHAT)People(Themajority)seemtogetaccustomedtotheidea(see[2]),withoutquestioning,THATPeoplearewillingtoregardNP1asNP2/ADJPeoplearewillingtoDO,whilereluctanttoDOType2提出异议However(But),…Suchidea(see[1-2]),ifnotentirelyADJ1,issomewhatADJ2andneedscarefulconsideration.ADJI=unreasonable,unacceptable,inappropriate,improper,undesirable,Etc。ADJ2=misleading,doubtrul,etcInfact(Asamatteroffact),…(follow[2])However,itisnot(quite,necessarily)thecase.This(It)isnot(quite,necessarily)thecaseandneedstobefurtherconsidered/discussed.(or:furtherconsideration/discussion)Type3论述的展开：说明原因和理由，层进，举例，转折Thereasonliesinseveralaspects,Thereasonwhyclause+[1,underlined]Thereareseveralremarkablereasons.[4]层进inaddition,besides,furthermore,what'smore,ontheotherhand,meanwhile,foronething…foranother。Finally,aboveall,inshort.[5]举例forexample,forinstance,such(generalterm)as(specificterms),atypical(striking)exampleisthat,acaseinpoint[6]转折however,but,nevertheless,onthecontrary[7]条件if,providedthat,unless,aslongas,etcType4就…而言；关于asfaras…・is/areconcerned:Asfarascurrentsituationisconcernedasto:theproblemastoNP有关…的问题Type5问题Althoughmuchefforthasbeenmade,thesituationisfarfromsatisfactory(or:theproblemremainsunsolved,littleimprovementhasbeenachieved)Thereisatendency,asrecentstudy(investigation)haspointedout(shown,revealed,indicated),+THATThereisgrowingconcernabout+NPItwillinevitably(islikelyto)resultin(leadto)unwanted(serious)consequence(orNP)Unfortunately,・Wewillnotbeabletoaffordtheriskofoverlookingtheseriousnessofthematter.Theprocess,onceinitiated,ismostlikelyirreversible.Weareconstantly(frequently)facedwithNPTYPE6重要与必要；(应)注意与重视NP1isofgreatimportance(necessity,value)inNP2(or:NPisofenormoussignificance)Theimportance(necessity)ofNP(todosth.)liesin(thefact)that・NP1plays,asisknown,anirreplaceablyimportantroleinNP2TheirreplaceablyimportantroleNP1playsinNP2issignificant(obvous)NP1isanindispensablepartofNP2Itisimportant(necessary)toDO(or:THAT)Specialattentionshouldbepayto…，(or:Weshouldpayspecialattentionto…)Whatweshouldtakeintoconsiderationis+NPType7行动[1](immediate,emergent,effective)Measuresarebeingtaken(hasbeentaken,shouldbetaken)toDO[3]Wehavemademucheffort,thereisstillmoreweneedtomake(cf.Wehavelearntalot,thereismuchmoreweneedtolearn.)Type8二择其一Ifitwereleftformetodecidewhether(wh-clause),Iwould,withouthesitation,choose+toDO(or:Iwouldprefertheformer/thelatter)ToDO/NPisamatterofpresent.Itisdifficulttomakeachoiceforonecanhardlygainmostwithoutlosingany.Thedifficultyliesinthefactthattheadvantagesanddisadvantagesofbothcasesareequallyobvious.Infact,wemaywellpreserveadelicatebalanceorcompromisebetweenthetwothangotoextreme.Itisnotsensibletoexcludeoneofthechoicescompletely(oftwoconflictingideas,concepts)Thoughconflictingtooneanother,theyaresocloselyassociatedthatunderstandingonewillbeimpossiblewithoutdiscussingtheother.ThebenefitsofNParevaried[9]Whiledisadvantagesareunavoidable,itistheadvantagesthatprevail.朱泰祺的考研短文写作常用句型和练习“引言”段落中的常用句型：.…isaverypopulartopicwhichismuchtalkedaboutnotonlybybutalsoby家庭人口多好还是家庭人口少好是一个非常通俗的主题，不仅是城里人，而且农民都经常谈论这个问题。Weatheralargefamilyisagoodthingornotisaverypopulartopicthisoftentalkedaboutnotonlybycityresidentsbutbyfarmersaswell..Thereisnodenyingthefactrhat无可否认，空气污染是一个极其严重的问题：城市当局应该采取有力措施来解决它。Thereisnodenyingthefactthatairpollutionisanextremelyseriousproblem:thecityauthoritiesshouldtakestrongmeasurestodealwithit..Asisknowntoall,众所周知，假冒伪劣商品损害了消费者的利益。Asisknowntoall,fakeandinferiorcommoditiesharmtheinterestsofconsumers.(=doalotofharmtotheinterestsofconsumers).Moreandmorepeoplearerealizingtheimportanceof…现在越来越多的人认识到法制教育的重要性。为了维护社会治安，我们每人都应该接受法制教育。Todayanincreasingnumberofpeoplehaverealizedthatlaweducationisofgreatimportance.Inordertokeeplawandorder,veryoneofusissupposedtoget(=receive)alaweducation..FromwhatIhavementionedabovewecanseeclearlythat…从上面我所提到的，我们可以清楚地看到，电视暴力对青少年的影响是极其深远的。FromwhatIhavementionedabove,wecanseeclearlythatviolenceonTVhas(a)greatinfluenceonyoungadults'behaviour.(或teenagers'behavior或youngsters'behavior)“正文”段落中常用的句型：.Therearesomegoodreasonsfor…(分析原因)twopossible人民生活状况的改善原因有两点。首先，我们一直在贯彻执行改革开放政策。其次，国民经济正在迅速发展，而且出生率已经得到控制。Therearetworeasonsfortheimprovementinpeople’slivingconditions.Inthefirstplace,wehavebeencarryingoutthereformandopening-uppolicy.Secondly,therehasbeenarapidexpansionofournationaleconomy.Furthermore,thebirthratehasbeenputundercontrol..Mysuggestionstodealwiththeproblemareasfollows.Inthefirstplace,…Secondly,・・・Finally…solvetacklerelieve（提出建议）我对解决这个问题的建议如下。首先，迫在眉睫的是建立自然保护区。其次，有些濒临灭绝的珍稀野生动物应该收捕、人工喂养并繁殖。最后，对于捕猎珍稀野生动物的人必须严惩。Mysuggestionstodealwiththeproblemareasfollows.Tobeginwith,itisurgenttocreatenaturereserves.Secondly,certainrarewildanimalsthataregoingtobeextinctshouldbecollected,fedandreproducedartificially.Finally,thosewhohunterthemmustbepunishedseverely..Differentpeoplehavedifferentopinionsonthisquestion.Somepeoplebelievethat…OthersProblem.Matter.arguethat…Stillothersassertthat…（论述不同看法）人们对失败持有不同的态度。面对失败，有人能够经得起考验，从失败中汲取教训，并努力去完成他们下定决心要做的事情。然而，另一些人却丧失信心并退却了。Peopledifferintheirattitudestowardsfailure.Facedwithit,someofthemcanstanduptoit.Drawusefullessonsfromitandtryhardtofulfillwhattheyaredeterminedtodo.Others,however,loseheartandgivein..Itisimportant（necessary,urgent,difficult,easy,expensive,desirable,advisable,convenient,comfortable）forsb.todosth.（发表意见）人们希望建立更多的医院、购物中心、娱乐中心、电影院和其他公用设施来满足人民日益增长的需求。Itisdesirabletobuildmorehospitals,shoppingcenters,recreationcenters,cinemasandotherpublicfacilitiestomeetthegrowingneedsofpeople..Asapopularsayinggoes“Everythinghastwosides.”(分析利弊)常言道：“事物总是一分为二的”。如今人们从科技发明中得到越来越多的好处。另一方面，科技进步也给我们带来了许多麻烦。现在许多国家的人民饱尝公害之苦。Asapopularsayinggoes,“Everythinghastwosides.”Nowpeople(thepublic)arebenefitingmoreandmorefromscientificandtechnologicalinventions.Ontheotherhand,theprogressofscienceandtechnologyisbringingusalotoftrouble.Peopleinmanycountriesaresufferingfrompublichazards..Forexample,…(举例阐述)Forinstance,…Let'stake…forexample.就拿汽车为例。汽车不仅污染城市空气，而且使城市拥挤不堪。此外，汽车造成许多交通事故。汽车所产生的噪音使居住在街道两旁的居民日夜不得安宁。Les’stakecarsforexample.Theynotonlypollutetheairincities,butmakethemcrowed.Furthermore,theycausealotoftrafficaccidents.(…,theyareresponsibleforalotoftrafficaccidents.)Thenoisemadebycarsdisturbstheresidentslivingonbothsidesofstreetsalldayandnight..Itisgenerallybelievedthat…accepted（弓I证观点）thoughtheld普遍认为，在发达国家人口增长的主要原因与其说是出生率的上升，还不如说是由于医疗保健的改善的使死亡率下降了。Itisgen