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AGlossaryofRhetoricalTermswithExamples
Socrates:Thefactis,aswesaidatthebeginningofourdiscussion,thattheaspiringspeakerneedsnoknowledgeofthetruthaboutwhatisrightorgood...Incourtsofjusticenoattentionispaidwhatevertothetruthaboutsuchtopics;allthatmattersisplausibility...Thereareevensomeoccasionswhenbothprosecutionanddefenceshouldpositivelysuppressthefactsinfavorofprobability,ifthefactsareimprobable.Nevermindthetruth--pursueprobabilitythroughthickandthinineverykindofspeech;thewholesecretoftheartofspeakingliesinconsistentadherencetothisprinciple.
Phaedrus:Thatiswhatthosewhoclaimtobeprofessionalteachersofrhetoricactuallysay,Socrates.
—Plato,Phaedrus272
Alliteration
Anacoluthon
Anadiplosis
Anaphora
Anastrophe
Antistrophe
Antithesis
Aporia
Aposiopesis
Apostrophe
Archaism
Assonance
Asyndeton
Brachylogy
Cacophony
Catachresis
Chiasmus
Climax
Euphemism
Hendiadys
Hypallage
Hyperbaton
Hyperbole
Hysteron-Proteron
Irony
Litotes
Metaphor
Metonymy
Onomatopoeia
Oxymoron
Paradox
Paraprosdokian
Paronomasia
Personification
Pleonasm
Polysyndeton
Praeteritio
Prolepsis
Simile
Syllepsis
Synchysis
Synecdoche
Synesis
Tautology
Zeugma
MoreTermsSelectedfromFigureofSpeech
Alliteration:repetitionofthesamesoundbeginningseveralwordsinsequence.
*Letusgoforthtoleadthelandwelove.J.F.Kennedy,Inaugural*Virivalidiscumviribusluctant.Ennius*Veni,vidi,vici.JuliusCaesarAnacoluthon:lackofgrammaticalsequence;achangeinthegrammaticalconstructionwithinthesamesentence.
*Agreementsenteredintowhenonestateoffactsexists--aretheytobemaintainedregardlessofchangingconditions?J.DiefenbakerAnadiplosis:("doublingback")therhetoricalrepetitionofoneorseveralwords;specifically,repetitionofawordthatendsoneclauseatthebeginningofthenext.
*Meningreatplacearethriceservants:servantsofthesovereignorstate;servantsoffame;andservantsofbusiness.FrancisBacon*Senatushaecintellegit,consulvidet;hictamenvivit.Vivit?Immoveroetiaminsenatumvenit.Cicero,InCatilinamAnaphora:therepetitionofawordorphraseatthebeginningofsuccessivephrases,clausesorlines.
*Weshallnotflagorfail.Weshallgoontotheend.WeshallfightinFrance,weshallfightontheseasandoceans,weshallfightwithgrowingconfidenceandgrowingstrengthintheair,weshalldefendourisland,whateverthecostmaybe,weshallfightonthebeaches,weshallfightonthelandinggrounds,weshallfightinthefieldsandinthestreets,weshallfightinthehills.Weshallneversurrender.Churchill.
*Nihilagis,nihilmoliris,nihilcogitas,quodnonegononmodoaudiam,sedetiamvideamplanequesentiam.Cicero,InCatilinamAnastrophe:transpositionofnormalwordorder;mostoftenfoundinLatininthecaseofprepositionsandthewordstheycontrol.Anastropheisaformofhyperbaton.
*Thehelmsmansteered;theshipmovedon;yetneverabreezeupblew.
Coleridge,TheRimeoftheAncientMariner*Isdeminoppidis,CiceroAntistrophe:repetitionofthesamewordorphraseattheendofsuccessiveclauses.
*In1931,tenyearsago,JapaninvadedManchukuo--withoutwarning.
In1935,ItalyinvadedEthiopia--withoutwarning.In1938,HitleroccupiedAustria--withoutwarning.In1939,HitlerinvadedCzechoslovakia--withoutwarning.Laterin1939,HitlerinvadedPoland--withoutwarning.AndnowJapanhasattackedMalayaandThailand--andtheUnitedStates--withoutwarning.FranklinD.RooseveltAntithesis:opposition,orcontrastofideasorwordsinabalancedorparallelconstruction.
*Extremismindefenseoflibertyisnovice,moderationinthepursuitofjusticeisnovirtue.BarryGoldwater*Brutus:NotthatIlovedCaesarless,butthatIlovedRomemore.Shakespeare,JuliusCaesar*Thevasesoftheclassicalperiodarebutthereflectionofclassicalbeauty;thevasesofthearchaicperiodarebeautyitself."SirJohnBeazleyAporia:expressionofdoubt(oftenfeigned)bywhichaspeakerappearsuncertainastowhatheshouldthink,say,ordo.
*Thenthestewardsaidwithinhimself,'WhatshallIdo?'Luke16Aposiopesis:aformofellipsebywhichaspeakercomestoanabrupthalt,seeminglyovercomebypassion(fear,excitement,etc.)ormodesty.
Apostrophe:asuddenturnfromthegeneralaudiencetoaddressaspecificgrouporpersonorpersonifiedabstractionabsentorpresent.
*ForBrutus,asyouknow,wasCaesar'sangel.
Judge,Oyougods,howdearlyCaesarlovedhim.Shakespeare,JuliusCaesarArchaism:useofanolderorobsoleteform.
*Pipitsateuprightinherchair
SomedistancefromwhereIwassitting;T.S.Eliot,"ACookingEgg"Assonance:repetitionofthesamesoundinwordsclosetoeachother.
*Thykingdomcome,thywillbedone.
*OfortunatamnatammeconsuleRomam!Cicero,deconsulatuAsyndeton:lackofconjunctionsbetweencoordinatephrases,clauses,orwords.
*Weshallpayanyprice,bearanyburden,meetanyhardships,supportanyfriend,opposeanyfoetoassurethesurvivalandthesuccessofliberty.J.F.Kennedy,Inaugural
*But,inalargersense,wecannotdedicate,wecannotconsecrate,
wecannothallowthisground.Lincoln,GettysburgAddressBrachylogy:ageneraltermforabbreviatedorcondensedexpression,ofwhichasyndetonandzeugmaaretypes.Ellipseisoftenusedsynonymously.Thesuppressedwordorphrasecanusuallybesuppliedeasilyfromthesurroundingcontext.
*Aeolushaeccontra:Vergil,Aeneid
*NonCinnae,nonSullaelongadominatio.Tacitus,AnnalesI.1Cacophony:harshjoiningofsounds.
*Wewantnoparlaywithyouandyourgrislygangwhoworkyourwickedwill.W.Churchill
*OTitetuteTatitibitantatyrannetulisti!EnniusCatachresis:aharshmetaphorinvolvingtheuseofawordbeyonditsstrictsphere.
*Ilistenvainly,butwiththirstyear.MacArthur,FarewellAddress
*Cynthiaprimasuismiserummecepitocellis.PropertiusI.1.1Chiasmus:twocorrespondingpairsarrangednotinparallels(a-b-a-b)butininvertedorder(a-b-b-a);fromshapeoftheGreekletterchi(X).
*Thosegallantmenwillremainofteninmythoughtsandinmyprayersalways.MacArthur*Renown'dforconquest,andincouncilskill'd.Addisonetpacisornamentaetsubsidiabelli.Cicero,ProlegeManiliaClimax:arrangementofwords,phrases,orclausesinanorderofascendingpower.Oftenthelastemphaticwordinonephraseorclauseisrepeatedasthefirstemphaticwordofthenext.
*Oneequaltemperofheroichearts,Madeweakbytimeandfate,butstronginwill
Tostrive,toseek,tofind,andnottoyield.Tennyson,Ulysses*Nonnehuncinvinculaduci,nonadmortemrapi,nonsummosuppliciomactariimperabis?Cicero,InCatilinam*FacinusestvincerecivemRomanum;scelusverberare;propeparricidiumnecare:quiddicamincrucemtollere?verbosatisdignotamnefariaresappellarinullomodopotest.Cicero,InVerremEuphemism:substitutionofanagreeableoratleastnon-offensiveexpressionforonewhoseplainermeaningmightbeharshorunpleasant.
*Whenthefinalnewscame,etoinformherthatunfortunatelysomethinghashappenedoutthere,andherhusband'sbodynowliesincineratedintheswampsorthepinesorthepalmettograss,"burnedbeyondrecognition,"whichanyonewhohadbeenaroundanairbaseverylong(fortunatelyJanehadnot)realizedwasquiteanartfuleuphemismtodescribeahumanbodythatnowlookedlikeanenormousfowlthathasburnedupinastove,burnedablackishbrownallover,greasyandblistered,fried,inaword,withnotonlytheentirefaceandallthehairandtheearsburnedoff,nottomentionalltheclothing,butalsothehandsandfeet,withwhatremainsofthearmsandlegsbentatthekneesandelbowsandburnedintoabsolutelyrigidangles,burnedagreasyblackishbrownliketheburstingbodyitself,sothatthishusband,father,officer,gentleman,thisornamentumofsomemother'seye,HisMajestytheBabyofjusttwenty-oddyearsback,hasbeenreducedtoacharredhulkwithwingsandshanksstickingoutofit.TomWolfe,TheRightStuffHendiadys:useoftwowordsconnectedbyaconjunction,insteadofsubordinatingonetotheother,toexpressasinglecomplexidea.
*Itsureisniceandcooltoday!(for"pleasantlycool")*IlovetheLord,becausehehathheardmyvoiceandmysupplications.Psalms116*Perfectioratorismoderationeetsapientia.Cicero,DeoratoreHypallage:("exchanging")transferredepithet;grammaticalagreementofawordwithanotherwordwhichitdoesnotlogicallyqualify.Morecommoninpoetry.
*Exegimonumentumaereperenniusregaliquesitupyramidumaltius,Horace,OdesIII.30Hyperbaton:separationofwordswhichbelongtogether,oftentoemphasizethefirstoftheseparatedwordsortocreateacertainimage.
*SpeluncamDidoduxetTroianuseandemVergil,Aeneid4.124,165Hyperbole:exaggerationforemphasisorforrhetoricaleffect.
*MyvegetableloveshouldgrowVasterthanempires,andmoreslow;AnhundredyearsshouldgottopraiseThineeyesandonthineforeheadgaze;Twohundredtoadoreeachbreast,Butthirtythousandtotherest.AndrewMarvell,"ToHisCoyMistress"*Damibasiamille,deindecentum,Deinmillealtera,deinsecundacentum,Deindeusquealteramille,deindecentum.Catullus,tohis.
HysteronProteron("later-earlier"):inversionofthenaturalsequenceofevents,oftenmeanttostresstheeventwhich,thoughlaterintime,isconsideredthemoreimportant.
*Putonyourshoesandsocks!
*HannibalinAfricamredireatqueItaliadecederecoactusest.
Cicero,InCatilinamIrony:expressionofsomethingwhichiscontrarytotheintendedmeaning;thewordssayonethingbutmeananother.
*YetBrutussayshewasambitious;
AndBrutusisanhonourableman.Shakespeare,JuliusCaesarLitotes:understatement,forintensification,bydenyingthecontraryofthethingbeingaffirmed.(Sometimesusedsynonymouslywithmeiosis.)*Afewunannouncedquizzesarenotinconceivable.
*Warisnothealthyforchildrenandotherlivingthings.
*Onenuclearbombcanruinyourwholeday.(meiosis)Metaphor:impliedcomparisonachievedthroughafigurativeuseofwords;thewordisusednotinitsliteralsense,butinoneanalogoustoit.
*Life'sbutawalkingshadow;apoorplayer,Thatstrutsandfretshishouruponthestage.Shakespeare,Macbeth*...whilehelearnedthelanguage(thatmeagerandfragilethread...bywhichthelittlesurfacecornersandedgesofmen'ssecretandsolitarylivesmaybejoinedforaninstantnowandthenbeforesinkingbackintothedarkness...)Faulkner,Absalom,Absalom!
*FromStettinintheBaltictoTriesteintheAdriatic,anironcurtainhasdescendedacrossthecontinent.W.ChurchillMetonymy:substitutionofonewordforanotherwhichitsuggests.
*Heisamanofthecloth.
*Thepenismightierthanthesword.
*Bythesweatofthybrowthoushalteatthybread.
Onomatopoeia:useofwordstoimitatenaturalsounds;accommodationofsoundtosense.
*Attubaterribilisonitutaratantaradixit.EnniusOxymoron:apparentparadoxachievedbythejuxtapositionofwordswhichseemtocontradictoneanother.
*Festinalente.
*Imustbecruelonlytobekind.Shakespeare,HamletParadox:anassertionseeminglyopposedtocommonsense,butthatmayyethavesometruthinit.
*Whatapitythatyouthmustbewastedontheyoung.GeorgeBernardShawParaprosdokian:surpriseorunexpectedendingofaphraseorseries.
*Hewasathisbestwhenthegoingwasgood.AlistairCookeontheDukeofWindsor*TherebutforthegraceofGod--goesGod.Churchill*Laudandus,ornandus,tollendus.CiceroonOctavianParonomasia:useofsimilarsoundingwords;oftenetymologicalword-play.*...culledcash,orcoldcash,andthenitturnedintoagoldcache.E.L.Doctorow,BillyBathgate*ThouartPeter(Greekpetros),anduponthisrock(Greekpetra)Ishallbuildmychurch.Matthew16*ThedyingMercutio:Askformetomorrowandyoushallfindmeagraveman.Shakespeare,RomeoandJuliet
*Hicestsepulcrumhaudpulchrumfeminaepulchrae.Personification:attributionofpersonalitytoanimpersonalthing.
*Englandexpectseverymantodohisduty.LordNelson*Nunctepatria,quaecommunisestparensomniumnostrum,oditacmetuitetiamdiunihilteiudicatnisideparricidiosuocogitare.Cicero,InCatilinamPleonasm:useofsuperfluousorredundantwords,oftenenrichingthethought.
*Noone,richorpoor,willbeexcepted.
*Earspiercedwhileyouwait!
*IhaveseennostrangersightsinceIwasborn.
Polysyndeton:therepetitionofconjunctionsinaseriesofcoordinatewords,phrases,orclauses.
*Isaid,"Whokilledhim?"andhesaid,"Idon'tknowwhokilledhimbuthe'sdeadallright,"anditwasdarkandtherewaswaterstandinginthestreetandnolightsandwindowsbrokeandboatsallupinthetownandtreesblowndownandeverythingallblownandIgotaskiffandwentoutandfoundmyboatwhereIhadherinsideMangoBayandshewasallrightonlyshewasfullofwater.Hemingway,AftertheStorm*omniaMercuriosimilis,vocemquecoloremqueetcrinisflavosetmembradecoraiuventaeVergil,Aeneid4.558-9*Horaequidemceduntetdiesetmensesetanni,necpraeteritumtempusumquamrevertitur,necquidsequatursciripotest.Cicero,DesenectutePraeteritio(=paraleipsis):pretendedomissionforrhetoricaleffect.
*Thatpartofourhistorydetailingthemilitaryachievementswhichgaveusourseveralpossessions...isathemetoofamiliartomylistenersformetodilateon,andIshallthereforepassitby.Thucydides,"FuneralOration"*LetusmakenojudgmentontheeventsofChappaquiddick,sincethefactsarenotyetallin.ApoliticalopponentofSenatorEdwardKennedyProlepsis:theanticipation,inadjectivesornouns,oftheresultoftheactionofaverb;also,thepositioningofarelativeclausebeforeitsantecedent.
*Vixietquemdederatcursumfortunaperegi,Vergil,Aeneid4.653*Considertheliliesofthefieldhowtheygrow.
Simile:anexplicitcomparisonbetweentwothingsusing'like'or'as'.
*Myloveisasafever,longingstillForthatwhichlongernurseththedisease,Shakespeare,SonnetCXLVII*
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