2023年考研外语专家预测过关卷1

考研外语专家预测过关卷1

一、UseofEnglish

1、Itisoftenobservedthattheagedspendmuchtimethinkingandtalkingabouttheirpastlives,【1】aboutthefuture.Thesereminiscencesarenotsimplyrandomortrivialmemories,【2】istheirpurposemerelytomakeconversation.Theoldperson’srecollectionsofthepasthelpto【3】anidentitythatisbecomingincreasinglyfragile:【4】anyrolethatbringsrespectoranygoalthatmightprovide【5】tothefuture,theindividualmentionshispastasaremindertolisteners,thatherewasalife【6】living.【7】,thememoriesform.partofacontinuinglife【8】,inwhichtheperson【9】theeventsandexperiencesofthe-yearsgonebyand【10】ontheoverallmeaningofhisorherownalmostcompletedlife.

Asthelifecycle【11】toitsclose,theagedmustalsolearntoaccepttherealityoftheirownimpendingdeath.【12】thistaskismadedifficultbythefactthatdeathisalmosta【13】subjectintheUnitedStates.Themerediscussionofdeathisoftenregardedas【14】.Asadultsmanyofusfindthetopicfrighteningandare【15】tothinkaboutit—andcertainlynottotalkaboutit【16】thepresenceofsomeonewhoisdying.Deathhasachievedthistaboo【17】onlyinthemodernindustrialsocieties.Thereseemstobeanimportantreasonforourreluctanceto【18】theideaofdeath.Itistheveryfactthatdeathremains【19】ourcontrol;itisalmosttheonlyoneofthenaturalprocesses【20】isso.

(1)

A.betterthan

B.ratherthan

C.lessthan

D.otherthan

2、(2)

A.so

B.even

C.nor

D.hardly

3、(3)

A.preserve

B.conserve

C.resume

D.assume

4、(4)

A.performing

B.playing

C.undertaking

D.lacking

5、(5)

A.orientation

B.implication

C.succession

D.presentation

6、(6)

A.worthy

B.worth

C.worthless

D.worthwhile

7、(7)

A.Inaword

B.Inbrief

C.Inaddition

D.Inparticular

8、(8)

A.prospect

B.impetus

C.impression

D.review

9、(9)

A.integrates

B.incorporates

C.includes

D.interacts

10、(10)

A.reckons

B.counts

C.reflects

D.conceives

11、(11)

A.keeps

B.draws

C.inclines

D.tends

12、(12)

A.Therefore

B.And

C.Yet

D.Otherwise

13、(13)

A.taboo

B.dispute

C.contempt

D.neglect

14、(14)

A.notorious

B.indecent

C.obscure

D.desperate

15、(15)

A.ready

B.willing

C.liable

D.reluctant

16、(16)

A.at

B.on

C.with

D.in

17、(17)

A.status

B.circumstance

C.environment

D.priority

18、(18)

A.encounter

B.confront

C.tolerate

D.expose

19、(19)

A.under

B.above

C.beyond

D.within

20、(20)

A.which

B.what

C.as

D.that

二、ReadingComprehension

1、PartA

Directions:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.(40points)

TheCommercialRevolutionwasnotconfined,ofcourse,tothegrowthoftradeandbanking.Includedinitalsowerefundamentalchangesinmethodsofproduction.ThesystemofmanufacturedevelopedbythecraftguildsinthelaterMiddleAgeswasrapidlybecomingdefunct.Theguildsthemselves,dominatedbythemastercraftsmen,hadgrownselfishandexclusive.Membershipinthemwascommonlyrestrictedtoafewprivilegedfamilies.Besides,theyweresocompletelychokedbytraditionthattheywereunabletomakeadjustmentstochangingconditions.Moreover,newindustrieshadsprungupentirelyoutsidetheguildsystem.Characteristicexampleswereminingandsmeltingandthewoolenindustry.Therapiddevelopmentoftheseenterpriseswasstimulatedbytechnicaladvances,suchastheinventionofthespinningwheelandthediscoveryofanewmethodofmakingbrass,whichsavedabouthalfofthefuelpreviouslyused.Intheminingandsmeltingindustriesaform.oforganizationwasadoptedsimilartothatwhichhasprevailedeversince.

Butthemosttypicalform.ofindustrialproductionintheCommercialRevolutionwasthedomesticsystem,developedfirstofallinthewoolenindustry.Thedomesticsystemderivesitsnamefromthefactthattheworkwasdoneinthehomesofindustrialartisansinsteadofintheshopofamastercraftsman.Sincethevariousjobsinthemanufactureofaproductweregivenoutoncontract,thesystemisalsoknownastheputtingoutsystem.Notwithstandingthepettyscaleofproduction,theorganizationwasbasicallycapitalistic.Therawmaterialwaspurchasedbyanentrepreneurandassignedtoindividualworker,eachofwhomwouldcompletehisallottedtaskforastipulatedpayment.Inthecaseofthewoolenindustrytheyarnwouldbegivenoutfirstofalltothespinners,thentotheweavers,fullers,anddyerinsuccession.Whentheclothwasfinallyfinished,itwouldbetakenbytheclothierandsoldintheopenmarketforthehighestpriceitwouldbring.

Accordingtothearticle,whatchangesdidtheCommercialRevolutionbringabout?

A.Methodsofproduction

B.Appearanceofcraftguilds

C.Increasedtradevolume

D.Growthoftrade,bankingandmethodsofproduction

2、

Theword"defunct"inthefirstparagraphmostprobablymeans______.

A．popular

B．obsolete

C．potential

D．flourishing

3、

Accordingtothearticle,inwhichareawasitmoreenergy-efficient?

A．Smeltingindustry

B．Miningindustry

C．Banking

D．Weaving

4、

Theauthorimpliesthat______.

A．Theguildsystemwasmoreefficient

B．Thedomesticsystemwascapitalistic

C．Thetechnicaladvancesstimulatedtheguildsystem

D．Thedomesticsystemwasnotasefficientastheguildsystem

5、

Accordingtothearticle,whichoneofthefollowingstatementsisNOTtrue?

A．Technicaladvancesstimulatedthedevelopmentofenterprises

B．Inthewoolenindustry,weaverswouldpassontheirproductstospinners

C．Thedomesticsystemisalsoknownastheputtingoutsystem

D．Theword"clothier"issynonymousto"entrepreneur"inthiscontext

6、Insomeways,theUnitedStateshasmadespectacularprogress.Firesnolongerdestroy18,000buildingsastheydidintheGreatChicagoFireof1871,orkillhalfatownof2,400people,astheydidthesamenightinPeshtigo,Wisconsin.OtherthantheBeverlyHillSupperClubfireinKentuckyin1977,ithasbeenfourdecadessincemorethan100Americansdiedinafire.

Butevenwithsuchsuccesses,theUnitedStatesstillhasoneoftheworstfiredeathratesintheworld.Safetyexpertssaytheproblemisneithermoneynortechnology,buttheindifferenceofacountrythatjustwillnottakefiresseriouslyenough.Americanfiredepartmentsaresomeoftheworld'sfastestandbest-equipped.Theyhavetobe.TheUnitedStateshastwiceJapan'spopulation,and40timesasmanyfires.Itspendsfarlessonpreventingfiresthanonfightingthem.AndAmericanfire-safetylessonsareaimedalmostentirelyatchildren,whodieindisproportionatelylargenumbersinfiresbutwho,contrarytopopularmyth,startveryfewofthem.

Expertssaythefatalerrorisanattitudethatfiresarenotreallyanyone'sfault.Thatisnotsoinothercountries,wherebothpubliceducationandthelawtreatfiresaseitherapersonalfailingoracrime.Japanhasmanywoodhouses;oftheestimated48firesinworldhistory,thatburnedmorethan10,000buildings,Japanhashad27.Penaltiesforcausingaseverefirebynegligencecanbeashighaslifeimprisonment.

IntheUnitedStates,mosteducationdollarsarespentinelementaryschools.Butthelessonsareaimedatatoolimitedaudience;just9percentofallfiredeathsarecausedbychildrenplayingwithmatches.

TheUnitedStatescontinuestorelymoreontechnologythanlawsorsocialpressure.Therearesmokedetectorsin85percentofallhomes.Somelocalbuildingcodesnowrequirehomesprinklers.Newheatersandironsshutthemselvesoffiftheyaretipped.

ThereasonwhysomanyAmericansdieinfiresisthat______.

A.Theytooknointerestinnewtechnology

B.theydidnotattachgreatimportancetopreventingfires

C.theyshowedindifferencetofightingfires

D.theydidnotspendenoughmoneyonfirefacilities

7、

Althoughthefiredeathratehasdeclined,theUnitedStates______.

A．stillhastheworstfiredeathrateintheworld

B．isstillalerttothefireproblem

C．isstilltrainingalargenumberofsafetyexperts

D．isstillconfrontedwiththeseriousfireproblem

8、

Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethat______.

A.firesafetylessonsshouldbeaimedatAmericanadults

B.Americanchildrenhavenotreceivedenougheducationoffiresafetylesson

C.JapanisbetterequippedwithfirefacilitiesthantheUnitedStates

D.America'slargepopulationaccountsforhightfirefrequency

9、

InwhataspectsshouldtheUnitedStateslearnfromJapan?

A．Architectureandbuildingmaterial.

B．Educationandtechnology.

C．Lawsandattitude.

D．Alloftheabove.

10、

TonarrowthegapbetweenthefiredeathrateintheUnitedStatesandthatinothercountries,theauthorsuggests______.

A．developingnewtechnology

B．countingmoreonlawsandsocialpressure

C．placingafireextinguisherineveryfamily

D．reinforcingthesafenessofhouseholdappliances

11、Inolddays,whenaglimpseofstockingwaslookeduponassomethingfartooshockingtodistracttheseriousworkofanoffice,secretariesweremen.

ThencamethefirstWorldWarandthemalesecretarieswerereplacedbywomen.Aman'ssecretarybecamehispersonalservant,chargedwithrememberinghiswife'sbirthdayandbuyingherpresents;takinghissuitstothedrycleaners;tellingliesonthetelephonetokeeppeoplehedidnotwishtospeaktoatbayand,ofcourse,typingandfilingandtakingshorthand.

Nowallthismaybechangingagain.ThemicrochipandhightechnologyissweepingtheBritishoffice,takingwithitmuchoftheroutineclericalworkthatsecretariesdid.

"Onceofficetechnologytakesovergenerally,thestatusofthejobwillriseagainbecauseitwillinvolveonlythehigh-poweredwork-andthenmenwillwanttodoitagain."

Thatwassaidbyoneoftheexecutives(male)ofoneofthebiggestsecretarialagenciesinthiscountry.WhathehaspredictedisalreadyunderwayintheUS.OnegirldescribedtomearecenttemporaryjobplacingmeninsecretarialjobsinSanFrancisco.Shenotedthatallthemenshedealtwithappearedtobegaysopossiblythatisjustanewtwisttotheoldstory.

Overhere,though,therearemencomingontothejobmarketassecretaries.Classically,girlshavelearnedshorthandandtypingandgoneintoacompanytoseektheirfortunefromthebottom——andthat'swhathappenedtoJohnBowman.Althoughhejoinedanationalgrocerychainassecretarytoitsfirstwomanseniormanager,hehassincebeenpromotedtoanadministrationjob.

"Ifilledintheapplicationform.andsaidIcoulddoaudio/typing,andinfactIwastheonlyapplicant.Thegirlswerereluctanttoworkforthisyoung,glamorousnewwomanwithallthispowerinthefirm."

"Ididtypingatschool,andthenacommercialcourse.Ijustthoughtitwouldbeusefulfindingajob.Inevergotanyfunnytreatmentfromthegirls,thoughIadmitI'venevermetanothermalesecretary.ButthenIjoinedthePostOfficeasaclerkandcarelesslyplayedwiththetypewriter,andwroteletters,andthoughtthatafterallsecretariesweregettingagood￡1,000ayearmorethanclerkslikeme.Therewasashortageatthattime,yousee."

"Itwassimplerworkingforawomanthanforaman.Ifoundshemadedecisions,shetoldeverybodywhatshethought,andtherewasnoneofthatstuff'ringthisnumberformedear,whichmengoinfor."

"Don'tforget,wewereateam—that'showIaboutit—notbossandservantbuttwopeopledoingdifferentthingsforthesamepurpose."

Oncehightechnologyhasmadethejobofsecretarylessroutine,willtherebemaletakeover?Menshouldbewareofthinkingthattheycanwalkrightintothebetterjobs.Therearealotofwomensecretarieswhowilldothejobaswellastheybecausetheyareasefficientandwelltrainedtocopewithwordprocessorsandcomputers,andmen.

BeforethefirstWorldWar,femalesecretarieswererarebecausethey______.

A.worestockings

B.werenotasseriousasmen

C.werelessefficientthanmen

D.wouldhavedisturbedtheotherofficeworkers

12、

Asecretaryinthefuturewill

A．bebetterpaid

B．havelessworktodo

C．havehigherstatus

D．havemoreworktodo

13、

JohnBowmanwasgivenhisfirstjobasasecretarybecause

A．hewaslucky

B．nooneelseapplied

C．hehadthebestqualifications

D．hewantedtoworkforawoman

14、

Whenhewasapostofficeclerk,secretarieswerebetterpaidbecause______.

A．theywereinshortage

B．theywerebettertrained

C．theyworkedlongerhours

D．theyhadgreaterresponsibility

15、

Thewriterbelievesthatbeforelong______.

A．menandwomenwillcompeteforsecretarialwork

B．menwilltakeoverwomen'sjobsassecretaries

C．womenwilloperatemostofficemachines

D．menwillbebetterwithmachines

16、Thoughitismere1to3percentofthepopulation,theupperclasspossessesatleast25percentofthenation'swealth.Thisclasshastwosegments:upper-upperandlower-upper.Basically,theupper-upperclassisthe"oldrich"—familiesthathavebeenwealthyforseveralgenerations—anaristocracyofbirthandwealth.TheirnamesareintheSocialRegister,alistingofacceptablemembersofhighsociety.Afewareknownacrossthenation,suchastheRockefellers,Roosevelts,andVanderbilts.Mostarenotvisibletothegeneralpublic.Theyliveingrandseclusion,drawingtheirincomefromtheinvestmentoftheirinheritedwealth.Incontrast,thelower-upperclassisthe"newrich".Althoughtheymaybewealthierthansomeoftheoldrich;thenewrichhavehustledtomaketheirmoneylikeeverybodyelsebeneaththeirclass.Thustheirprestigeisgenerallylowerthanthatoftheoldrich,whohavenotfounditnecessarytoliftafingertomaketheirmoney,andwhotendtolookdownuponthenewrich.

Howeveritswealthisacquired,theupperclassisvery,veryrich.Theyhaveenoughmoneyandleisuretimetocultivateaninterestintheartsandtocollectrarebooks,painting,andsculpture.Theygenerallyliveinexclusiveareas,belongtoexclusivesocialclubs,communicatewitheachother,andmarrytheirownkind—allofwhichkeepsthemsodistantfromthemassesthattheyhavebeencalledtheout-of-sightclass.Morethananyotherclass,theytendtobeconsciousofbeingmembersofaclass.Theyalsocommandanenormousamountofpowerandinfluencehereandabroad,astheyholdmanytopgovernmentpositions,runtheCouncilonForeighRelations,andcontrolmultinationalcorporations.Theactionsaffectthelivesofmillions.

AllthefollowingstatementsaretrueEXCEPTthat______.

A.theupper-upperclassisofaristocraticorigin

B.the"oldrich"enjoyhigherprestigethanthe"newrich"

C.the"oldrich"isolatethemselvesandleadalonelylife

D.theupperclassownsatleastaquarterofthecountry'swealth

17、

The"oldrich"getricher______.

A．throughtheSocialRegister

B．throughtheirreputation

C．byinvestingtheirinheritedwealth

D．bycollectingpaintingsandsculptures

18、

Thereasonwhythe"oldrich"lookdownuponthe"newrich"isthat______.

A．theformerarewealthierthanthelatter

B．thelattersweatthemselvestomakemoney

C．the"newrich"havenointerestinarts

D．the"oldrich"areconsciousofbeingmembersoftheupperclass

19、

Theupperclassisalsocalledtheout-of-sightclassbecause______.

A.theykeepawayfromthegeneralpublic

B.theyspendmostoftheirtimeabroad

C.theydon'tcommunicatewithanypeople

D.theymovefrequentlyfromplacetoplace

20、

Wecanlearnfromthepassagethat______.

A.theupperclassispowerfulandinfluential

B.theupperclasscollectsrarebookstomakemoney

C.theupperclassholdsalltopgovernmentpositions

D.the"oldrich"makesmuchmoremoneythanthe"newrich"

21、PartB(10points)

Almosteverydayweseesomethinginthepapersaboutthelatestexcitingdevelopmentsinthespacerace.Photographsareregularlyflashedtotheearthfromthousandsandevenmillionsofmilesaway.Theyareprintedinournewspapersandshownonourtelevisionscreensasavisibleproofoftheman'snewestachievements.Thephotographsneatlysumuptheresultsofthesemassiveeffortsto'conquerspace'andatthesametimetheyexposedtheabsurdityoftheundertaking.Allwecanseeisanindistinguishableblobthatissupposedtorepresentaplanetseenfromseveralthousandmilesaway.Wearegoingtoendupwithalittlemoon-dustandafewstoneswhichwillbeputbehindglassinsomemuseum.(41)__________

(42)__________Itisjustanextensionoftheraceforpoweronearth.Onlythewealthiestnationscancompeteandtheydosointhenameofpurescientificresearch.Butinreality,alltheyareinterestedinispowerandprestige.Theywanttoimpressus,theirspectators,withamagnificentshowofstrength.Manhasplayedthepowergameeversinceheappearedonearth.Nowheisplayingitasithasneverbeenplayedbefore.Thespaceraceisjustanotheraspectoftheage-oldargumentthat"mightisright".

(43)__________Butwhathasthespaceracedonetorelievethesufferingoftheearth'sstarvingmillions?Inwhatwayhasitraisedthestandardoflivingofanyoneofus?Asfarasthelaymanisconcerned,thepracticalresultsofallthisexpenditureofmoneyandeffortsarenegligible.Thankstospaceresearch,wecannowseetelevisionpicturestransmittedlivehalfwayacrosstheglobeandthehousewifecanusenon-stickfryingpansinthekitchen.Thewholethingbecomesutterlyabsurdwhenyouthinkthatnomatterwhatproblemsmanovercomes,itisunlikelythathewilleverbeabletotraveleventotheneareststar.

(44)__________Forthefirsttimeinhishistory,manhastheoverwhelmingtechnologicalresourcestocombathumansuffering,yethesquandersthemonmeaninglesspursuits.

(45)__________Individualswithlimitedbudgetsusuallygettheirprioritiesright;theyprovidethemselveswithnecessitiesbeforetryingtoobtainluxuries.Whycan'tgreatnationsactinthesamesensibleway?Letusputourhouseinorderfirstandletspacelookafteritself.

[A]Anincreasingnumberofpeopleevenbegintopictureaspacetravelinrecentyears.

[B]Poverty,hunger,diseaseandwarareman'sgreatestenemiesandtheworldwouldbeaninfinitelybetterplaceifthepowerfulnationsdevotedhalfasmuchmoneyandefforttotheseproblemsastheydotothespacerace.

[C]Thespaceraceisnotsimplytheobjectivesearchforknowledgethoughitisoftenmadeouttobe.

[D]Ontheotherhand,peoplebenefitdramaticallyfromthedevelopmentofscienceandtechnology.

[E]Thisishardlyvalueformoneywhenyouthinkthatourownearthcanprovidecountlesssightsthatareinfinitelymoreexcitingandspectacular.

[F]Weareoftentoldthattechnologicalknow-how,acquiredinattemptingtogetusintoorbit,willbeutilizedtomakebetteronearth.

[G]Ifamandeprivedhimselfandhisfamilyoffoodinordertobuyandrunacar,wewouldconsiderhimmad.

(41)

22、(42)

23、(43)

24、(44)

25、(45)

26、PartC

Directions:ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.(10points)

Whereonestageofchilddevelopmenthasbeenleftout,ornotsufficientlyexperienced,thechildmayhavetogobackandcapturetheexperienceofit.Agoodhomemakesthispossible,forexamplebyprovidingtheopportunityforthechildtoplaywithaclockworkcarortoyrailwaytrainuptoanyageifhestillneedstodoso.(46)Thisprinciple,infact,underliesallpsychologicaltreatmentofchildrenindifficu