2023年考研外语考前摸底试卷2

考研外语考前摸底试卷2

一、UseofEnglish

1、Warmaybeanaturalexpressionofbiologicalinstinctsanddrivestowardaggressioninthehumanspecies.Natural(1)_____ofanger,hostility,andterritorialityareexpressed(2)_____actsofviolence.Theseareallqualitiesthathumans(3)_____withanimals.Aggressionisakindof(4)_____survivalmechanism,aninstinctforself-preservationthat(5)_____animalstodefendthemselvesfromthreatstotheirexistence.But,ontheotherhand,humanviolent(6)_____evidenceofbeingalearnedbehavior.Inthecaseofhumanaggressionviolencecannotbe(7)_____reducedtoaninstinct.Themanyexpressionsofhumanviolencearealwaysconditionedbysocialconventionsthatgive(8)_____toaggressivebehavior.Inhumansocietiesviolencehasasocial(9)_____:Itisastrategyfor(10)_____thepowersofviolence.Wewilllookattheritualandethicalpatternswithinwhichhumanviolencehasbeen(11)_____.

Theviolencewithinsocietyiscontrolledthrough(12)_____oflaw.Themoredevelopeda(13)_____systembecomes,themoresocietytakesresponsibilityforthediscovery,control,andpunishmentofviolenceacts.Inmosttribalsocietiestheonly(14)_____todealwithanactofviolenceisrevenge.Eachfamilygroupmayhavetheresponsibilityofpersonallycarryingoutjudgmentandpunishment(15)_____thepersonwhocommittedtheoffense.Butinlegalsystems,theresponsibilityforrevengebecomesdepersonalizedand(16)_____Thesocietyassumestheresponsibilityfor(17)_____individualsfromviolence.Incaseswheretheycannotbeprotected,thesocietyisresponsiblefor(18)_____punishment.Inastatecontrolledlegalsystem,individualsareremovedfromthecycleofrevenge(19)_____byactsofviolence,andthestateassumesresponsibilityoftheirprotection.

Theothersideofastatelegalapparatusisastatemilitaryapparatus.(20)_____theoneprotectstheindividualform.violence,theothersacrificestheindividualtoviolenceintheinterestsofthestate.

A.impulse

B.whim

C.tendency

D.spur

2、(2)

A.in

B.through

C.to

D.under

3、(3)

A.reckon

B.cope

C.part

D.share

4、(4)

A.delicate

B.complex

C.innate

D.vivid

5、(5)

A.limits

B.allows

C.restricts

D.entitles

6、(6)

A.offers

B.marks

C.shows

D.reports

7、(7)

A.separately

B.simply

C.generally

D.broadly

8、(8)

A.guide

B.form

C.model

D.shape

9、(9)

A.nurture

B.gesture

C.function

D.objective

10、(10)

A.creating

B.adjusting

C.producing

D.reigning

11、(11)

A.coordinated

B.designed

C.released

D.directed

12、(12)

A.institutions

B.proposals

C.academies

D.enforcements

13、(13)

A.liable

B.loyal

C.legal

D.logical

14、(14)

A.source

B.means

C.origin

D.power

15、(15)

A.toward

B.against

C.off

D.upon

16、(16)

A.diluted

B.dissolved

C.diffused

D.dispersed

17、(17)

A.shielding

B.shifting

C.sheltering

D.shattering

18、(18)

A.justifying

B.aggravating

C.imposing

D.observing

19、(19)

A.enhanced

B.confided

C.prompted

D.motivated

20、(20)

A.Exceptthat

B.While

C.Onlyif

D.Because

二、ReadingComprehension

1、PartA

Directions:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.(40points)

ThetitleofthebiographyTheAmericanCivilWarFightingfortheLadycouldhardlybemoreprovocative.ThomasKeneally,anAustralianwriter,isunapologetic.InlabelingaherooftheAmericancivilwaranotoriousscoundrelbeswitchesthespotlightfromthebraveactionsofDanSicklesatthebattleofGettysburgtohisearlierpremeditatedmurder,oftheloverofhisyoungandprettyItalian-Americanwife,Teresa.ItisnotthemurderitselfthatdisgustsMr.KeneallybutSickles'streatmentofhiswifeafterwards,andhowhisbehavior.mirroredthehypocriticalmisogynyof19th-centuryAmerica.

Themurdervictim,PhilipBartonKey,TeresaSickles'slover,camefromafamousoldsouthernfamily.HewasthenephewofthethenchiefjusticeoftheAmericanSupremeCourtandthesonofthewriterofthecountry'snationalanthem.Sickles,aTammanyHallpoliticianinNewYorkturnedDemocraticcongressmaninWashington,shotKeydeadin1859atacornerofLafayetteSquare,withinshoutingdistanceoftheWhiteHouse.Butthemurdertrialwasmelodramatic,evenbythestandardsoftheday.Withthehelpofeightlawyers,Sickleswasfoundnotguiltyafterusingthenovelpleaof"temporaryinsanity".Thecountryatlargewasjustasforgiving,viewingKey'smurderasagallantcrimeofpassion.Withinthreeyears,SickleswasageneralontheUnionistsideintheAmericancivilWarand,asanewfriendofAbrahamandMaryLincoln,afrequentsleepoverguestattheWhiteHouse.

MrsSickleswaslessfortunate.Shewasshunnedbyfriendsshehadmadeasthewifeofarisingpolitician.Herhusband,aserialadultererwhosemanymistressesincludedQueenIsabellaⅡofSpainandthemadamofanindustrializedNewYorkwhorehouse,refusedtobeseeninhercompany.Laura,theSickles'sdaughter,wasaninnocentvictimofherfather'svindictivenessandeventuallydiedofdrinkintheBowerydistrictofNewYork.

Sickles'sboldactionsatGettysburgare,intheirownway,justascontroversial.Argumentcontinuestorageamongscholars,astowhetherhehelpedtheUniontovictoryornearlycauseditsdefeatwhenhemovedhisforcesoutoflinetooccupywhathethoughtwasbetterground.JamesLongstreet,theConfederategeneralwholedtheattackagainstthenewposition,wasinnodoubtaboutthebrillianceofthemove.

Mr.Keneallyisbetterknownasanovelist.Hereheshowshimselfjustasadeptatbiography,andachievesbothhismainaims.HerestoresthereputationofTeresaSickles,"thisbeautiful,pleasantandintelligentgirl",andbreathesfullandcontroversiallifeintoafamousmilitaryengagement.

Keneally'sbiographyisintendedmainlyto

A.launchasurpriseattackonDemocraticcongressman.

B.showsympathyforanabusedbutreputedlady,Teresa.

C.cursebitterlyatthehypocrisyofnotoriousheroes.

D.exposethetruecharacterofageneralincivilwar.

2、

TheauthorisoftheopinionthatKeneally'sperspectivesare

A.insightful.

B.superficial.

C.biased.

D.skeptical.

3、

ThecaseofMrs.Sickles'unfortunatestoryismentionedtoillustrate

A.Key'smurdersolelyasagallantcrimeofpassion.

B.thecontroversyraisedoveranotorioushero.

C.thebrillianceofstrategiesasdisplayedbySickles.

D.thehypocriticalmisogynyof19th-centuryAmerica.

4、

ItisgenerallybelievedthatSicklesshotKey,theloverofhiswife,

A.topromotehispopularity.

B.outofanuncontrollableimpulse.

C.torevengehisopponents.

D.inviewofthelady'sreputation.

5、

Thistextappearstobeadigestof

A.ahistorytextbook.

B.amagazinefeature.

C.abookreview.

D.anewspapereditorial.

6、TheTuscantownofVinci,birthplaceofLeonardoandhometoamuseumofhismachines,shouldfittinglyputonashowofthetelevision-robotsculpturesofNamJunPaik.ThisKorean-bornAmericanartistandtheRenaissancemasterarekindredspirits:Leonardosawhumanisticpotentialinhisscientificexperiments,Mr.Paikendeavorstoharnessmediatechnologyforartisticpurposes.Apioneerofvideoartinthelate1960s,hetreatstelevisionasaspaceforartimagesandasmaterialforrobotsandinteractivesculptures.

Mr.Paikwasnotalone.Heandfellowartistspickedonthevideocamerasbecausetheyofferedaneasywaytorecordtheirperformanceart.Now,tomarkvideoart'scomingofage,NewYork'sMuseumofModernArtislookingbackattheireffortsinafilmseriescalled"TheFirstDecade".ItcelebratestheearlydaysofvideobyscreeningthearchivesofElectronicArtsIntermix(EAI),oneoftheworld'sleadingdistributorsofvideoandnewmediaart,founded30yearsago.

OneofEAI'smostfamousalumniisBillViola.Partofthesecondgenerationofvideoartists,whoemergedinthe1970s,Mr.Violaexperimentedwithvideo'sexpressivepotentialHiscameraexploresreligiousritualanduniversalideas.TheViolashowattheDeutscheGuggenheiminBerlinshowsusmoving-imagefrescoesthatcoverthegallerywallsandenveloptheviewerinall-embracingcyclesoflifeanddeath.

OnenewstarisaCalifornian,DougAitken,whotookoverLondon'sSerpentineGallerylastOctoberwithaninstallationcalled"NewOcean".SomesayMr.AitkenistovideowhatJacksonPollockwastopainting.Hedripshisimagesfromfloortoceiling,creatingsequencesofroomsinwhichthespacesurroundstheviewerinhallucinatoryimages,ofsoundandlight.

AttheSerpentine,Mr.Aitkencreatedacollageofmovingimages,onthethemeofwater'sflowaroundtheplanetasaforceoflife."Iwantedtocreateanewtopographyinthiswork,aliquidimage,toshowaworldthatneverstandsstill,"hesays.Theboundarybetweenthephysicalworldandtheworldofimagesandinformation,hethinks,isblurring.

Theinterplayofillusionandreality,soundandimage,referencestoarthistory,politics,filmandtelevisioninthisartform.thatisbarely30yearsoldcanmakevideoartdifficulttodefine.Manycallitfilm-basedormoving-imagearttoincludeartistswhoworkwithothercinematicmedia.Atitsbest,theappealofvideoartliesinitsversatility,itspowertocapturethepassingoftimeandonitsabilitytocommunicatebothinsideandoutsidegallerywalls.

ThebirthplaceofLeonardoismentionedinthetext

A.tointroducethetopicofvideoarttechnology.

B.topaytributetothisRenaissancemaster.

C.tohonorhiscontributiontoscientificdiscoveries.

D.tooutlinethedevelopmentofarttelevision.

7、

Towardthenovelliteraryidea,theauthor'sattitudeseemstobethatof

A.Disapproval.

B.Neutrality.

C.Appreciation.

D.Suspicion.

8、

Aspointedoutinthetext,thevideoarttechnologyischaracterizedbyits

A.humaningenuity

B.complexdefinition.

C.strongappeal.

D.amazinginteractivity.

9、

ThevideoscreatedbyDoughAitkenisusedtoshowacombinationof

A.televisionandrobotics.

B.illusionandreality.

C.sculpturesandpaintings.

D.spaceandplanets.

10、

Whichofthefollowingwouldthebesttitleforthetext?

A.ANewGenerationofArtists.

B.VideoArtisGoingNowhere.

C.ACradleofFamousArtists.

D.NowArtfartheMTVGeneration.

11、Itmayturnoutthatthe"digitaldivide"—oneofthemostfashionablepoliticalslogansofrecentyears—islargelyfiction.Asyouwillrecall,theargumentwentwellbeyondtheunsurprisingnotionthattherichwouldownmorecomputersthanthepoor.Thedisturbingpartofthetheorywasthatsocietywasdividingitselfintogroupsoftechnology"haves"and"have-nots"andthatthissegregationwould,inturn,worsenalreadylargeeconomicinequalities.Itisthisargumentthatiseitheruntrueorwildlyexaggerated.

Weshouldalwayshavebeensuspicious.Afterall,computershavespreadquicklybecausetheyhavebecomecheapertobuyandeasiertouse.Fallingpricesandskillrequirementssuggestthatthedigitaldividewouldspontaneouslyshrink—andsoithas.

Now,anewstudyfurtherdiscreditsthedigitaldivide.Thestudy,byeconomistDavidCardoftheUniversityofCalifornia,Berkeley,challengesthenotionthatcomputershavesignificantlyworsenedwageinequality.Thelogicofhowthissupposedlyhappensisstraightforward:computersraisethedemandforhigh-skilledworkers,increasingtheirwages.Meanwhile,computerization—byautomatingmanyroutinetasks—reducesthedemandforlow-skilledworkersand,thereby,theirwages.Thegapbetweenthetwowidens.

Superficially,wagestatisticssupportthetheory.Considertheratiobetweenworkersnearthetopofthewagedistributionandthosenearthebottom.Computerizationincreased;sodidthewagegap.

Butwait,pointoutCardandDiNardo.Thetroublewithblamingcomputersisthattheworseningofinequalityoccurredprimarilyintheearly1980s.Withcomputerusegrowing,thewagegapshouldhavecontinuedtoexpand,ifitwasbeingdrivenbyashiftingdemandforskills.Indeed,CardandDiNardofindmuchdetailedevidencethatcontradictsthetheory.Theyconcludethatcomputerizationdoesnotexplain"theriseinU.S.wageinequalityinthelastquarterofthe20thcentury".

Thepopularperceptionofcomputers'impactonwagesishugelyoverblown.Lotsofotherinfluencescountforasmuch,ormore.Theworseningofwageinequalityintheearly1980s,forexample,almostcertainlyreflectedthedeep1981—1982recessionandthefallofinflation.Companiesfoundithardertoraiseprices.Tosurvive,theyconcludedthattheyhadtoholddownthewagesoftheirleastskilled,leastmobileandyoungestworkers.

The"digitaldivide"suggestedasimplesolution(computers)foracomplexproblem(poverty).Withmorecomputeraccess,thepoorcouldescapetheirlot.Butcomputersneverwerethesourceofanyone'spovertyand,asforescaping,whatpeopledoforthemselvesmattersmorethanwhattechnologycandoforthem.

Itisgenerallybelievedthatthedigitaldivideissomething

A.thatisresponsibleforeconomicinequalities.

B.deemedtobepositiveinpoverty-relief.

C.thatresultsfromfallingcomputerprices.

D.gettingworsebecauseoftheInternet.

12、

Accordingtotheauthor,thenotionthatcomputersaretoblameforthewagegapis

A.quiteinsightful.

B.verycontradictory.

C.rathershallow.

D.fairlyilluminating.

13、

Theauthor'sattitudetowardtheopinionheldbyCardandDiNardoisoneof

A.reservedconsent.

B.strongdisapproval.

C.slightcontempt.

D.enthusiasticsupport.

14、

Theauthorseemstobelievethatwidenedwagegapcanbeattributedto

A.theimpactofcomputersonroutinework.

B.thedelayedeffectsintheearly1980s.

C.thecomplexityofpovertyproblem.

D.thenarrowingofthedigitaldivide.

15、

Thepurposeoftheauthorinwritingthetextis

A.toadvocatetheeliminationofpoverty.

B.tojustifytheinfluenceofthedigitaldivide.

C.todemocratizecomputeraccesstoday.

D.toexposethemythsofthedigitaldivide.

16、Thedot-comcollapsemayhavebeenadisasterforWallStreet,buthereinSiliconValley,itwasablessing.Itwasthewelcomeendtoanabnormalconditionthatverynearlydestroyedtheareainanoverabundanceofsuccess.Yousee,thesecrettotheValley'sastoundingmultiple-decadeboomisfailure.Failureiswhatfuelsandrenewsthisplace.Failureisthefoundationforinnovation.

Thevalley'sbusinessecologydependsonfailurethesamewaythetree-coveredhillsaroundusdependonfire—itwipesouttheoldgrowthandcreatesspacefornewlife.Thevalleyhasalwaysbeenindangerofdrowningintheunwelcomewasteproductsofsuccess—toomanypeople,tooexpensivehouses,toomuchtraffic,toolittleofficespaceandtoomuchmoneychasingtoofewstartups.Failureisthesafetyvalve,thedestructiverenewingforcethatfreesuppeople,ideasandcapitalandrecombinesthem,creatingnewrevolutions.

ConsiderhowtheInternetrevolutioncametobe.Afterhalfadecadeofstart-upstruggles,forexample,hundredsofmillionsofHollywooddollarsweregoingupinsmoke.Itallseemedlikeaterriblewaste,butnoonenoticedthatthecollapseleftoneveryimportantbyproduct,acommunityoflaid-offC-Hprogrammerswhowerenowexpertinmultimediadesign,andoutonthestreetlookingforthenextbigthing.

Thesemediageekswerethepioneerofthedot-comrevolution.TheyweretheWeb'sbusinesspioneers,applyingtheirnewfoundmediasensibilitiestocreateonelittlecompanyafteranother.Mostofthesestart-upsfailed,buteveninfailuretheyadvancedthenewmediumofcyberspace.Afewgeeks,likeSiliconGraphicsfounderJimClark,succeededandutterlychangedourlives.In1994Clarkwasunemployedafterleavingthecompanybefounded,doggedlytryingtodevelopanewinteractive-TVconcept.HeapproachedMarcAndreessen,theco-developerofMosaic,thefirstwidelyusedInternetbrowser,inhopeofpersuadingAndreessentohelphimdesignhisnewsystem.Instead,AndreessenopenedClark'seyestotheWeb'spotential.ClarkpromptlytossedhisTVplansinthetrash,andthetwoco-foundedNetscape,thecornerstoneoftheconsumerWebrevolution.

Liketheinteractive-TVrefugeesandgenerationsofinnovatorsbeforethem,thedotcomersarealreadyhatchingnewcompanies.Manyarerevisitinggoodideasexecutedbadlyinthe'90s,whileothersarestrikingoutintoentirelynewspaces.Thishappychaosiscertaintomatureintoaneworderlikelytoupsetanestablishment,asitdeliverslife-changingwonderstotherestofus.Butthisisjustthestart,forrevolutionsgivebirthtorevolutions.Solet'shopeformoreofSiliconValley'ssuccessfulfailures.

Whatisimpliedinthefirstsentence?

A.TheSiliconValleyblameditsfailureonthesuccessofWallStreet.

B.TheSiliconValleyisalsonotedforitscomplexecologicalweb.

C.TheSiliconValleytakesavainprideinitsoverabundantsuccesses.

D.TheSiliconValleywouldbenefitfromthecollapseincertainways.

17、

ThemostfavorablebusinessecologyinSiliconValleyischaracterizedby

A.itswasteproductsofsuccess.

B.itsabundanceinconstructivefailures.

C.itssolidfoundationforinnovations.

D.itslaid-offdot-comprogrammers.

18、

Itcanbelearnedfromthetextthatnewstart-ups

A.usuallyendupwithafailure.

B.aresubjectedtorigidsupervision.

C.tendtocollapseasawhole.

D.nevertakeintoaccountfailures.

19、

TheauthorwritesoftheexperiencesofJimClarktodemonstrate

A.thehardshipsawebpioneermustgothrough.

B.thetroubleinwhichClarkwascaught.

C.therolefailurespositivelyplayinrevolutions.

D.thecooperationamongdot-comers.

20、

Whattheauthoristryingtosuggestmaybebestinterpretedas

A.Wherethereisawill,thereisaway.

B.Hewholaughslastlaughsbest.

C.Successfulfailuresisthebestremedy.

D.Morehaste,lessspeed.

21、PartB(10points)

Youaregoingtoreadatextaboutthestateofcollegestudents'mentalhealth,followedbyalistofexamples.Choosethebestexamplefromthelistforeachnumberedsubheading.Thereisoneextraexamplewhichyoudonotneedtouse.

Thestateofcollegestudents'mentalhealthcontinuestodecline.What'sthesolution?

InthemonthsbeforeMassachusettsInstituteoftechnologysophomoreElizabethShindied,shespokewithsevenpsychiatristsandonesocialworker.Thepsychiatristsdiagnosedmajordepression;thetherapistrecommendedhospitalization.Shintoldadeanthatshewascuttingherselfandletaprofessorknowthatshewantedtocommitsuicide.Thehousemasterofherdormandtwoofherfriendsstayedupnightstowatchher.Butitwasn'tenough.OnApril10,2000,ElizabethShinlockedherdormroomdoorandsetherclothesonfire.Fourdayslater,shewasdead.

(41)Manycollegesarerunningintothornysituation.

Herparents,KisukandChoHyunShin,filedsuitagainstMIT,chargingitsemployeeswithgrossnegligenceandwrongfuldeath.It'sanextremecase,butitillustratesaproblemfacingmanyotherschools,asmoreandmorestudentslineupatcounselingcentersrequiringincreasinglyintensivetherapyormedication—orboth.

(42)Studentswithsubstantialpersonalityproblems.

Thenumberoffreshmenreportinglessthanaverageemotionalhealthhasbeensteadilyrisingsince1985,accordingtothenewestdatafromanannualnationwidesurveybytheUniversityofCalifornia-LosAngeles.

Reasonsforthedeclineofcollegestudents'mentalhealth

Collegetherapistsciteseveralreasonsfortheapparentdeteriorationinstudentmentalhealth.Notonlyhasthisgenerationgrownupinthemuch-malignederaofthedisintegratingAmericanfamily,itisalsomoreusedtotherapyandsomorelikelytoseekhelp.Ascompetitiontogetintocollegegetstougher,studentsburnoutbeforetheyevengetthere.Andkidswithseverepsychologicalproblems,whointhepastwouldn'tevenhavemadeittocollege,nowtakepsychotropicdrugsthathelpthemsucceed.

(43)Thesoaringnumberofvisitorstocollegepsychiatrists.

Collegesfirstcreatedcounselingcentersforstudentswhoneededcareerandacademicadvice,saysRobertGallagher,authorofthecounselingcentersurveyandformerdirectoroftheUniversityofPittsburghs'services.Aspsychologicalcounselingtookover,thecenters'otheradvisingfunctionswerepackedofftootherpartsofthecampus.

(44)Inadequaciesofcollegetherapyservices.

Theballooningcaseloadsmeanthereisn'tthetimeorthestafftoofferlong-termtherapytoanybutthemosttroubled."Youcan'tjustloadupwiththefirst100studentsandseethemregularlywithouthavingopeningsfornewpeople",saysGallagher.Instead,collegesfocusongettingstudentsoverimmediatecrises.

(45)What'sthesolution?

Someschoolshavetriedfillingthegapbygettingmoreinvolvedinstudents'lives.TheUniversityofSouthCarolina,theUniversityofNevada-Reno,andTexasAMofferindepthseminarsonthetransitiontocollegethathelpstudentsgettoknowoneprofessorreallywell.

Sowheredoparentsfitinallthis?Inmanycases,theydon't.Federalprivacylawsreinforcetheseparationbyforbiddingthereleaseofeducationalrecordstoanyonebutthestudent.Sodespitethoseheftytuitionchecks,parentsliketheShinoftendon'tgetafullypictureofwhattheirchildren'slivesarereallylike.

Shindidnotwantherparentstoknowabouthermisery,andnoonetoldthemabouthercriesforhelpuntilaftershehadburnedherself.Herfatherbelievesheandhiswifecouldhavesavedher.Wit

22、(42)

23、(43)

24、(44)

25、(45)

26、PartC

Directions:ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.(10points)

Thesedays,housepricevertigoismorethanalocalornationalcondition.It'saworldwidephenomenon.

(46)TheAmericanhousingboominrecentyearsisnothingcomparedwiththepricerun-upincountrieslikeFrance,Spain,Britain,Ireland,SwedenandAustralia,eventhoughmarketsinAustraliaandBritainhavecooledinthelastyear.

Million-dollartwo-bedroomapartmentsarenotonlyafixtu