无机化学物质的命名市公开课金奖市赛课一等奖课件

无机化合物命名NomenclatureofInorganicChemicalselementcompound第1页第1页一.

元素和单质命名

“元素”和“单质”英文意思都是“element”，有时为了区别，在强调“单质”时可用“freeelementorelementarysubstance”。因此，单质英文名称与元素英文名称是同样。下面给出既是元素名称，同时又是单质名称。第2页第2页S-blockElement(S区元素)IAHydrogen(H)Lithium(Li)Sodium(Na)Potassium(K)Rubidium(Ru)Cesium(Ce)Francium(Fr)IIABeryllium(Be)Magnesium(Mg)Calcium(Ca)Strontium(Sr)Barium(Ba)Radium(Ra)P26第3页第3页

IIIA

boron(B)Aluminium(Al)Gallium(Ga)Indium(In)Thallium(Tl)

IVACarbon(C)Silicon(Si)Germanium(Ge)Tin(Sn)Lead(Pb)plumbi

VANitrogen(N)Phosphorus(P)Arsenic(As)

antimony(Sb)Bismuth(Bi)

VIA

oxygen(O)

sulfur(S)Selenium(Se)Tellurium(Te)Polonium(Po)

VIIA

fluorine(F)Chlorine(Cl)Bromine(Br)Iodine(I)Astatine(At)

0Helium(He)Neon(Ne)

argon(Ar)Krypton(Kr)Xenon(Xe)Radon(Ra)P-blockElement

(P区元素)第4页第4页CommonTransitionElememtFe:iron;determine Mn:manganeseCu:copper;cuprumZn:zinc;spelterHg:mercury;quicksilverAg:silver;argentineAu:gold;aurum第5页第5页二.化合物命名化合物命名顺序都是依据化学式从左往右读，这与中文读法顺序是相反。表示原子个数时使用前缀：

(1)mono-,(2)di-,(3)tri-,(4)tetra-,(5)penta-，(6)hexa-,(7)hepta-,(8)octa-,(9)nona-,(10)deca-，但是在不会引起歧义时，这些前缀都尽也许被省去。第6页第6页monovalent:单价carbondioxane:CO2

tribromethane:CHBr3;

tetrachloromethane:CCl4

CO(Carbonmonoxide)

NO(Nitrogenoxide)NO2(Nitrogendioxide)

N2O3(Nitrogentrioxide)N2O5(Nitrogenpentoxide)

N2O(nitrousoxide)

FeO(Ferrousoxide),Fe2O3(Ferricoxide);

MnO(Manganousoxide)Mn2O3(Manganicoxide),H2MnO4(Manganicacid)

MnO2(Manganesedioxide)VB:valencebondtheoryMO:molecularorbitaltheory第7页第7页1.化合物正电荷部分读法1.1

Singlevalenceions

Cation’sname=Element

forexample:

Na+SodiumAl3+AluminumK+PotassiumCa2+Calcium如:CO:carbonmonoxideAl2O3:aluminiumoxideN2O4：Dinitrogentetroxide(tetra-,mono-后缀中a,o在后-o之前省去)ion:离子anion：阴离子cation:阳离子第8页第8页1.2MultivalenceionsCation’sname=Element(N)Forexample:Fe2+Iron(II)orFerrousFe3+Iron(III)orFerricCr2+Chromium(II)Cr3+Chromium(III)Mn4+Manganese(IV)Mn2+Manganese(II)第9页第9页2.化合物负电荷部分读法2.1Monatomicanions

Anion’sname=Element’sroot-ide

Forexample:Cl-ChlorideO2-Oxide

Br-BromideOH-HydroxideI-IodideCN-CyanideS2-SulfideH-Hydride

第10页第10页2.2Polyatomicoxyanions2.2.1Acidradicalsfornormalsalt(正酸根-ate)

Anion’sname=CentralElement’sroot-ateForexample:ClO3-ChlorateIO3-IodatePO43-PhosphateNO3-NitrateSO42-SulfateCO32-Carbonate

第11页第11页2.2.2Acidradicalsforhypo-salts(次酸根-ite)

Anion’sname=Hypo-Centralelement’sroot-ite

Forexample:ClO-

Hypochlorite

IO-

HypoioditePO23-

Hypophosphite第12页第12页2.2.3Acidradicalsforpersalts(高酸根Per-ate)Anion’sname=Per-CentralElement’sroot-ateForexample:ClO4-

Perchlorate

IO4-

PeriodateMnO4-

Permanganate第13页第13页2.2.4含氧酸与含氧酸根阴离子采取前后缀不同组合显示不同价态含氧酸和含氧酸根阴离子，价态相同含氧酸及含氧酸根阴离子含有相同前缀，不同后缀。高某酸per-ic正酸–ic亚酸-ous次酸hypo-ous高某酸根per-ate正酸根–ate亚酸根-ite次酸根hypo-ite其它前缀还有ortho-正meta-偏thio-硫代举例：HClO4perchloricacidClO4-perchlorateionHClO3chloricacidClO3-chlorateionHClO2chlorousacidClO2-chloriteionHClOhypochlorousacidClO-hypochloriteionH2SO4sulfuricacidH2SO3sulfurousacidHNO3nitricacidHNO2nitrousacidHPO3metaphosphoricacidS2O32-thiosulfateion第14页第14页3.Namingcompounds3.1Metaloxide

Metaloxide=Cation+oxideForexample:FeOIron(II)oxide(Ferrousoxide)Fe2O3Iron(III)oxide(Ferricoxide)Fe3O4

FerroferricoxidePb3O4

TrileadtetroxideNa2O2Sodiumperoxide第15页第15页Nonmetaloxide=n-Nonmetalelement+n-oxide

Forexample:COCarbonmonoxideCO2CarbondioxideSO3SulfurtrioxideN2O3

DinitrogentrioxideP2O5

DiphosphoruspentoxideN2O4

Dinitrogentetroxide

(tetra-,mono-后缀中a,o在后一o之前省去)有些物质惯用俗称,如NO:nitricoxideN2O:nitrousoxide3.2Nonmetaloxide第16页第16页4.非金属氢化物除了水和氨气使用俗称water，ammonia以外，其它非金属氢化物都用系统名称，命名规则依据化学式写法不同而有所不同。4.1对于卤族和氧族氢化物，H在化学式中写在前面，因此将其当作与另一元素二元化合物。举例：HFhydrogenfluorideHClhydrogenchlorideHBrhydrogenbromideHIhydrogeniodideH2ShydrogensulfideH2SehydrogenselenideH2Tehydrogentelluride第17页第17页4.2对于其它族非金属氢化物，Ｈ在化学式中写在后面，可加后缀-ane，氮族还可加-ine。

举例：

PH3:phosphine或phosphane AsH3:arsine或arsaneSbH3:stibine或stibaneBiH3:bismuthaneCH4:methaneSiH4:silaneB2H6:diboraneNH3:ammonia第18页第18页5.无氧酸命名规则：hydro-词根-icacid举例：HCl:hydrochloricacidH2S:hydrosulfuricacidHF:hydrofluoricacidHBr:hydrobromicaicd第19页第19页总结:

H2SO4

（+6）Sulfuricacid(正)H2SO3

（+4）sulfurousacid;(亚)H2SO5Peroxysulfuric,（过）H2SO7（+6）Pyrosulfuric,acid)(焦)H2S2O3

(Thiosulfuricacid）e.g.Na2S2O3（硫代）-H2O-O-O--OS→O第20页第20页HPO3

（偏）

(Metaphosphoric,)H3PO4(正)(Phosphoric,)H3PO3

（亚）(Phosphorous,)H3PO2

(次)(Hypo-phosphorous,)H4P2O7(焦)(Pyrophosphoric,)分子间-H2O分子内-H2O-O-O+5+3+1

HNO3

(Nitricacid,+5);HNO2(Nitrousacid,+3)-O第21页第21页H3BO3(Orthoboric,)(原);HClO

(Hypochlorousacid)(次)HClO3(Chloricacid)(正)HClO4(Perchloricacid)(高)HClO2(Chlorousacid)(亚)-O-O-O+5+7+3+1第22页第22页6.BasesBase=Metalcation+hydroxideForexample:Al(OH)3AluminumhydroxideNaOHSodiumhydroxideCa(OH)2CalciumhydroxideBa(OH)2BariumhydroxideCo(OH)2Cobalt(II)hydroxide第23页第23页7.盐(Salts)7.1正盐(Normalsalt)：依据化学式从左往右分别读出阳离子和阴离子名称。

Normalsalt=Cation+anion

Forexample:

HgSO4Mercury(II)sulfateHg2SO4Mercury(I)sulfateKNO3PotassiumnitrateNa2CO3SodiumcarbonateNaClOSodiumhypochloriteFeSO4iron(II)sulfateKMnO4potassiumpermanganate第24页第24页7.2酸式盐：(Acidicsalts)同正盐读法，酸根中Ｈ读做hydrogen，氢原子个数用前缀表示。Acidicsalt=Cation+hydrogen+anionForexample:NaHSO4SodiumhydrogensulfateNa2HPO4DisodiumhydrogenphosphateNaH2PO4SodiumdihydrogenphosphateCa(HSO4)2CalciumbisulfateNaHCO3Sodiumhydrogencarbonate或Sodiumbicarbonate第25页第25页7.3BasicsaltsBasicsalt=Cation+hydroxy-anionForexample:Cu2(OH)2CO3:Dicopper(II)dihydroxycarbonateCa(OH)Cl:CalciumhydroxychlorideMg(OH)PO4:Magnesiumhydroxyphosphate第26页第26页7.4复盐(Mixedsalts)：同正盐读法。Mixedsalt=Cation+cation’+anionForexample:

NaKSO3:SodiumpotassiumsulfiteCaNH4PO4:CalciumammoniumphosphateAgLiCO3SilverlithiumcarbonateNaNH4SO4SodiumammoniumsulfateKNaCO3:potassuimsodiumcarbonateNaNH4HPO4:sodiumammoniumhydrogenphosphate第27页第27页7.5水合盐：结晶水读做water或hydrate如AlCl3∙6H2O:aluminumchloride6-water或aluminumchloridehexahydrateAlK(SO4)2∙12H2O:aluminiumpotassiumsulfate12-water第28页第28页8.Acids

8.1Per-,hydro-,normalacid(itssalt-ate,-ide)Acid=Centralelement’sroot-ic+acidForexample:H2CO3CarbonicacidH2SO4SulfuricacidH3PO4PhosphoricacidHNO3NitricacidHClO4PerchloricacidHClHydrochloricacid第29页第29页8.2Meta-andhypo-acid(itssalt-ite)Acid=Centralelement’sroot-ous+acidForexample:H2SO3SulfurousacidH3PO3PhosphorousacidHNO2NitrousacidHClOHypochlorousacidHClO2Chlorousacid第30页第30页

命名时先命名阳离子部分，最后命名阴离子部分，阴离子配体以字母顺序列出，中心阳离子价态普通以罗马数字在名称后标出。K[BF4]potassiumtetrafluoroborate(III)K4[Fe(CN)6]potassiumhexacyanoferrate(II)[Cu(NH3)4]SO4Tetraamminecopper(II)sulfate[Co(H2O)2(NH3)2(CO2)]NO3Diamminediaquacarbonatocobalt(III)nitrate9.络合物命名

（Namingcoordinationcomplex）第31页第31页9.1Ligands(配体)9.1.1Negativeionsasligands

Ligand=Element’sroot-oForexample:CN-CyanoNO2-NitroF-FluoroNO3-NitratoCl-ChloroCO32-CarbonatoBr-BromoCH3COO-AcetatoO2-OxoH-HydridoOH-Hydroxo-O2CCO2-Oxalato第32页第32页9.1.2NeutralmoleculesasligandLigand=RadicalnameForexample:NH3AmmineCOCarbonylH2OAquaCH3NH2MethylamineH2NCCNH2Ethylenediamine第33页第33页9.2Complexions9.1Neutralcomplexorcomplexionswithpositivecharge

Complexion=n-Ligand-metalion(N)Forexample:Ag(NH3)2+Diamminesilver(I)Cu(NH3)42+Tetraamminecopper(II)[Co(NH3)3(NO2)3]Triamminetrinitrocobalt(III)第34页第34页9.2ComplexionswithnegativechargeComplexion=n-Ligand-metal’sroot-ate(N)

Forexample:[Fe(CN)6]4-Hexafluoroferrate(II)[BF4]-Tetrafluoroborate(III)[AlF6]3-Hexafluoroaluminate(III)[AuCl4]-Tetrachloroaurate(III第35页第35页9.3NamingcomplexComplex=Cation+anionForexample:Li[AlH4]Lithiumtetrahydroaluminate(III)[Ag(NH3)2]ClDiamminesilver(I)chlorideK4[Fe(CN)6]Potassiumhexacyanoferrate(II)[Cu(NH3)4]SO4Tetraamminecopper(II)sulfateNi(CO)4Tetracarbonylnickel(0)第36页第36页常见配体名称第37页第37页10.Halide(卤化物):

NH4Cl(AmmoniumChloride),CaF2(Calciumfluoride),

NaBr(Potassiumbromide),

KI(PotassiumIodide)PCl3(Phosphorustrichloride)

TheNameofCation+Halide第38页第38页InorganicChemistryIntroduce:Inorganicchemistryisthestudyofthesynthesisandbehaviorofinorganicandorganometalliccompounds.Ithasapplicationsineveryaspectofthechemicalindustry–includingcatalysis,materialsscience,pigments,surfactants,coatings,medicine,fuel,andagriculture.第39页第39页Inorganicchemists

areemployedinfieldsasdiverseastheminingandmicrochipindustries,environmentalscience,andeducation.Theirworkisbasedonunderstandingthebehaviorandtheanaloguesforinorganicelements,andhowthesematerialscanbemodified,separatedorused–ofteninproductapplications.Itincludesdevelopingmethodstorecovermetalsfromwastestreams;employmentasanalyticalchemistsspecializinginanalysisofminedores;performingresearchontheuseofinorganicchemicalsfortreatingsoil.第40页第40页

Manyinorganicchemistsgointoindustry,buttheyarealsoatuniversitiesandingovernmentlabs.Inorganicchemistswhoworkingovernmentsaytheirtimeisincreasinglyspentwritinggrantproposalsandcompetingforasmallpoolofresearchmoney.Inorganicchemistscomparetheirjobstothoseofmaterialsscientistsandphysicists.Allthreefieldsexploretherelationshipbetweenphysicalpropertiesandfunctions,butinorganicchemistryisthemostkeenlyfocusedonthesepropertiesatthemolecularlevel.第41页第41页IsaCreativeField

Thefieldofinorganicchemistryhastraditionallybeencharacterizedbyscientistswithanartisticorcreativeflair.Manyinorganicchemistssaythattheyweredrawntothefieldinpartbytheprettycolorsofthemetalsinthelabandbytheinterestingthingsthatcouldbedoneinthelab.Theyoftensaytheopportunitiesforcreativityandinferentialthinkingarewhattheylikebestabouttheirwork.Describingthemselvesastinkerers,inorganicchemistslikeputtingthingstogetherandsolvingproblemsandstresstheimportanceofbeingdetailoriented,precise,andpersistent.Inorganicchemistsdescribetheirworkasaconstantchallenge."Thejobchangesallthetime,"saysSteveCaldwell,aninorganicchemistworkingatDowChemical."EverydaythereareanewsetofissuesandIhavetodeterminewhicharethemostimportantonestoworkonfirst.It'sdefinitelynotaninetofivejob."第42页第42页IntegratesManyDisciplines

Inorganicchemistry,likemanyscientificfields,isbecomingmoreinterdisciplinary.Breakthroughsareanticipatedintheinterfacebetweenfieldsratherthaninthemoretraditionalarea."Inthefuture,jobswillnotbefilledbysuperspecialists,"saysSauer,"butbyscientistswithabroadbaseofknowledge."Eventhoughacourseofstudylikematerialsscienceorpolymersciencemayappeartobetterpositionanindividualforthisinterdisciplinaryfuture,chemistsinthefieldstillstronglyrecommendgettingadegreeininorganicchemistry.Adegreeinthebasicdiscipline,willgiveabetterunderstandingofbonding,valence,andorbitaltheory.

第43页第43页

Inaddition,studentsareadvisedtotakecoursesoutsideinorganicchemistrybothtopreparethemselvestointegrateknowledgetowardsproblemsolvingaswellasbeflexibleintoday'stoughjobmarket."Don'tjuststicktoinorganicchemistry,"