综合教程 第二册 教学课件 熊选琴 刘重霄 2-U4

Unit4TextAOxfordUniversity

TextB

TheBritishMuseum(Enlightenment)

[背景知识][课文][生词][生词讲解][参考译文][习题答案][课文][生词][生词讲解][参考译文][习题答案][对话]TextA:OxfordUniversity

OxfordistheoldestuniversityintheEnglish-speakingworld.Asaninternationallyfamouscenterforteachingandresearch,Oxfordattractsstudentsandscholarsfromallovertheworld.Almostaquarterofthestudentscomefromoverseas.Oxfordisacollegiateuniversity,with39self-governingcolleges,relatedtotheUniversityinatypeoffederalsystem.TherearealsosevenPermanent

PrivateHalls.39collegesandallHallsadmitstudentsforbothundergraduateandgraduatedegrees.7othercollegesareforgraduatesonly;1hasfellowsonly,and1specializesinpart-timeandcontinuingeducation.Oxfordisanindependentandself-governinginstitution,consistingofthecentralUniversityandtheColleges.Thevice-chancellor,whoholdsofficeforuptosevenyears,istheseniorofficeroftheUniversity.TheChancellor,whoisusuallyafamouspublicfigure,servesasthetitularheadoftheUniversity.Theprincipalpolicy-makingbodyistheCounciloftheUniversitywhichisresponsiblefortheacademicpolicyandstrategicdirectionoftheUniversity,andoperatesthroughfourmajorcommittees.TheUniversity'sfiveAcademicDivisionsareresponsibleforday-to-daydecision-makinginmatters,suchasfinanceandplanning.课文Eachyear,Oxfordwelcomesstudentswithrecognizedpotentialfromallovertheglobe,atbothundergraduateandgraduatelevel.Studentsareattractedbythechancetostudyataninternationallyfamousseatoflearning,withacenturies-oldreputationforoutstandingacademicachievement.Over130nationalitiesarerepresentedamongthestudentbody.Oxford'steachingandresearchisinthetopranknationallyandinternationally,andisattheforefrontofmedical,scientificandtechnologicalachievement.OxfordUniversityOxfordhasstronglinkswithresearchinstitutions,businessandindustry,bothintheUnitedKingdomandoverseas.TheUniversityhasexcellentfacilitiesandresourcesforlearninginitsworld-famouslibraries,laboratoriesandmuseums.Studentshavetheopportunitytolearnalongsideleadingresearchersintheirfield.Undergraduatecoursesofferstudentsthechancetostudytheirchosenfieldindepth.Oxfordoffersundergraduatesauniquelearningexperiencethroughthetutorialsystem,inwhichstudentsmeetregularlywiththeircollegetutor,eitheronaone-to-onebasisorwithoneortwootherstudents.Theprogramofstudyaimstomakestudentsthinklogicallyandindependently.Thirtycollegesandsevenpermanentprivatehallsadmitundergraduatesandallcolleges,exceptStHilda'swhichisforwomenonly,acceptmenandwomen.Allcollegesacceptapplicationsfrommaturestudentsbut,HarrisManchesterCollegeissolelyformaturestudentswhowishtoreadforanOxforddegree.

GraduatestudentsareavaluedpartoftheUniversityandmakeupmorethanaquarterofthetotalstudentbody.TheUniversityoffersawiderangeofgraduateandresearchdegrees,rangingfromonetothreeormoreyearsinlength.GreenCollege,Linacre,Nuffield,StAnthony's,StCross,TempletonandWolfsan,admitonlygraduatestudents,asdoesKellogg,wherespecialemphasisisplacedonpart-timestudy.TheUniversityparticularlyvaluestheroleofinternationalstudentsinprovidingintellectualstimulationandincreatingandmaintainingacademiclinkswithcolleaguesabroad.OveraquarterofthestudentbodycomesfromoutsidetheUnitedKingdomandarangeofscholarshipsoffersupportforinternationalstudents.Eachyearseveralhundredstudentsaresupportedbyscholarshipsfundedfullyorinpart,eitherbypeoplewhogivemoneyforagoodpurposeorbytheUniversity.Asoneoftheleadinginternationaluniversities,Oxfordalsoattractsscholarsfromallovertheworldtojoinitsteachingandresearchstaff.TheUniversityworkswithover80researchinstitutionsworldwide,includingestablishmentsintheFarEast,China,India,SouthAfrica,theUSAandLatinAmerica.Oxfordalsohasasmallnumberofformalcooperativeagreementswithoverseasinstitutions,suchasthePrincetonUniversityintheUnitedStates,theAustralianNationalUniversityandPekingUniversity.

(643words)NewWordsattractvt.吸引，招引；引诱

oversea(s)a.海外的*collegiatea.学院的，大学的；附设学院的

federala.联邦的，联盟的，联合的

permanenta.永久的，持久的

privatea.私人的，私有的；秘密的，私下的

admitvt.允许进入，接纳；承认*specializevi.专攻，专门研究*chancellorn.大学校长

seniora.年长的；资格老的；地位高的

figuren.外形，轮廓；数字；形象，人物*titulara.名义上的，有名无实的

principala.主要的，首要的n.负责人；校长

counciln.理事会，委员会；议事机构

responsiblea.应负责的，有责任的

academica.学院的，学术的

operatev.操作，运转；开刀，动手术

potentialn.潜力

reputationn.名声，声望生词

outstandinga.突出的，显著的

achievementn.完成，达到；成就，成绩

representvt.表示，说明；表现，象征；代理，代表

technologicala.工业技术的，应用科学的，科技的

facilityn.便利；设备；工具*tutoriala.家庭教师的；导师的

maturea.成熟的

valueda.受重视的，重要的

valuevt.重视，评价，尊重

stimulationn.刺激，兴奋；鼓励

fundvt.提供基金给

establishmentn.建立，创办*cooperativea.合作的，协力的PhrasesandExpressionsspecializein专门研究

consistof由······构成

holdoffice担任职务

upto（数目）达······之多

serveas担任

beresponsiblefor对······负责

inthetoprank处于最高等级

attheforefrontof最前面，最前线；最重要的位置

havelinkswith与······联系

havetheopportunitytodosth.有机会做某事

indepth深入，广泛

meetwith与······见面

aimtodosth.以······为目标

makeup构成，凑足

arangeof变动范围

rangefrom...to...在某范围之内变化

inlength长度

placeemphasison重点是；强调

comefrom来自于

offersupport支持

inpart部分地

haveagreementswith与······达成协议Names

OxfordUniversity牛津大学

StHilda's圣西尔达斯学院

HarrisManchester哈里斯·曼彻斯特学院

GreenCollege格林学院

Linacre林内科学院

Nuffield纳菲尔德学院

StAntony’s

圣安东尼斯学院

StCross圣克罗斯学院

Templeton坦普雷顿学院

Wolfsan伍弗森学院

Kellogg凯洛格学院

PrincetonUniversity普林斯顿大学

AustralianNationalUniversity澳大利亚国家大学

PekingUniversity北京大学1.OxfordUniversity牛津大学牛津大学建于13世纪，是世界10大学府之一，以美丽的大学城闻名全世界，著名的童话故事——《爱丽丝梦游仙境》即以此地为故事背景。在牛津，处处都是优美的哥德式尖塔建筑，因此有“尖塔之城”之称。牛津大学是英国第一所国立大学，培育出了无数的顶尖杰出人士。该校包含39个学院，除了各自有不同的建筑特色之外，每个学院为独立自主的教学机构，提供学生课业及生活上的指导。牛津大学的课程，无论是文科还是理科，都可获得文学学士学位或相应的荣誉学位，由导师自己挑学生，经过3年的学习，取得学士学位。近年来，牛津还设有两种以上的科目结合在一起的科目，如哲学和数学、古典文学和现代文学等，充分体现了当今学术领域多角度、多边缘、提倡资源共享的潮流和趋势。牛津大学以自然科学和应用经济科学、商务管理、哲学三大领域的不断进取与创新成就震撼整个世界，同时也以丰富多样的教学方法声名远扬。该校在心理学、生物学、法律、工程学、社会科学、经济、哲学、历史、音乐、化学、生物化学、文学、数学、物理、地球科学上均是行内之翘楚。背景知识2.FamousOxonians著名的牛津人（知名牛津校友）牛津产生了4位英国国王，46位诺贝尔奖获得者，25位英国首相，3位圣人，86位大主教以及18位红衣主教。国王，如：爱德华七世；爱德华八世；总统和首相，如：克雷芒·艾德礼；安东尼·艾登；哈罗德·麦克米兰；哈罗德·威尔逊；爱德华·希斯；玛格利特·撒切尔；托尼·布莱尔；比尔·克林顿；其他，如：斯蒂芬·霍金；罗伯特·胡克；菲利普·拉金；钱锺书；奥斯卡·王尔德；蒂芬·沃尔夫勒姆。3.Fellow董事（某大学或学院的）董事；（学术团体的）会员；（大学的）研究员；（大学里接受奖学金的）研究生。1.attractvt.tocausetolike,admire,notice,orturntowards吸引；todrawtowards招引［例句］Hewasattractedbyherappearance.他为她的外貌所吸引。Flowersattractbees.花招引蜜蜂。［短语搭配］attractsb.’sattention引起某人的注意Herbeautyattractedhisattention.她的美貌吸引了他的注意力。beattractedby被······吸引Hewasattractedbyherwisdom.他为她的智慧所吸引。［派生词］attractionn.吸引；诱惑物Theattractionofthecity'sbrightlightsishardtoavoid.城市的繁华灯火非常诱人。Hergreatestattractionformeishervoice.她最吸引我的地方是她的声音。attractivea.有吸引力的Theideaisveryattractive.那个主意很吸引人。生词讲解

［同义辨析］attract,charm,draw,temptattract指某人或事物有强烈的感染力，能吸引他人或物的注意力、兴趣等；作“诱使”解时，语气不如tempt强，如：Heattractedlargenumbersoffollowers.他吸引了大批追随者。charm指使人发生特殊的爱好而沉迷，还可表示用魔法使人不能摆脱其控制，如：Itseemedasifhehadacharmedlife,andhisenemiescouldneverharmhim.他好像有魔力保佑，敌人都伤不到他。draw与attract同义，但语义较广，并多用于褒义，如：Theplayisdrawingbigcrowds.那部戏吸引了大批观众。tempt作“诱使”解时多指使人做错事、傻事；作“吸引”解时，指引起某人的某种欲望，如：Thefootballclubtriedtotempttheplayerwithoffersofmoney.这个足球俱乐部想用钱吸引选手。［反义词］repelvt.使反感，使厌恶2.admitvt.topermit(apersonorthing)toenter;toletin许可（人或物）进入；让······进入；tohavespaceorroomfor容纳；tostateoragreetothetruthof承认，供认［例句］Ican'tadmityouintothetheatre.我还不能让你进入戏院。Thechurchadmitsonly200people.这个教堂只能容纳200人。Thethiefadmittedhiscrime.小偷认了罪。［短语搭配］admitof容许Thefactsadmitofnootherexplanation.这些事实不容许有其他的解释。admitsth.;admitdoingsth.;admitto(doing)sth.承认做某事［派生词］admissionn.准许进入；承认Soonafterhisadmissionhebecameanofficerofthesociety.他入会不久，即成为协会的干事之一。Hemadeanadmissionthathewasthethief.他承认他是贼。［反义词］refusev.拒绝3.consistoftobemadeupof,comprise由······组成，构成（通常用一般现在时，不能用于进行时态和被动式）［例句］Thehouseconsistsofsixrooms.这房子是由6个房间组成的。Thecommitteeconsistsoftenmembers.委员会由10名委员组成。［短语搭配］consistin在于Thebeautyofthispictureconsistsinitsbalanceofcolor.这张画的美在于它颜色的均衡。Happinessconsistsinservingthecommunity.幸福存在于为社会的服务中。［同义辨析］consistof,becomposedof,bemadeupof,comprise,constitute都有“组成，构成”的意思。consistof,becomposedof,bemadeupof的主语是整体，而宾语是个体，如：TheUKconsistsof/iscomposedof/ismadeupofGreatBritainandNorthernIreland.英联邦是由大不列颠及北爱尔兰组成的。constitute,comprise的主语是个体，宾语是整体，如：GreatBritainandNorthernIrelandconstitute/comprisetheUnitedKingdom.大不列颠及北爱尔兰组成了英联邦。4.responsiblea.havingthedutyoflookingaftersomeoneorsomething,sothatonecanbeblamedifthingsgowrong负责任的；trustworthy可靠的，信赖的［例句］Youareresponsibletoyourmotherforkeepingthehousetidy.保持屋内整洁之事，你要向母亲负责。Heisaresponsiblepersonandcanbetrustedtocarryoutorders.他为人负责，命令可以交由他执行。［短语搭配］beresponsiblefor对······负责Whoisresponsibleforbreakingthemirror?镜子是谁打破的？［派生词］responsibilityn.责任，义务；可靠性Itakefullresponsibilityforthisaction.对这次行动，我完全负责。Nowthatyouare13，youshouldhavemoresenseofresponsibility.你已经13岁了，应该更有责任感。［反义词］irresponsiblea.不负责任的5.representvt.toshow;tobeapictureof表现；描绘；tobeasignof;tostandfor象征；表示；toactofficiallyfor代表［例句］Thispaintingrepresentsastormatsea.这幅画描绘的是海上暴风雨。Theredlinesonthemaprepresentrailways.地图上的红线代表铁路。HerepresentedhisfellowworkersattheUnionmeetingtogiveaspeech.他在工会大会上代表同事发言。［短语搭配］representas把······描绘为；声称Herepresentedhimselfasafriendoftheworkers,butnowweknowthetruth.他声称是工人之友，但现在我们知道真相了。representtosb.向（某人）表示；交涉；指出Irepresentedtohimthatitwouldbedangeroustodowhathesuggested.我向他指出，照他的提议去做是危险的。［派生词］representationn.代表；描绘Thispaintingisarepresentationofastormatsea.这幅画是描绘海上的暴风雨的。6.havelinkswith

tohaverelationshiporconnectionwithsomeoneorsomethingelse与······有联系［例句］Ihavelinkswithmyformerclassmates.我跟以前的同学有联系。［短语搭配］linksbetweensth.(andsth.)······与······之间的联系Thereareanumberoflinksbetweenthetwotheories.这两个理论之间有很大的联系。Thepolicealwaysthinkofthelinksbetweendruguseandcrime.警察经常考虑毒品的使用和犯罪之间的关系。7.opportunityn.atimewhenaparticularsituationmakesitpossibletodoorachievesth.机会,时机［例句］Ihavebeenofferedajob.It'sagreatopportunity.我找到了一份工作，这是一个很好的机会。［短语搭配］havetheopportunitytodo有机会做某事Manypeoplehavetheopportunitytogoabroad.许多人都有机会出国。Ifyouhavetheopportunitytowinthelottery,whatwouldyouintendtodo?如果你有机会赢得彩票，你打算干什么？take/catch/seizetheopportunitytodosth.抓住时机，不错过机会做某事Ifyoucatcheveryopportunitytostudy,youwillgetagoodmarkattheendofthissemester.如果你抓住每一个机会学习，那么在学期末你就能得到好成绩。8．rangefrom...to...

tovaryfrom...to...（在一定范围内）从······到······变动［例句］Hisfeelingsonthematterhaverangedfrombitternesstohope.他在这个问题上的感受已从痛苦变成了希望。Thechildren'sagesrangefromfivetofifteen.孩子们的年龄从5岁到15岁不等。［短语搭配］rangebetweensth.andsth.在······与······之间变动Thepopulationofthesecitiesrangesbetween3and5million.这些城市的人口从3百万到5百万不等。9.placeemphasisontodecidethatsomethingisimportant重点是，强调［例句］Thecompanyplacesemphasisontraining.这家公司把重点放在培训上。Mostpeopleplacetoomuchemphasisonmoney.很多人非常看重金钱。10.value

vt.tocalculatethevalue,priceorworthof(something)给（某物）估价；toconsider(someoneorsomething)tobeofgreatworth尊重；珍视［例句］Ifyouwanttosellyourcollectionofstamps，youshouldbeginbyhavingitvalued.如果你要卖掉所收集的邮票，得先估价。I'vealwaysvaluedyourfriendshipveryhighly.我一向珍视你的友谊。n.theusefulnessofsomething用途，用处；thequalityinsomethingwhichmakesithelpful,useful,ordesirable价值；重要性；theworthofsomethinginmoneyorascomparedwithothergoodsforwhichitmightbechanged（货币、货物的）价值［例句］Youwillfindthisinstrumentofgreatvalueinmakingcertainkindsofmeasurement.你会发现这个仪器在作某些测量时用处非常大。Inchoosingemploymenthealwayssetahighvalueontheinterestofthework.他在选择职业时非常注重工作的趣味性。ThevalueoftheBritishpoundislessthanitwas100yearsago.英镑的币值已不如100年前高。［短语搭配］valueformoney价值Youalwaysgetvalueformoneyatthatshop.你在那个店里常可以买到物有所值的东西。［派生词］valueda.珍贵的avaluedfriend珍贵的朋友valuelessa.没有价值的，毫无用处的Heboughtavaluelessdiamondringyesterday.他昨天买了一只没有用的宝石戒指。牛津大学

牛津大学是英语世界最古老的一所大学。作为一所国际著名教研中心，牛津大学吸引了世界各国的学生及学者，全校的学生中几乎有四分之一来自于海外。牛津大学是一所学院式的大学，有39个自治学院，构成了一所联邦制的大学，其中包括7所永久私人学院。30个学院和所有的私人学院都培养本科生和研究生，7所学院只培养研究生，1所只招收高级会员，而另一所则进行业余教育和继续教育。牛津大学是一所独立、自治的机构，由本院和各分级学院组成。副校长任职7年，是学校的最高领导。校长一般是一位公众人物，为名义领导。主要政策制定机构是学校的理事会，它制定学校的学术政策和明确的战略方向，并通过4个委员会来执行。大学的5个学术部门则对日常事务进行决策，如财政和计划。牛津大学每年都接收来自全球各地有潜力的学生进行本科及研究生阶段的学习。几百年来，牛津杰出的学术成就一直引人入胜，学生们对到这样一个世界知名的学术摇篮学习很感兴趣。学生来自130多个民族。牛津大学的教研处于国内、国际最高领域，其中医学、科学、技术成果是最前沿的。牛津大学同英国和海外的研究机构、商业机构和工业机构都有着非常紧密的联系。参考译文

牛津大学在其世界知名的图书馆、实验室、博物馆里装备有精良的设备和资源。学生有机会在其学术领域内领军人物的指导下学习。本科课程使学生有机会对所选专业进行更深层次的学习。牛津大学通过导师制使本科学生拥有一种独特的学习经历。导师制就是让学生定期与导师见面，可以是一位导师一个学生，也可以是一位导师两个学生。学习科目的设置目的是使学生能够系统独立地思考问题。30个学院和7个永久私人学院都接收本科生，而除了圣希尔达斯学院只招女生外，其他所有的学院男女生都招收。所有学员都接收成人的申请，但是哈里斯曼彻斯特学院只接收那些想获取牛津学位的成人。研究生占学生总人数的四分之一强，在学校的整体结构构成中起着重要的作用。学校颁发各种学位和研究型学位，一年到三年或更多年头不等。格林学院、林内科学院、纳菲尔德学院、圣安东尼斯学院、圣克罗斯学院、坦普雷顿学院、伍弗森学院只招研究生，凯洛格学院也一样，但他重点进行业余教育。在提供智力刺激、创造和保持与海外同行的学术联系上，学校尤其重视外国学生的作用。超过四分之一的学生来自于英国本土以外，相当一部分奖学金是提供给外国学生的。每年有几百名学生得到全额或部分奖学金，这些奖学金来自于那些本着良好愿望的人的提供或由学校提供。作为世界领先大学之一，牛津大学吸引了世界各国的学者加入到它的教学科研团队。学校在世界各地建立了80多所科研机构，包括远东、中国、印度、南非、美国、拉美。牛津与海外的一些大学建立了正式的合作协议，如美国的普林斯顿大学、澳大利亚国家大学、北京大学。TextComprehensionAnswerthefollowingquestions.1.OxfordUniversityistheoldestuniversityintheEnglish-speakingworld.Asaninternationallyfamouscentreforteachingandresearch,itattractsstudentsandscholarsfromallovertheworld.Almostaquarterofthestudentscomefromoverseas.2.Becauseithas39self-governingcolleges,relatedtotheuniversityinatypeoffederalsystem.3.Thevice-chancelloristheseniorofficeroftheuniversity.4.Becausetheywillhaveachancetostudyataninternationallyfamousseatoflearning,withacenturiesoldreputationforoutstandingacademicachievement.5.StHilda'sisonlyforwomen.6.Graduatestudentsmakeupmorethanaquarterofthetotalstudentbody.7.Yes,ithas.8.IfIhaveachancetostudyabroad,IwouldliketochooseOxford.Becauseitisaninternationallyfamouscentreforteachingandresearch,withacenturiesoldreputationforoutstandingacademicachievement.Meanwhile,itownsscholarsfromallovertheworldtojoinitsteachingandresearchstaff.习题答案Vocabulary1.Fillintheblankswithwordsorphraseschosenfromthebox.Changetheformwherenecessary.1)except2)admit3)rangefromto4)wasattracted5)inaddition6)aimto7)placeemphasison8)represent9)isresponsiblefor10)principal2.Completethefollowingsentences,usingthewordsorphrasesinbrackets.Makeadditionsorchangeswherenecessary.1)assigned,abunchof,memorize2)discussion,sometime,convenient3)party,taller,grownupStructure1.TranslatethefollowingintoEnglish.1)Susanboughtanumberofflowersasgifts.2)I'mgoingtobuyanumberofticketswithmyclassmates3)ThenumberofsmilesMaygivestoRayincreaseseveryday.4)ThenumberofcarsonHighway75isincreasingeverymonth.5)AnumberofmyfriendsthinkIshouldtakeavacationinThailand.2.Combinetwosentencesintoone.1)Asherson,canyouuseyourinfluence?2)Hetookajobasataxidriver.3)Hewas,likeAndrew,essentiallyanartist.4)Unlikeherbrother,sheisdiligent.5)Ilikeyouasyourfriend.TranslationTranslatethefollowingintoEnglish，usingwordsorexpressionsfromthetext.1)TheGreatWallattractsthetouristsfromallovertheworld.2)GandhiwasbothapoliticalandareligiousfigureinIndianhistory.3)Theclassconsistsof15boysand20girls.4)Upto10mencanstayinthisroom.5)Heofferedme￥100forthatbook.6)Fivepeoplewerehurtinthetrafficaccidentyesterday,includinga3-year-oldchild.7)HecomesfromtheEnglish-speakingcountry.8)Theboyhasactingpotential,butheneedstraining.Grammar1.Fillintheblankswiththeinfinitiveverbs.1)toreconsider2)toanswer3)tobe4)（to）carry5)totry6)toget7)tohelp8)togive9)tosay10)togive11)tobelieve12)toadmit13)tobe14)tomeet15)tohavetold2.CorrectthewrongsentencesmarkedwithA,B,CandD.1)Dbecleaned2)C去掉to3)Ctodowith4)C去掉to5)Boughtto6)Cbeganto7)ATomakealiving8)Dstart9)Dtoschool10)CgoWordBuildingNowgivethenounformsoftheadjectivesgivenbelow.minoritymusiciansurvivorEuropeaninvestorcertaintyliarmountaineertouristcuriositySupplementaryExercisesConfusableWordsCompletethefollowingsentences.1)besides/apartfrom2)besides/apartfrom3)Butfor4)Exceptfor/apartfrom5)exceptfor/apartfrom/otherthan/but6)except/besides/apartfrom/otherthan7)but/exceptPrepositionsandAdverbsFillintheblankswithproperprepositionsoradverbs.1.out2.up3.for4.off5.off6.down7.of8.to9.with10.onCloze1.A2.C3.B4.A5.D6.D7.C8.D9.D10.A11.C12.B13.B14.B15.BTextB:TheBritishMuseum(Enlightenment)

AsyoustepthroughthedoorsthatleadintothismagnificentInstitution,youleavethemodernworldbehind.TheMuseum,foundedin1753,isfreeandopennotonlytoscholars,butalsotothe“curious”amongstyou.(1)Thereisaspecialroom,oncealibrary,butnowcontaininganexhibitionaboutthe18thCenturyintellectualmovement,knownastheEnlightenment.SomeoftheobjectsthatcametotheBritishMuseumfromthisperiodhavebeenarrangedinsevensectionstoillustratedifferentaspectsofdiscoveryandlearninginthatexcitingage.ItwasatimewhenpeoplealloverEuropebegantolookattheworldinanewway.

TheNaturalWorldDuringtheEnlightenmentpeopletookafreshlookatthenaturalworld.RatherthanrelyingontheaccountsintheBibleandofancientGreekandRomanauthors,theybegantouseobservation,experimentationandclearreasoningtounderstandnatureandtofindpracticalusesforthisknowledge.(2)Inthe18thCentury,thecollectionsintheBritishMuseumweredividedinto“NaturalandArtificialRarities”—objectsfoundinnatureormadebypeople.Onlyafewroomshadman-madeobjects.课文

TheBirthofArchaeologyFortheprevious200yearspeoplehadcollectedbooks,manuscripts,coinsandothersfromthepast,andtraveledthecountryinordertolearnmoreaboutBritain'searlyhistory.But,antiquarieswhocollectedandstudiedtheobjectsofpastsocietiesalsobegantodigsurveyandmapRomanandearliersites.Thisscientificexplorationofancient,historicalsitesrepresentedthebirthofArchaeologyasweknowittoday.TheknowledgeacquiredledtheArchaeologistsandotherstoquestiontheaccepteddateoftheworld'screationandtodiscovermoreabouttheearlyinhabitantsofBritain.(3)

ArtandCivilizationTheBritishMuseum(Enlightenment)DuringtheEnlightenment,Europeancollectorsbegantodevelopnewhistoriesofancientartbaseduponknowledgeofobjectstheyownedorhadseeninbooksorontheirtravels.Bystudyingsomethingmadebyman,theydevelopedanewunderstandingofthehistoricaldevelopmentofart.ClassifyingtheWorldThevastworldofknowledgehadtobeclassifiedandorganized,sothatitcouldmoreeasilybeunderstoodandused.Atfirst,mostpeoplereliedonbooks,andtextsasthemainsourcesofevidence.Gradually,anumberofscholarsbegantodrawonothersourcesofevidence.Somecollectedorstudiedobjectssuchasvases,whichtheyusedtoinvestigatehumanhistory.AncientScripts

Peoplestudiedancientscriptsinordertounderstandthehistoriesofancientandmoderncivilizations.Europeanscholarshadbeencollectingandstudyinginscriptionsandearlymanuscriptsforseveralcenturies.Atthesametime,translationsweremadeofimportantbookswritteninlanguagesofotherlivingcultures,andscholarswerestudyinglanguagesandtextsfromexistingculturesinordertounderstandhowthosecultureshaddevelopedandhowdifferentcivilizationsmightrelatetoeachother.

ReligionandRitualEuropeanshadalwaysbeenawareofthegodsofancientGreeceandRome,buttheirattitudestowardsthenon-Christianreligionsofotherlandsweremostlynegative.DuringtheEnlightenment,scholarsattemptedtodrivethisprejudice

away.Theycollectedreligiousthings,groupedgodsintofamiliesandexaminedtheirvariousfunctionsandroles,alwayssearchingfor

similaritiesthatmightshedlightonthecommonoriginsoftheworld'sreligions.(4)

TradeandDiscoveryThroughouttheEnlightenment,increasingcompetitionledBritaintosearchforandestablishnewtraderoutesacrossoceansandcontinents.Merchants,diplomats,explorersandcollectorsreturnedfromtheAmericas,Australia,NewZealand,AfricaandtheArctic,withgoodstheyhadtradedorbought.AtthesametimeofficialsoftheEastIndiaCompanyandothergreattradingcompaniesstudiedtheculturesofthepeoplewithwhomtheylived.Theycollectedunusualobjectsandpublishedillustratedaccountsthatprovidedinformationaboutthelivesofpeoplearoundtheworld.(5)

（645words）NewWordsandPhrases

*enlightenmentn.启蒙

magnificenta.壮丽的，宏伟的

curiousa.好奇的

amongstprep.(亦做among)在······之中

speciala.专门的，特殊的；附加的，额外的

containvt.容纳，含有，装有

exhibitionn.展览会；展览，展示

intellectuala.智力的，聪明的

beknownas以······出名

periodn.期间，一段时间；时期，时代*illustratevt.举例说明

inanewway以一种新的方式

takeafreshlookat以新的眼光看

observationn.观察，监视

experimentationn.实验生词

collectionn.收藏，收集；收藏品

bedividedinto被分为*rarityn.珍品；少有，稀罕*archaeologyn.考古学*manuscript