201601GET研究生学位课考试题

2016年1月

PAPERONE

PARTI

LISTENINGCOMPREHENSION

(25minutes,20points)

SectionA(1pointeach)

Directions:Inthissection,youwillhearnineshortconversationsbetweentwospeakers.Atthe

endofeachconversationaquestionwillbeaskedaboutwhatwassaid.The

conversationsandthequestionswillbereadonlyonce.Choosethebestanswerfrom

thefourchoicesgivenbymarkingthecorrespondingletterwithasinglebaracross

thesquarebracketsonyourmachine-scoredAnswerSheet.

1.A.Becauseitisrainingheavily.

B.Becausetheywanttohaveapicnic.

C.Becausethereistoomuchtraffic.

D.Becausethelocationisnoteasytofind.

2.A.Eatinthenewcafeteria.

B.Savesomeextramoney.

C.Lookforaneveningjob.

D.Paythebillandleave.

3.A.Hewillbuyaringforher.

B.Hewillorganizethesession.

C.HewillmeetSallyrightaway.

D.HewillgiveSallyacall.

4.A.Areceptionist.

B.Ashopassistant.

C.Afeecollector.

D.Abusconductor.

5.A.Themanoughttostoppracticing.

B.Themanisaperfectpianist.

C.Themanshouldkeeppracticing.

D.Themancanhaveagoodrest.

6.A.Becausehewastoobusytobuyherapresent.

B.Becauseheforgotaboutherbirthday.

C.Becausehecouldn’tbuyherthealbum.

D.BecausehespentafortuneonthenewCD.

7.A.Putmoremoneyintheparkingmeter.

B.Placeanorderattherestaurant.

C.Getsomechangefromtherestaurant.

D.Parkhiscarinanotherparkinglot.

8.A.Comparingmenwithwomenmakesnosense.

B.Menaremostlysmarterthanwomen.

C.Womenhavebetterphysicalstrength.

D.Mennormallypreferapplestobananas.

9.A.Shewillstartahugenewproject.

B.Shewillhavesupperwithhim.

C.Shewillgotoapartythisevening.

D.Shecan’taffordanytimetodineout.

SectionB(1pointeach)

Directions:Inthissectionyouwillheartwomini-talks.Attheendofeachtalk,therewillbesome

questions.Boththetalksandthequestionswillbereadtoyouonlyonce.Aftereach

question,therewillbeapause.Duringthepause,youmustchoosethebestanswer

fromthefourchoicesgivenbymarkingthecorrespondingletterwithasinglebar

acrossthesquarebracketsonyourmachine-scoredAnswerSheet.

Mini-talkOne

10.A.Asmuchaspossible.

B.Anaverage-sizedhandful.

C.Morethan20grams.

D.Higherthansuggestedbefore.

11.A.Becausetheycontainaddedoilsandsugars.

B.Becausethehealthynutrientsarekilled.

C.Becausetheyarehighinfatandcalories.

D.Becausetheyhavelessproteinandminerals.

12.A.Chronicdiseases.

B.Deathfromcancer.

C.Acutediseases.

D.Heartdisease.

Mini-talkTwo

13.A.NearthePotomacRiver.

B.AttheNationalHarbor.

C.JustoutsideMaryland.

D.InsideWashingtonDC.

14.A.$15.

B.$14.

C.$50.

D.$55.

15.A.TheSingaporeFlyer.

B.TheStarofNanchang.

C.TheLondonEye.

D.TheHighRoller.

SectionC(1pointeach)

Directions:Inthissectionyouwillhearashortlecture.Listentotherecordingandcompletethe

notesaboutthelecture.Youwillheartherecordingtwice.Aftertherecordingyouare

askedtowritedownyouranswersontheAnswerSheet.Younowhave25secondsto

readthenotesbelow.

(请在录音结束后把16-20题的答案抄写在答题纸上)

16.Exercisehasbeenprovento

(3words)andrelievestress.

17.Youneedtoknowwherenotesareatalltimestostudy–especiallythose________(2words)

rightbeforeaquiz.

18.Attendanceispartofyourgradeandjust

yourgrade.

(2words)willensureyou10%of

19.Makesureyoustudynotes,becausesimplywritingthenoteswillnotguaranteeyou

______________(3words).

20.Donotletyourself_________(2words)ifeveryonefinishesbeforeyou;agoodgradewillbe

worthit

.

PARTII

VOCABULARY

(10minutes,10points)

SectionA(0.5pointeach)

Directions:Therearetenquestionsinthissection.Eachquestionisasentencewithonewordor

phraseunderlined.BelowthesentencearefourwordsorphrasesmarkedA,B,Cand

D.Choosethewordorphrasethatisclosestinmeaningtotheunderlinedone.Mark

thecorrespondingletterwithasinglebaracrossthesquarebracketsonyour

machine-scoredAnswerSheet.

21.Itisessentialthatthegovernmentdemonstratemorewillingnesstocrackdownoncorruption.

A.foster

B.facilitate

C.curb

D.devise

22.TheHaitianpeoplehadtoendurecrushingpovertyanddisappointmentthatwouldsap

anyone’sspirit.

A.tolerable

B.severe

C.persistent

D.temporary

23.Disinterestedinseriousreadings,manycommutersreadsolelyforpleasureviacellphones.

A.chronically

24.AmongtherenownedscientistsinChina,QianXuesenisprobablythebestknown.

A.celebratedB.controversialC.notoriousD.skeptical

25.Thetoneoftheconversationwasreassuringandreinforcedmyresolvetosupporthim.

A.reluctanceB.determinationC.hostilityD.solution

B.intellectually

C.somewhat

D.exclusively

26.TheyrepresentedthefullspectrumoftheAmericanpeople,fromeverywalkoflifeand

background.

A.distance

27.Thepresidentfullyliveduptohispromisesbygivingmefreereintochoosemyownteam.

A.violatedB.fulfilledC.pledgedD.endorsed

28.Ratherthanproducinginstanteffect,regularexercisecanbenefityouinthelongrun.

B.route

C.occupation

D.standard

A.inthefinaloutcome

C.onceandforall

B.ontheotherhand

D.fromauniqueperspective

29.Thedoctorselflesslytendedthewoundedsoldiersbeforedressinghisownwound.

A.openedupB.inclinedtoC.contemplatedonD.caredfor

30.Tosucceedinthe21stcentury,weneedtointegratetraditionaltoolsofforeignpolicywhile

tappingtheenergyandideasofcitizens.

A.takingon

B.dwellingupon

C.drawingupon

D.focusingon

SectionB(0.5pointeach)

Directions:Therearetenquestionsinthissection.Eachquestionisasentencewithsomething

missing.BeloweachsentencearefourwordsorphrasesmarkedA,B,CandD.

Chooseonewordorphrasethatbestcompletesthesentence.Markthecorresponding

letterwithasinglebaracrossthesquarebracketsonyourmachine-scoredAnswer

Sheet.

31.Doctorswouldhavenothingtocheerifthecure______beingmoreharmfulthanthedisease.

A.turnedup

B.endedup

C.lookedup

D.tookup

32.Briberymight______nationalresourcesintocrookedofficials’offshoreaccounts.

A.divert

33.Thesefindingscouldhavemajor______forimprovingpeople’shealth.

A.influencesB.impactsC.effects

B.defy

C.detect

D.discard

D.implications

34.Itmightbepossibletohelppreventdepressionby______people’sgoodfeelings.

A.diminishingB.manipulatingC.boostingD.anticipating

35.Doctorsareexpectedtodescribe______whatapatientneedstodotopreservehealth.

A.ambiguouslyB.specificallyC.randomlyD.virtually

36.InAfricanAmericanandpoor______,overweightandobesekidsaremorecommon.

A.neighborhoodsB.zonesC.sectorsD.territories

37.MarshallandTrumanlaunchedan______plantorebuildEurope’sshatteredcountries.

A.obscureB.eccentricC.illusionaryD.ambitious

38.ThejobofpresidentoftheUnitedStates______awidearrayofknowledge,skills,and

abilities.

A.headsfor

B.makesfor

C.callsfor

D.runsfor

39.TherearemanyregionsinAfricathathavelongbeen______povertyanddisease.

A.boundfor

40.Officialswhosestatementsare______withtheiractionscanhardlywinanyone’strust.

A.incompetentB.inconsistentC.ineligibleD.inaccessible

B.indulgedin

C.strickenwith

D.orientedto

PARTIII

CLOZETEST

(10minutes,10points,1pointeach)

Directions:Thereare10questionsinthispartofthetest.Readthepassagethrough.Then,go

backandchooseonesuitablewordorphrasemarkedA,B,C,orDforeachblankin

thepassage.Markthecorrespondingletterofthewordorphraseyouhavechosen

withasinglebaracrossthesquarebracketsonyourmachine-scoredAnswerSheet.

Doeshappinessmatter?Peoplereacttothisquestioninsurprisinglydifferentways.Some

regardhappinessastrivial;othersseehappinessas___41___important.Toexplorethismystery,

weareto___42___lookingatwhathappinessactuallymeans.

Happinessrelatestohowwefeel,notjustapassing___43___.Weareemotionalbeingsand

experienceawide___44___offeelingsonadailybasis.Negativeemotionshelpusto___45___

dangerordefendourselves___46___positiveemotionshelpustobuildourcapacitytocope

whenthingsgowrong.

Tryingtoliveahappylifeisnot___47___denyingnegativeemotionsorpretendingtofeel

joyfulallthetime.Weallencounter___48___andit’scompletelynaturalforustofeelanger,

sadnessorfrustration.Tosuggest___49___wouldbetodenypartofthehumancondition.

Happiness___50___beingabletomakethemostofthegoodtimesinordertoexperiencethebest

possiblelifeoverall.

41.A.rigorously

42.A.startby

43.A.passion

44.A.scale

B.deadly

C.vitally

D.scarcely

D.dropout

D.sense

B.contributeto

B.mood

C.forgetabout

C.affection

C.vision

B.gap

D.range

45.A.getstuckin

46.A.but

B.getalongwith

B.while

C.getawayfrom

C.however

C.about

D.getdownto

D.yet

47.A.with

B.into

D.beneath

D.immensity

D.elsewhere

D.involves

48.A.adversity

49.A.somehow

50.A.needs

B.diversity

B.otherwise

B.requires

C.intensity

C.furthermore

C.concerns

PARTIV

READINGCOMPREHENSION

(45minutes,30points,1pointeach)

Directions:Inthispartofthetest,therearefiveshortpassages.Readeachpassagecarefully,and

thendothequestionsthatfollow.Choosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesgiven

andmarkthecorrespondingletterwithasinglebaracrossthesquarebracketson

yourmachine-scoredAnswerSheet.

PassageOne

ThefirstreviewsoftheAppleWatcharein,andtheverdictis:Thisisagoodproductwitha

brightfuture.Butmaybedon’tbuyonequiteyet.

That’snottosaythereviewsweren’tglowing,becausetheywere.Anyonewhowashoping

thattheWatchwouldfallshortofthehighstandardthatAppleboastsforitsproductsisgoingto

bedisappointed.There’snodoubt,fromthesereviews,thatApple’ssmartwatchisimmediatelythe

bestofitskindonthemarket.It’sasatisfyingindulgence.

Buttherearecriticisms,andstrongones,abouthowfartheproductneedstogotoappealto

everyone.Atleast,itcertainlyisadevicethatcomesintoitsownaftera“steeplearningcurve.”

Complaintsarethemosttellingpartofthereviews.Manjoo,forexample,warnsthatthisisnot

necessarilyasimpledevicetounderstand.That’scontrarytoApple’snormalreputation--the

iPhone,forexample,isagreatsmartphonefortechnophobesbecauseit’ssoeasytonavigate.But

that’snotthemarketthatshouldpickupthefirstgenerationoftheWatch.

“There’sagoodchanceitwillnotworkperfectlyformostconsumersrightoutofthebox,

becauseitisbestafteryoulearntousevarioussoftwaresettingstopersonalizeuse,”Manjoonotes.

“Indeed,toadegreeunusualforanewAppledevice,theWatchisnotsuitedfortechamateurs.It

isdesignedforpeoplewhoarefloodedwithnotificationscominginthroughtheirphones,andfor

thosewhocaretothinkabout,andwanttotrytomanage,thewaythedigitalworldintrudeson

theirlives.”

Othercriticismsrangefromthefactthatthedeviceisalittleslowtocomplaintsthatit’sstilla

littletooclumsytobefashionable,whichcouldposeanobstacletowideradoption.Peopleareless

certainabouthowsmoothlyitactuallyworks.TheWatchreliesonotherApplesoftwaresuchas

thecompany’sSirivoicecontrolsoftware,whichfailstoworkasoftenasit’ssuccessful.

JoannaSternmayhaveexplainedthissentimentbestinsayingthatshe’sgenerallynot

recommendingthatherfriendsbuythisgenerationoftheWatch.Everytimeshegazesdownto

admireit,shestartsseeinghowthenextonewilllookbetter.Ifyou’renotquitesure,it’sperfectly

okaytowaitforthenextgeneration.

51.ThereviewsoftheAppleWatch______.

A.suggestconsumersneverbuythisproduct

B.aregenerallypositiveaboutthisproduct

C.exaggeratetheadvantagesofthisproduct

D.don’tthinkhighlyofthisproduct

52.TheunderlinedsentenceinthesecondparagraphprobablymeanstheWatch______.

A.isofahighstandardandquality

B.willdisappointmostofitsconsumers

C.isinferiortootherproductsofApple

D.willprobablygetworseintermsofquality

53.WhichofthefollowingisNOToneoftheproblemswiththeWatch?

A.Difficulttonavigate.

C.Notgraceful.

B.Pronetobreakdown.

D.Alittletooexpensive.

54.Paragraph5ismainlyconcernedwith______.

A.theuniquefeaturesoftheAppleWatch

B.difficultiesusingtheAppleWatch

C.thesuperiorityoftheWatch

D.theharmoftheWatchtohealth

55.ItcanbeconcludedfromthelastparagraphthatJoannaStern______.

A.isgoingtobuythisgenerationoftheWatch

B.recommendsbuyingtheWatchrightaway

C.isnoteagertobuytheWatchofthisgeneration

D.hopestokeepinnovatingtheWatchforherself

56.Thispassageisprimarilyintendedto______.

A.beanadvertisementfortheAppleWatch

B.urgeconsumerstoboycottthisnewWatch

C.argueagainstnegativereportsabouttheWatch

D.remindcustomerstobecautiousabouttheWatch

PassageTwo

Scientistshavelongtriedtolinkgeniustohighintelligencewithoutsuccess.ProfessorAllan

Snydersaidthattheterm“genius”wasoftenmisusedandhardtodefine.“Itisveryrare.”Tohim,

it’sthecreationitselfandnotaperson’spotentialthatdefinesgenius.It’scertainlynotascoreon

anIQtest.It’sespeciallysomeonewhoallowsustoviewtheworldinanewlight.

AccordingtoneuropsychologistRexJung,geniusisnotoriouslydifficulttopredictanddoes

notnecessarilyrequireextremelyhighlevelsofintelligence.HepointstoastudybyLewis

Termanwhichfollowedmorethan1,500childrenwithextremelyhighIQstoseeifgeniuswould

eventuallyemerge.

Whilemanygrewuptobesuccessful,hisstudymissedtwoNobelprizewinnerswhodidnot

maketheIQcut:WilliamShockley,whoco-inventedthetransistor,andphysicistLuisAlvarez.

NeitherofthemhadhighenoughIQstomakeitintoTerman’sstudybutitwastheiroriginal

thinkingthateventuallysetthemapartfromtheirmoreintelligentpeers.

Whileintelligencemaynotbethedefiningfactor,whatgeniusdoesseemtorequireis

unusuallyhighlevelsofcreativityandperseverance.

BarryMarshallwontheNobelprizeinMedicinein2005fordiscoveringthatstomachulcers

（溃疡）werecausedbybacteriaandnotstress,believingulcerswerelinkedtobacteriabutwere

notallowedtoexperimentonhumans.Otherscientiststhenbelievedtherewasalinkbetween

ulcers,stressandacid.Indesperation,Marshallmixedupsomeofthebacteriaanddrankit.After

afewdayshewasprovedcorrect-hehadgivenhimselfanulcer,andprovedthatantibioticscould

beusedtocurethecondition.

“Ultimatelycreativityinvolvesrebellion,”ProfSnydersaid.“Youhavetochallengethe

authoritiesandhavethecouragetobroadcastyourideastoaresistantworld.”Hebelievesthat

whatdistinguishesa“champion”fromtherestisnotthedesiretobethebest,orthefearoffailure,

ratherit’sanunconscioushatredtobeingjustaverage.

ButProfMcMahonarguesthatperhapsmorethananyothervirtue,theonequalitythat

geniuspossessisanabilitytoworkandneverletaproblemgo.Whilethisqualitycanappear

sometimestobestubbornnessorobsession,itiswhatcanseparategeniusfromintelligence.He

agreeswithThomasEdison“Geniusis1percentinspirationand99percentperspiration”.

57.ThestudyconductedbyLewisTermanispresentedtoarguethat______.

A.onehastohavehighIQstowintheNobelprize

B.thosewithhighIQsarecapableoforiginalthinking

C.highIQsaremorevitalthanoriginalthinkinginresearch

D.thosewithouthighIQscanalsowintheNobelprize

58.BarryMarshallismentionedtoprovethat______.

A.intelligenceisthedefiningfactorforgenius

B.persistenceandcreativityareessentialtogenius

C.authoritiesareoftenanobstacletoresearch

D.experimentationonhumansisnecessary

59.ItseemstoProfessorSnyderthatawinnerischaracterizedby______.

A.habitualobedienceandmodesty

B.thecouragetochallengeauthorities

C.thedesiretobethetopone

D.thefearoffailure

60.ProfessorMcMahonbelievesthatthemostimportantqualityforgeniusis______.

A.theabilitytosticktotheend

B.ahighlevelofintelligence

C.inspirationaboutresearch

D.awillingnesstolistentoothers

61.Itcanbeconcludedfromthispassagethat______.

A.ageniusisdifficulttodefineorpredict

B.everyonehassomechanceofbecomingagenius

C.theterm“genius”isactuallyeasytodefine

D.successrequiresnothingbuthighintelligence

62.Thispassageisfocusedon______.

A.indispensabilityofahighIQtosuccess

B.qualitiesthatfacilitatescientificresearch

C.whatitusuallytakestobeagenius

D.differentdefinitionsofgenius

PassageThree

Fortyyearsagobuttersuddenlybecamebadforyouandthosewhoatequantitiesofredmeat

werebelievedtotaketheirlivesintheirhandsunfortunately.Thepublicresponsetoguidelines

advisingustoeatlessfatignitedhysteria.Thepanicwasfuelledbythesortofover-simplistic

newspaperarticlesthatoftenfollownewguidanceonoureatinghabits.Fatwastherootofallevil

inthe70sand80s.Nowitissugar.

Recently,anewpapersaystheguidanceonfatshouldneverhavebeenintroducedbecauseit

wasbasedoninadequateevidence.Meatanddairycangobackontheshoppinglistandthedinner

table.ThepaperwaswrittenbyZoëHarcombe,awriterofdietbooks.

Peoplewhoatehigherfatdietsintrialsinthe70sdidnothavehigherdeathratesfromheart

disease,theysay.Carbohydrateconsumptionwentupasfatwentdown.Foodcompaniesbeganto

producelow-fatrangesandmanyproducts,likethelow-fatyoghurts,compensatedforthelossof

tastebyaddinglargeamountsofsugar.Theriseofsugarinresponsetothefatphobiais

undoubtedlyrealandhasdonealotofdamage.

Iftheoriginaltrialevidencewasweak,theysay,thatispartlybecausedietandnutritiontrials

areincrediblyhardtodo.Peopleofteneitheractuallyforgetwhattheyhaveeatenduringaweek

ormonthorsufferfromasortofembarrassment-inducedlossofmemory.Theyareabitashamed

ofdoughnuts,crispsandcreamcakes.

ThesixsmallstudiesHarcombeandcolleagueslookedatfromthe70swererandomized

controltrials–whereonegroupeatswhattheylikeandotherseatwhattheyaretoldto.Itisthe

goldstandardmodelindrugtrials,butitdoesnotworkwellindiets.Patientsinatrialwilltake

thepillsthedoctorgivesthem.Peopleindietstudies,toldnottoeatfat,maytryandevensucceed

toadegree,butexperienceshowsthatmostpeoplereverttotheirusualeatinghabitsratherthan

tellresearchersthattheyfailed.

Somecriticssaidfocusingononenutrientaloneisnotuseful.Itisnotwhetherweshouldeat

butterorgiveupsugarthatmatters.Thebestapproachistoeatwholesomerealfood,suchasa

dietthatincludesfruitandvegetables,fish,leanmeatandoliveoil.

63.Theunderlinedwordsinthefirstparagraphprobablymean______.

A.feelquitesafe

B.risktheirlives

C.becomefatallyill

D.prepareforsuicide

64.Guidelinesonconsumptionoffatthatwerereleasedinthe1970s______.

A.hadaprofoundimpact

C.promotedtheuseofbutter

65.ItseemstoZoëHarcombethatreleaseoftheguidanceonfat______.

B.wasamistake

D.hadasolidbasis

66.AccordingtoParagraph3,whichofthefollowingwasaconsequenceofthenewguidance?

B.Theincidenceofheartdiseaserose.

D.Peopleceasedtoconsumeanyfat.

B.itiseasytochangeone’seatinghabits

B.Fatistherootofallevilsregardinghealth.

PassageFour

In2010,TimothyJudge,abusinessprofessor,setouttodeterminetherealimpactofsalary

onjobsatisfaction.Judgeandhiscolleaguesexamined86differentstudiesmeasuringbothsalary

andjobsatisfactionandstatisticallyevaluatedtheexperiencesofover15,000employees.Their

conclusion:“Levelofpayhadlittlerelationtojobsatisfaction.”

Theseresultsmightbeintenselyincompatiblewithyourpersonalexperience.Weallknow

whatitisliketogetaraiseorlandajobwithabigpaycheck.Howdoweaccountforthese

findings?

Oneexplanationisthatpeopletendtoadapttotheirlevelofincomesurprisinglyquickly.If

youearn$45,000ayearandreceivewordthatyourmanagerhasjustauthorizeda$5,000increase,

youcanexpecttofeelprettyexcited.Thequestioniswhetherthatfeelingisenduring.

It’sabitlikedrivinganewcar.Yougetagenuinethrilloutofthatfirstridehomefromthe

dealership.Breathinginthenewcarscent,youcan’thelpbutnoticeallthewaysyournewvehicle

issuperiortoyouroldone.Butafterafewweeks,it’sallbackground.Yougobacktobeingthe

sameperson,exceptforthesetofkeys.

Anotherreasonisthatinmanycases,thepromiseofabigpaychecklurespeopletopursue

jobstheydon’treallyenjoy.Judge’steamfound“asampleoflawyersearninganannualaverage

of$148,000peryearwaslessjob-satisfiedthanchildcareworkersearning$23,500annually.”

Beingalawyercanbeincrediblyfulfillingforsome,butitcomesatthepriceofemotional

bankruptcyforothers.

Studiesindicatethatworkplacehappinesslieinhavingajobthatfulfillsyourbasic,human

psychologicalneeds.Themostrewardingjobsaretheonesthatprovideexperiencesthatgrow

employees’competence,connectthemtotheircolleaguesinameaningfulwaysandofferthem

autonomyinhowtheydotheirwork.

Supposethatyouwereofferedajobthatpaidanannualsalaryof$200,000.Allitrequired

wasthatyouarriveattheofficeeverymorningandstareatthewall,doingabsolutelynothing,by

yourself,foreighthoursaday.Wouldyoutakeit?Ifyoudid,chancesareyou’dbemiserable.

Let’sfaceit:Nearlyeveryorganizationcandomoretocreaterewardingworkplace

experiences.Andtheycandoitwithoutbreakingthebank.

69.AccordingtoParagraph2,peoplenormallybelievethat______.

A.levelsofpaydon’tdeterminejobsatisfaction

B.itisapleasuretoofferothersadecentjob

C.theharderyouwork,thebetteryouarepaid

D.jobsatisfactiondependsonahighpay

70.DrivinganewcarismentionedinParagraphFourtoillustratethat______.

A.carsshouldbereplacedregularly

B.newexcitementdoesn’tlastlong

C.peopleprefernewthingstotheold

D.wecannevermakeenoughmoney

71.ThecentralideaofParagraphFiveisthat______.

A.fewlawyersaresatisfiedwiththeirjobs

B.lawyersaremuchbetterpaidthanchildcarers

C.enjoyingyourjoboutweighsahighsalary

D.childcareprovidersarehappywiththeirwork

72.WhichofthefollowingaddslesstoworkplacehappinessaccordingtoParagraph6?

A.Theopportunityofbuildingupyourexpertise.

B.Therighttodecidehowyoudoaparticularjob.

C.Importantinteractionswithyourfellowworkers.

D.Theavailabilityofanyjobregardlessofthepay.

73.ParagraphSevenistryingtoarguethat______.

A.ahighsalarydoesn’tnecessarilymeanjobsatisfaction

B.employeeshavetofindsomethingtodoeachday

C.asimplejobcansometimesbringahighpay

D.somejobsareenjoyableandsomearedull

74.Thispassageisintendedtodiscuss______.

A.therelationsbetweenoccupationsandhappiness

B.thecurrentconcernsofemployeesaboutsalary

C.whatfactorscontributemosttojobsatisfaction

D.theimportanceofahighsalarytojobsatisfaction

PassageFive

Asademocracy,theUnitedStatesistodispensewithdynasticfamilies,butnextyear’s

presidentialelectioncouldwellbecomeafamilyaffair.AClintonoraBushhasbeenacandidate

insevenofthepastnineraces.

InpoliticstheClintonsandtheBusheshardlycountasexceptions.Howcanthishappenina

countrythatwenttowartoriditselfofaking’sinheritedauthority?Inpoliticsandbusiness,

powerisstillconcentratedinthefamily.InEuropefamilypowerisonereasonwhypoliticsseems

likeaclosedshop.Fifty-sevenofthe650membersoftherecentlydissolvedBritishParliamentare

relatedtocurrentorformerMPs.Morethan90%oftheworld’sbusinessesarefamily-managedor

–controlled.Familiesownorcontrol33%ofAmericancompaniesand40%ofFrenchand

Germanoneswithrevenuesofmorethan$1billionayear.

Theimportanceofpowerfamilieswouldhavesurprisedthefoundersofmoderneconomic

andpoliticaltheory.Politicaldynastiesweresupposedtofadeasordinarypeoplegotthevote.

Familybusinessesweresupposedtolosegroundaspubliccompaniesraisedmoneyfrommillions

ofsmallinvestors.

Thisneverhappened—partlybecausemanyadvantagesoffamilyrelationshipproved

surprisinglyenduring.Politicaldynastieshaveapowerfulmixtureofbrandnamesandpersonal

connections.Familycompaniescanbemoreflexibleandfar-seeingthanpubliccompanies.

Familyownerstypicallywanttheirfirmstolastforgenerations,andtheycanmakelong-term

investmentswithoutworryingaboutshareholdershuntingforimmediateprofits.

However,familypowerposesproblems.Whilepeopleshouldbejudgedontheirindividual

meritsratherthantheirfamilyconnectionsortheirbrandname,TheNewYorkTimesreckonsthat

thesonofagovernoris6,000timesmorelikelythantheaverageAmericanmalebaby-boomerto

becomeagovernorhimself,andthesonofasenatoris8,500timesmorelikelytobecomea

senator.Theconcentrationofpowerandwealthinasmalleliteraisesquestionsaboutlegitimacy.

Familypoweralsohasitsdarkside—especiallywherebusinessandpoliticsaretwisted

together.Incompetentofficialsoftenusepoliticalconnectionstoprotectthemselvesfrom

competition,leadingtocorruption.Astudyfoundthatfirmsrepresentingalmost8%oftheworld’s

marketcapitalizationwererunbyrelativesofpoliticalleaders.Evenwithoutpoliticalconnections,

businessfamiliescanexerciseanunhealthyinfluenceover