新世纪研究生公共英语教材听说(下)第二版听力原文课题答案

新世纪研究生之勘阻及广创作公共英语教材听闻（下）第二版听力全文主编：李玉璞上国外语教育第一版社TableofContentsKEYSTOEXERCISESLESSONONEResourcesandEnergyPARTA1.W:Couldyoumailtheselettersforme,please?Moreletters?Yourfriendsaregoingtobeveryhappytohearfromyou.Whatdoesthemanimplyaboutthewoman?Sheiswrittenalotoflettersrecently2.W:DoesProfessorFordalwayscometoclass?M:Isicecold?WhatdoyoulearnaboutProfessorFord?Shenevermissesclass3.W:Wouldyouhavesometimethisweektogooverthesequestionswithme?Howdoestomorrowsound?Q:Whatdoesthemanmean?Theycanworktogetherthenextday4.M:Hey?John!John!W:Saveyourbreath.He'soutofearshot.Q:WhatistrueaboutJohn,accordingtothewoman?Johnistoofarawaytohear5.W:Youonlyhavewatertoserveyourguests?Thisisn'tjustwater.Thisisimportedmineralwater.Whatistheimplicationofthewoman?Theguestsdon’twanttobeservedwater6.M:CouldIborrowatwentytotidemeovertillpaydaynextTuesday?Youareinluck.Ijustcashedthecheck.Whatwillthewomanprobablydonext?Lendthemansomemoney7.M:Jean,didn'tyougetmymessages?Ilefttwoonyouransweringmachine.Hmm?Oh,sorry,Tom.I'vebeenmeaningtogetbackintouchwithyou.Itjustslippedmymind.Q:Whydidn’tthewomanreturntheman’scalls?SheforgottocallhimW:I'msorry,sir,butyou'reallowedonlyonepieceofluggageontheplane.You'llhavetocheckinoneofyoursuitcasesatthepackagecounter.Actually,oneofthesebelongstothewomanupahead.I'mjustgivingherahand.Whyisthemancarryinganextrasuitcase?TheextrasuitcaseheiscarryingbelongstosomeoneelseW:Weneedtodrivetothecitytonight,butthedoctorsaidthismedicinemightmakemedrowsy.Inthatcase,I'dbetterdrive.Whatdoesthemanthinkthewomanshoulddo?M:Lookatallthepollutiongoingintotheairfromthosefactories.Doyouthinkthey'llevergetundercontrol?Withthenewlawsandsocialawareness,we'llturnthingsaround.Whatdoesthewomanpredictwillhappen?Thesituationwillimprovewiththenewchanges11.W:Aren'tyoucold?Whyaren'tyouwearingajacket?Ioversleptthismorning,soIranoutofthehousewithoutlisteningtotheforecast.Whyisn’tthemanwearingajacket?M:prof.Jones,lastnightwhenIwasputtingthefinishingtouchesonmypaperthatelectricalstormcompletelywipedoutmycomputerfiles.DoyouthinkIcouldhaveanotherdaytoretypeit?I'msorry,Steven.I’mleavingforaconferencetomorrow,lbeandawayI'lfor2weeks.Isupposeyoucouldsendittomethere.Whatwilltheprofessorprobablyallowthestudenttodo?W:DoyouknowifMaryhascomebytheofficethismorning?Ijustgotheremyself,soI'mnottheonetoask.M:IreallyenjoyedthatTVspecialabout"wealth"lastnight.Didyougettohomeintimetoseeit?Well,yes.ButIwishIcouldhavestayedawakelongenoughtoseethewholething.Whatdoesthewomanmean?Shefellasleepbeforetheprogramended15.W:Taketwoofthesepillsthreetimesadayandyoushouldn'ttakethemonanemptystomach.Whatcanbeinferredabouttheman?HemaynotbeabletowakeupPARTBPassageI:Thepopulationoftheworldhasbeenincreasingfasterandfaster.In10,000B.C.,therewereprobably10millionpeople.InA.D.1,therewere300million.Ittook1750yearsforthepopulationtoreach625million,alittlemorethandoubletheA.D.1figure.In1990,therewere5.3billionpeople.Bytheyear2000,theworld'spopulationwasover6billion,andby2050,itisexpectedtoreach10billion.Doestheearthhaveenoughnaturalresourcestosupportthismanypeople?Differentscientistsgivedifferentanswerstothisquestion.Somesaythatthereareenoughresourcestosupportmorethan6billionpeople.However,therichestcountries,withasmallpercentageoftheworld'spopulation,usemostoftheresources.Iftheseresourcescouldbedistributedmoreequallyaroundtheworld,therewouldbeenoughforeveryone.Otherscientistssaythatwemustlimitpopulationgrowthbecauseourresourcesarelimited.Only10percentoftheearth'slandcanbeusedforfarmingandanother20percentforraisinganimals.Itispossibletoincreasetheamountoffarmland,butonlyalittle.Somelandindevelopingcountriescouldbemoreproductiveifpeoplestartedusingmodernfarmingmethods,butthiswouldnotincreaseworldwideproductionbymuch,Weallknowthatthereisalimitedamountofpetroleum.Therearealsolimitstotheamountsofmetals.Thereisalimittotheamountofwaterwecanusesincemostoftheearth'swaterissaltwater,andmostofthefreshwaterisfrozenattheNorthandSouthPoles.Itisdifficulttosayhowmanypeopletheearthcansupport,butitwillhelpeveryoneifwecanlimitpopulationgrowthbeforeseriousshortagesdevelop.Theproblemishowtodoit.Between1990and2000,whatchangesdidtheworldpopulationhave?IthadincreasedbyalmostabillionAccordingtosomescientists,whichofthefollowingistrue?Theworld’sresourcesareadequatebutnoteventlydistributedWhycan'tmostoftheearth'swaterbeused?ItismostlysaltorfrozenattheNorthandSouthPolesIndevelopingcountries,whatdoestheuseofmedernfarmingmethodsresultin?Accordingtotheauthor,whatcanyouinferfromthepassage?II1.Therewereprobably10millionpeople.2.Itisexpectedtobe10billion.3.Iftheresourcescouldbedistributedmoreequallyaroundtheworld,therewouldbeenouehforeveryone.4.Only10percent.5.Itishowtolimitpopulationgrowth.PassageII:Freshwater,lifeitself,hasnevercomeeasyintheMiddleEast.EversincetheOldTestamentwhenGodpunishedmanwith40daysand40nightsofrain,watersuppliesherehavebeendwindling.Therainfallonlycomesinwinteranddrainsquicklythroughthesemiaridland,leavingthesoiltobakeandtothirstfornextNovember.Theregion'sacceleratingpopulationgrowth,expandingagriculture,industrialization,andhigherlivingstandardsdemandmorefreshwater.Droughtandpollutionlimititsavailability.Warandmismanagementsquanderit.NationslikeIsraelandJordanareswiftlyslidingintothatzonewheretheyareusingallthewaterresourcesavailabletothem.Theyhaveonly15to20yearsleftbeforetheiragriculture,andultimatelytheirfoodsecurity,isthreatened.Evenamidthescarcitytherearehavesandhave-nots.ComparedwiththeUnitedStates,whichhasafreshwaterpotentialof10,000cubicmetersayearforeachcitizen.Iraqhas5,500.Turkeyhas4,000,andSyriahaslittlemorethan2,800.Egypt'spotentialisonly1,100.Israelhas460,andJordanhaslessthan260.Butthesearenotfirmfigures,becauseupstreamuseofriverwatercandramaticallyalterthepotentialdownstream.ScarcityisonlyoneelementoftheMiddleEast’waterscrisis.Inefficiencyisanother,asisthereluctanceofsomewater-poornationstochangeprioritiesfromagriculturetolesswater-intensiveenterprises.Someexpertssuggestthatifthesenationswouldsharebothwatertechnologyandresources,theycouldsatisfytheregion'spopulation,currently159million.Butinthispatchworkofethnicandreligiousrivalries,thewatercrisisisnotaclear-cutissue.Itisentangledinthepoliticsthatkeeppeoplefromtrustingandseekinghelpfromoneanother.Here,wherewater,liketruth,isprecious,eachnationtendstofinditsownwaterandsupplyitsowntruth.WhendoestherainfallcomeintheMiddleEast?Whatisthecauseofthewatercrisis?HowmanyyearsareleftforIsraelandJordanbeforetheiragricultureisthreatened?WhatisthecurrentpopulationintheMiddleEastaccordingtothepassage?Accordingtosomeexperts'suggestion,whatshouldthenationsdoinordertoavoidawatercrisis?II1)10,0002)5,5004)Morethan2,8003)4,0005)Egypt6)4607)Lessthan260PartD1)award,3)profit,5)dedication,7)moment,9)physical,11)conflict,13)worth,15)heart,17)compassion,19)lust,2)glory,4)trust,6)significance,8)anguish,10)spirit,12)alone,14)room,16)honor,18)curse,20)valueLessonTwoCrimeandPunishmentPartA1.M:Hello?W:Hello.ThisisDr.Grey'soffice.Wearecallingtoremindyouofyour4:15appointmentforyourannualcheckuptomorrow.Oh,thanks.It'sagoodthingyoucalled.Ithoughtitwas4:15today.Whyistheofficecallingtheman?2.W:Howwonderful!Youwonthescholarship.Canyoubelieveit?No.It'salmosttoogoodtobetrue.Whatdoesthemanmean?W:Excuseme,ProfessorDavidson.ButIwashopingtotalktoyouaboutmyclassprojectforeconomics.M:Ihaveaclassinafewminutes.Whydon'tyoucomeandseemeduringofficehourstomorrow?Q:WhenwillthewomandiscussherprojectwithProfessorDavidson?M:Howareyoufeeling?W:Thestuffthenursegavemeseemedtohavehelped.Butit'smakingmeawfullydrowsy.Q:Whatdoyoulearnaboutthewoman?M:BillSmithhasvolunteeredtowriteasummaryoftheproposalswe'veagreedon.W:WillIhaveachancetoreviewit?Q:Whatdoesthewomanwanttoknow?6.M:Theviewisspectacular.Couldyoutakeapictureofmewiththemountainsinthebackground?W:I'mafraidIjustranoutoffilm.Whatproblemdoesthewomanhave?7.W:Excuseme,we'rereadytoordernow.I'llbewithyouinjustaminute.Whatdoesthemanmean?8.W:IthinkIforgotmyumbrella.Didyounoticeifitisrainingoutside?Yeah,itis.AndIjustrealizedIleftmycarwindowopen.Whatwillthemanprobablydonext?9.W:Howdoesyourdaughterlikehernewschool?Fine.Sheseemstohavemadenewfriendsinnotime.Whatcanbeinferredabouttheman'sdaughter?W:There'sanarticlehereinthismagazineyoumightfindinteresting.It'saboutbuyingrunningshoes.M:Ifit'snotchemistryandit'snotonthefinalexam,Ican'treaditnow.Q:Whatisthemanprobablydoing?11.M:You'rewashingyourcarevenonvacation.Itmakesmefeelguilty.W:Youshouldn’t,it’sjustthatIhavebetternothingtodoatthismoment.Q:Whatdoyouthinkofthewoman?M:MydoctortoldmeIneedtogoforsomeexpensivetreatmentsformyinjuredknee.W:Areyousure?Maybeyouneedasecondopinion.W:Hello.Couldyoufitmeinforanappointmenttoday?Ineedastylistwhoisgoodatcuttingcurlyhair.M:Juliaisgoodatthat.Sheistheowner.Howaboutnoon?Q:Whatwillthewomanprobablydo?W:There'snothingIlikemorethanagoodmysterynovelwhenI'vegotsomesparetime.Iliketoread,too.ButIprefernon-fiction,history,socialcommentaryandstufflikethat.Whatdoesthemanimply?15.M:I'mnotanexpert,butthatnoiseinyourrefrigeratordoesn'tsoundgood.Maybeyoushouldcallandhaveitcheckedout.You'reright.AndIsupposeI'veputitofflongenough.Whatwillthewomanprobablydo?PartBPassageIPursesnatchingisanincreasinglycommoncrime.Thereareestimated50to100pursesnatchingseachmonthintheNewYorkCitysubways,thenumberoftenswingingwidelybecauseofthedepredationsofasingleteenager.Whensuchaprofessionalisincustody,thesnatchescandecreasebymorethan50amonth.Oneofthefavoredtechniquesistostandbetweentwosubwaycarsand,asatrainstartspullingoutofthestation,reachoutandpullfreeawoman'spurse.Recently,acrimeanalysisofficerfortheNewYorkPoliceDepartmentfoundthatpursestealinginManhattan'stoprestaurantswasup35percentoverthepreviousyear.Whenawomanputsherpurseonanemptychairatatableoratherfeetbesideherchair,sheisinvitingapursesnatchertotakeit.Pursesnatchersoftenworkinpairs.Whenatargetinarestaurantisseen,oneofthemwillcreatesomekindofdisturbancetogainthevictim'sattention.Whilethewomanislookingawayfromhertable,theactualsnatcherwillliftthepurse.Apopulartechniqueisforthethieftocarryanumbrellawiththecurvedhandledown.Theumbrellahandlesuddenlyhooksthebagandinaninstantitisonthethief'swrist,orunderthecoatoverhisarmifheisaman,andonitswayoutoftherestaurant.Policeadvisethatwomeninrestaurantskeeptheirpurseeitherontheirlapsoronthefloorbetweentheirlegs.Otherpursesnatcherswhooperateintheatersarecalled"seattippers",victimizingwomenwhoputtheirpursesdownonaneighboringemptyseat.Othersspecializeinsnatchingpursesfromladies'rooms.Whenawomanisinatoiletstall,herpurseshouldneverbeplacedonthefloororhungonthecoathookonthedoor.Thievessimplydiveunderthedoorandgrabthepurseonthefloor,orstandonthetoiletinthenextstallandreachoverandtakethepurseoffthehook.Thesnatcherhasenoughtimetoescapesincethevictimcan'timmediatelypursuethethief.I.1.Whendoesthenumberofpursesnatchingsdecreasemostdramatically?Wheredoesapursesnatcherliketocommitcrimesinsubwaystations?Whenwomenareinrestaurants,wherearetheyadvisedtoputtheirpurses?Whatdoesathiefoftenusetosnatchpursesinrestaurants?Accordingtothispassage,wheredoespursesnatchingnotusuallyoccur?crimeanalysisofficer;takeit;purses;inpairs;toprestaurants;anemptychair;tosomekindofdisturbance;coathook;snatchingneverbeplaced;inthenextstall;enoughtimetoescapePassageIIshowup.Hefailedtokeeptwoother”appointments"withtheWeinbergers,andleftasecondnotesigned"Yourbaby-sitter'.Bythen,thepolicefeltthatthebabywasnolongeralive.TheFBIwascalledin,andthehandwritingexpertssettoworktotrytotrackdownthekidnapper.Inbothnotesanunusualz-shapedstrokewasplacedatthefrontoftheyinwordssuchas"money"and"baby".StartingwiththeNewYorkStatePoliceOffice,theexpertsspentthenextsixweekscarefullygoingoverlocalrecordsatpoliceoffices,factories,hotels,clubsandschoolsandexamininghandwritingsamplesandcomparingthemwiththewritingonthekidnapper'snotes.Then,inthemiddleofAugust,theexperts'hardeffortspaidoff.ThehandwritingofJohnRushBlakematchedthatofthekidnapper's,especiallyinthepeculiarformationofthey's.Notlongafter,JohnBlakewasarrestedformakingillegalalcohol.Onbeingshownthehandwritingsamples,heconfessedtokidnappingthebaby.Hetoldthepolicethathehadleftthebabyaliveandwellinanearbyparkonthedayafterthekidnapping.Butwhenofficershurriedtotheplace,alltheyfoundwasthebaby'sdeadbody.ThecriminalwaslaterputintoNewYork'sSingSingPrison.EvenifJohnBlakehadtriedtodisguisehishandwritinghewouldstillhavebeencaught.Nomatterhowhardsomeonemaytrytodisguisehishandwritingcharacteristics,the"individuality"ofthewritershowsthrough,theveryangleatwhichheorsheholdsapen,thewayatiscrossedandaniisdotted,theheightandsizeofcapitalandsmallletters,theamountofspacebetweenwords,theuse(ormisuse)ofpunctuationmarks.Allthesecanidentifyapersonassurelyasfingerprints.I.1.WhathappenedtoMrs.WeinbergerontheafternoonofJuly4th,1995?Accordingtothemessageleftbythekidnapper,onwhatconditioncouldMrs.Weinbergerhaveherbabyback?WhatdidMrs.Weinbergerdoafterreadingthenote?HowdidtheFBIcatchthecriminal?Whichofthefollowingwordscanbestdescribepeople'shandwritingcharacteristics?1.(T)WhenMrs.Weinbergercamebackfromanoutingsomethingterriblehappenedtoher.2.(T)Someonekidnappedherbabybecausehelackedmoney.3.(F)Thekidnapperdidnotconfesstodiekidnappingofthebabyinthefaceofthehandwritingsample.4.(T)Itwasthehandwritingexpertthatbrokethecase.5.(F)Atlast,thepolicefoundthebabyandhewassafeandhappy.PassageIII.TimothyMcVaighplacedapowerfulbombnearafederalgovernmentbuildinginOklahomaCityin1995.Theexplosionkilled168people,including19children.ArgumentsareincreasingintheUnitedStatesbothforandagainstthedeathpenalty.TheincreasingdeathpenaltydebateiscausedbytheplannedexecutionofconvictedmurdererMcVeigh.Heistobethefirstpersonexecutedbythefederalgovernmentsince1963.38statespermitthedeathsentence.Lastyear85peoplewereexecutedintheUnitedStates.Recentpublicopinionstudiesshowthatmorethan75percentofAmericanssupperMcVeigh'sexecution.TheseincludemanyAmericanswhousuallyopposethedeathsentence.KentScheideggeriswiththeCriminalJusticeLegalFoundationinCalifomia.Itisavictim'srightsorganizationthatsupportsthedeathpenalty.Mr.ScheideggersaysMcVeighisaperfectexampleofwhythereisaneedforafederaldeathpenalty.HesaysanythinglessthanthedeathofMcVeighwouldshowacompletelackofjustice.GroupsopposedtothedeathpenaltysaytheapprovaloftheexecutionofMcVeighdoesnotshowanincreaseingeneralpublicsupportforthedeathpenalty.Opinionstudiesshowthatsupportforthedeathpenaltyhasdecreased.Studiesshow77percentofAmericanssupporteditfiveyearsago,nowonlyabout63percentdo,Opponentsofthedeathpenaltyhavealwaysarguedthatitwasunfair.Theysaypoorpeoplewhocannotpayforgoodlegalhelpreceivethedeathpenaltymoreoftenthanothers.Andtheysaycourtsorderthedeathpenaltymoreoftenwhentheaccusedisamemberofaracialminoritygroup.PartD1)generous2)company3)hospitality4)reception5)reputation6)anniversary7)suspicion8)mutual9)vastest10)communication11)commerce12)contact13)197514)openness15)potential16)secure17)lure18)astonish19)reach20)confidentLessonThreeComputersandtheInternetPartA1.M:Thisreportisduetomorrow.Wouldyoubeabletoworkonitwithmetonight?Unfortunately,Ihaveanothercommitment.Whatisthewomansaying?2.W:IwonderwherethebooksIorderedare.Iexpectedtoreceivethepackageseveraldaysago.M:Maybeyou'dbettercheckitoutwiththecompany.Theycouldbetemporarilyoutofstock.Q:Whatdoesthemansuggestthewomando?M:IjusthavetotypethislastpageandthenI'mthrough.W:Bythen,I'llbedone,too.Q:Whatcanbelearnedaboutthewoman?W:Didyoureadtheeditorialinthepaperaboutthemayor'sspeech?Isuredid.ButIthinktheytwistedthemeaningofwhathesaid.Whatdoesthemansayabouttheeditorial?5.W:Whydon'twegotoseeamovietonight?Agoodcomedymightcheeryouup.Iwould.ButthereasonthatI'vebeensodownisallthisworkIhavetodo.Whatcanbeinferredabouttheman?6.W:So,areyougoingtoseethestudents'playtonight?Idoubtit.I'mstillgettingovertheflu.M:Gordonneedstofindanotherplacetolive.Theapartmentherentsnowhasbeensoldtoanewowner.W:He'dbetterstartlookingrightaway.Whenallthestudentscomebackinafewweeks,hewon'tfindanynearthecampus.Q:WhatdoesthewomansuggestGordondo?W:MindifIborrowyourSpanishworkbook?NotaslongasIhaveitbackintimetotaketoclassthisevening.Whatdoesthemanmean?9.W:Youdon'tbelieveindiets,doyou?Thereisnothingwrongwiththempersebuttheyhavetobecombinedwithexercisetodoanygood.Whatistheman'sattitudetowardsdiets?10.W:Idon'tknowwhichcolorfoldertouse,whiteorbrown.Whatdifferencedoesitmake?It'sthecontentthat'simportant.Whatistheimplicationoftheman?11.W:Youknow,I'veheardthatProfessorMartin'sIntroductiontoChemistryclassistoodemandingforfirstyearstudents.Theysayit'sthemostdifficultcourseforgraduatestudents.M:Yeah,butalotofstudentswilltellyouotherwise.Gotalktoanyonewhohasgonetoanadvancedcourse,likeOrganicChemistry,orwhostudiedchemistryingraduateschool.They'rereallygladtheystartedoutwithProfessorMartin.Q:WhatdoesthemanimplyaboutProfessorMartin?12.W:Hey,Mark.Haveyoubeenabletosellyouroldpiano,yet?M:Hmm,youwereright.Justpostingnoticesonbulletinboardsatacoupleofsupermarketswasn'tenough.IthinkI'llhavetoplaceanadvertisementinthelocalnewspaper.Q:Whichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtotheconversation?W:I'mamazedthatyoustillhaven'tgottentoknowyourneighbors.M:Theytendtokeeptothemselves.W:Hi!Um,Ithinksomethingiswrongwiththewashingmachine.Itworks,andIjustdidmylaundry,butitmakessomestrangenoises.Maybeyoushouldcallsomeonetofixit.Oh,don'tworry.Someonefromtherepairshopisalreadyonthewayovertotakealookatit.Q:Whatistheimplicationoftheman?W:It'ssothoughtfulofyoutooffertodropmeoffatthetrainstation.Areyousureit'snotoutofyourway?M:Notatall.ThestationisreallyclosetowhereI'mgoing.Q:Whatcanbelearnedabouttheman?PartBPassageITheApplicationofComputersinEducationThebestmethodforimprovingeducationalstandardsistoutilizeeverytoolavailable,includingstate-of-the-arttechnology.Computersandtheinternethaveexpandedthewayinwhichinformationcanbedeliveredtothestudentsoftoday.Today'snetworkingtechnologiesprovideavaluableopportunitytopractisenewlearningtechniques.Educatorsarediscoveringthatcomputersarefacilitatinglearning.Computer-basedcommunications,ortelecommunications,canoffermanyeducationalopportunities;therefore,educatorswillneedtoadaptcurrentteachingmethodstoincorporatethisnewmediaintotheclassroom.Computershavemadeafundamentalimpactonmostindustries,providingacompetitiveadvantagethathascometobeessentialtomanybusinesses.Therefore,schoolsmustalsousetechnologytoimprovetheeducationalprocess.Schoolsystemsoftenconsiderpurchasingacomputernetwork,andjustifyitspurchasebyapplyingittoroutineadministrativetasks,suchasattendancerecordsandgrading.Whilethesetasksareveryimportant,theyonlyshowasmallpartofwhattechnologycandoforaschool.Technologymustgofurtherthansimplykeepingattendance;itmustfocusonkeepingstudentsinterestedandproductive.SincecomputersandtheInternethaveexpandedthewaysinwhicheducationcanbedeliveredtostudents,itiscurrentlypossibletoengagein"distanceeducation"throughtheInternet.Distanceeducationinvolvesaudioandvideolinksbetweenteachersandstudentsinremoteareas.Videoconferencingallowsgroupstocommunicatewitheachother.Desktopvideoconferencingpromisestobringstudentstogetherfromgeographicandculturaldistancesfacetofaceviacomputer.Notonlywilltheteachertalktothestudents,butthestudentswillbeabletointeractwitheachother.Thiswillmakestudentsmoreinterestedinlearning.I.1.Accordingtothepassage,whatareeducatorsdiscovering?Whatdoschoolsusuallypurchasecomputernetworksfor?Accordingtotheauthor,whatshouldcomputersbemainlyusedfor?WhichofthefollowingisNOTafeatureofvideoconferencing?Whichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtothepassage?fundamentalimpact;beessential;improvetheeducationalprocess;justifyitspurchase;attendancerecords;whattechnologycandoPassageIIE-CommerceTheInternet,asameansforcommerce,didnotbecomerealityuntilthe1990s.Beforethistime,itwasmainlyatoolforthearmy,andaresearchdeviceforsomeAmericanuniversities.Itspopularitygrewwhenitprovedtobeafastandefficientmeanstoconductlongdistancetransactions,aswellasaneffectivewaytodistributeinformation.Thefirstadvantagethate-commercepossessesisspeed.Withincreasedspeedsofcommunication,thedeliverytimeisexpeditedandthatmakesthewholetransactionfromstarttofinishmoreefficient.Also,youcanfindpracticallyanyproductavailableforsaleontheInternet.EvenmoresignificantisthefactthatinformationappearingontheInternetcanbechangedrapidly.Thisgivesbusinessownerstheabilitytoinformcustomersofanychangestotheservicethattheyareoffering.Thesecondadvantageofelectroniccommerceistheopportunityitofferstosaveoncosts.ByusingtheInternet,marketing,distribution,personnel,phone,postageandprintingcosts,amongmanyothers,canbereduced.Youcanstartdoingbusinessincyberspaceforaslittleas$100.Thesavings,therefore,aretremendous.Thesefundscanthenbedivertedtomarketingandadvertisingyourproductorservice.Cyberspaceknowsnonationalboundaries.Thatmeansyoucandobusinessallovertheworldaseasilyasyoucaninyourownneighborhood.SincetheInternetconnectseveryoneincyberspace,informationistransmittedatthespeedofsoundorthespeedoflight,dependingonyourconnection.Eitherway,distancebecomesmeaningless,whichenablesyoutolinktonearlyanyoneontheglobe,andanyoneontheglobecanlinktoyou.TheabilitytoestablishlinksmakesdoingbusinessontheInternetattractivetocustomersinanypartoftheworld.Apotentialsourceoftroubleiscustomerconcernswithprivacyandsecurity.AnythingsentovertheInternetissentthroughseveraldifferentcomputersbeforeitreachesitsfinaldestination.TheconcernregardingInternetsecurityandprivacyisthatunscrupuloushackerscancapturecreditcardorcheckaccountdataasitistransferredorbreakintocomputersthatholdthesameinformation.MakingacustomerfeelsafeisimportantwhendoingbusinessontheInternet.Eventhoughnoonecanguarantee100%securitywhentransferringfinancialinformationovertheInternet,e-commerceisstillsaferthanusingcreditcardsatanactualstoreorrestaurant,orpayingforsomethingwiththeuseofa1-800number."I.l.Beforebeingusedforcommerce,whatwastheInternetmainlyusedfor?WhichoneofthefollowingisNOTafactorthatcanmaketransactionsmoreefficientontheInternet?Whydoesdistancebecomemeaninglessine-commerce?Whatdocustomersworryaboutine-commerce?Whatisthemainideaofthispassage?source;privacy;security;destination;creditcard;transferred;feelsafe;guarantee;saferthan;payingforPassageIIIComputerizedSystemsItwaspointedoutbyacomputerwagthatacomputerizedsystemconsistsofthreesubsystems:hardware,software,andjellyware.Hardwareisthecomputeritself--thecollectionofslightlyimpurechunksofsilicondioxideandothermetaloxidesthatsometimesconductelectricityandsometimesdon't,butneverconductitverywell.Basically,hardwareismostlysandwithsomemetalandsomeorganicplasticmaterialtoholdittogether.Softwareconsistsoftheinstructionsnecessaryinorderforthehardwaretodothings.Theinstructionsarenothingmorethansignalsindicatingthatcertainpiecesofhardwarearetoturnthemselvesonoroffinspecificsequencesatspecifictimesinspecificareasofthehardware.Thebasicinstructionsarewrittenorgiveninbinaryterms--onoroff--andothersoftwareelementstranslatethistoandfromthemorecomplexlanguageusedbythenextelementinthesystem.Jellywareisthehumanbeingwhotellsthehardwarewhattodo,whogivesthehardwareitsdata,whoutilizestheoutputofthehardware,whowritesthesoftware,andwhousestheoutputofthesoftware.Jellywareitselfisacomputerconsistingofhardwareandsoftware.Jellywareismostlywaterwithspecificandsmallamountsofimpuritiesincertainlocations.Thejellyware'ssoftwareismostlypreprogrammedwithsomeRAMthatisinputtedasaresultofexperience.Hardwareandjellywaredifferonlyinthefactthathardwareismadeupofcrystallinestructureswhilejellywareconsistsofcolloidalstructures.Thejellyware'soperatingsystemsappeartofunctionintheparallelmodewhilethoseofthehardwareoperateinaseriesmode.However,theoutputofjellywareisone-channelsequentialandseriesinform.Likehardware,jellywarecandoonlyonethingatatime.PartD1)membersoftheHouse;2)thepolitics;3)personaldestruction;4)values;5)worthyandgoodandhonorable;6)ourpoliticalsystem;7)reconsider;8)governmentofman;9)electedleaders;10)lieempty;11)castoutof;12)livinguptothestandards;13)lifeimitatesfarce;14)resignation;15)intolerance;16)downwardspiral;17)thishealing;18)healingournation;19)respectandfairnessanddecency;20)thewisdomandthecourageandthegoodnessLESSONFOURFinancePARTA1.W:IseeanewbookstorehasjustopenedonMainStreet.Itmaybeanewstore,butthebooksarefarfromnew.Whichoneofthefollowingistrueaccordingtotheman?W:Alicehasbeenspendingalotoftimeatthelibrarylately.Well.She'sgotapaperdueandtwofinalexamsnextweek.WhathasAliceprobablybeendoing?W:It'sgoingtocostafortunetogetmycarfixed.Whydon'tyoujusttradeitinforanewone?Whatdoesthemansuggestthewomando?M:Winterisoveratlast.Timetopackupmyglovesandboots.I'vebeenwaitingforthisformonths.Howdoyouinterpretwhatthewomansaid?W:Howdidthegamegotheothernight?Didyourteamwin?Areyoukidding?Thatwouldbeafirst.Whatdoesthemansayabouthisteam?M:TheticketsforthatrockconcertwillgoonsalenextSaturdayatfiveo'clock.Iheardthatanyonewhowantsonehadbettergettheresoonerthanthat.Whatistheimplicationofthewoman?W:Yourtrainwillbereadyforboardingin15minutes,Sir.Breakfastwillbeofferedinthedinningcar.Good.I'llhavejustenoughtimetosendafaxbeforeleaving.Whatdoesthemanplantodonext?W:ShallIcutyourhairforyou?Noway.Lasttimeyoualmostmademebald.Whatcanbeknownfromtheconversation?M:SomyadvisorwantsmetotakethecreativewritingclassthatmeetsonWednesdayinsteadoftheMondayclass,becausetheinstructorfortheWednesdayclassissupposedtobegreat.ButthatmeansIhavetospendawholedayoncampus,everyWednesday.Well,butespeciallyincreativewriting,theinstructorcanmakeabigdifferenceinhowmuchyougetoutoftheclass.M:Wouldyouliketotrythenewseafoodrestauranttonight?Ihearit'sverygood.Ihavetogiveapresentationtomorrow,andIneedtodoatrialrun.Whatwillthewomanprobablydotonight?11.W:Ah-oh.Somebodylefthiswallethere.Seeifthereissomekindofidentificationinit.Whatdoesthemansuggestthewomando?W:Dr.SmithaskedustowatchthatspecialontheCivilWaronTVthisweekend.DoyouwanttocomeoverSaturdaynight?Oh,I'msupposedtohelpmycousinmovethen.It'sbeingrebroadcastonSundayafternoon,though.IsthatOKforyou?WhydoesthemansuggesttheyshouldwatchtheTVprogrammeonSunday?M:Idon'tknowhowImanagedtobreakthatplatter.I'llbemorethanhappytobuyyouanewone.Forgetaboutit.Somethingsjustcan'tbehelped.Whatcanbeinferredaboutthewoman,concerningtheplatter?14.W:Iwonderifthere'sabusthatgoesbythemuseum.ThehistorymuseumonMainStreet?Takeoneofthesewith8-Aonthefront.Whatdoesthemanmean?M:It'spouring.Wearenevergonnamakeourflightifwedon'tleavesoon.Oh,don'tworrysomuch.I'msurewe'llgetthereinplentyoftime.Q:Whatinformationcanyougetfromthewoman?PartBPassageITheGoldRushOnedayin1848,aremarkablediscoverywasmadebyacarpenternamedMarshall.Hehappenedtopickupsomebrightyellowparticlesfromthewaternearhissawmill.Notknowingwhattheywere,hetookthemtohismasterMr.Suffer.SutterimmediatelyrealizedtheimportanceofthediscoveryandsentamantoSanFranciscotoinformthegovemorofitsothathecouldgetpermissiontofoundasettlementonbothbanksoftheriver.Unfortunatelyinthebeginning,themandidnotbelieveit.OnlyafterareporterfromaweeklynewspaperwenttoSutter'ssawmilltomakeareport,didthenewsspreadallovertheUSA,andeventoEurope.Withinamonth,thousandsandthousandsofpeoplehurriedtowardsCaliforniatosearchforthevaluablemetal.Soldiersdesertedthearmy,sailorslefttheirshipsandallsortsofpeoplegaveuptheirjobssoasnottomissthechanceofbecomingrich.LargenumberofEuropeansjoinedinthesearch,too.Crowdsofpeople,shipsandwagontrainsrushedtothesamedestination.ThiswastheCaliforniaGoldRus