成果讲义6.23考满分

Wearehardpressedoneveryside,butnotcrushed;perplexed,butnotindespair;persecuted,butnotabandoned;struckdown,butnotdestroyed. BlackFictionsurveysawidevarietyofnovels,bringingtoourattentionintheprocesssomefascinatingandlittle-knownworkslikeJamesWeldonJohnson’sAutobiographyofanEx-ColoredHowever,astheygainedcohesion,theBluestockingscametoregardthemselvesasawomen’sgroupandtopossessasenseoffemalesolidaritylackinginthesalonnieres,whoremainedisolatedfromoneanotherbytheprimacyeachheldinherownsalon.Otherexperimentsrevealedslightvariationsinthesize,number,arrangement,andinterconnectionofthenervecells,butasfaraspsychoneuralcorrelationswereconcerned,theobvioussimilaritiesofthesesensoryfieldstoeachotherseemedmuchmoreremarkablethananyoftheminutedifferences.ThiswaslargelyduetotheenterpriseofWatteau’s printingofengravedreproductionsofthegreatbulkofhiswork—bothhispaintingsandhisdrawings—so tobemoreaccessiblethanthatofanyother monographsillustratedwithphotographs.Thehistoryofglobaldiversitycanbesummarizedasfollows:aftertheinitialfloweringofmulticellularanimals,therewasaswiftriseinthenumberofspeciesinearlyPaleozoictimes(between600and430millionyearsago),thenteaulikestagnationfortheremaining200millionyearsofthePaleozoicera,andfinallyaslowbutsteadyclimbthroughtheMesozoicandCenozoicerastodiversity’sall-timehigh.Intheearly1950’s,historianswhostudiedpreindustrialEurope(whichwemaydefinehereasEuropeintheperiodfromroughly1300to1800)began,forthefirsttimeinlargenumbers,toinvestigatemoreofthepreindustrialEuropeanpopulationthanthe2or3percentwhocomprisedthepoliticalandsocialelite:thekings,generals,judges,nobles,bishops,andlocalmagnateswhohadhithertousuallyfilledhistorybooks.快速班快

作用：清内存+做预快班Others快班OthersfearthatoilispriceybecauseitisrunningButthereislittleevidencetosupportthedoctrineof“peakinitsextremeTheMiddleEaststillseemstocontainaseaoftheEvenifnewfindselsewherehavebeenrarerandlessaccessiblethaninthepast,vasttiesofoilcouldnowbestrippedfromtarsands（焦油砂）andshale（页岩）.有些人害怕因为石油枯竭油价会上涨Butthereislittleevidencetosupportthedoctrineof“peakinitsextremeTheMiddleEaststillseemstocontainaseaoftheEvenifnewfindselsewherehavebeenrarerandlessaccessiblethaninthepast,vasttiesofoilcouldnowbestrippedfromtarsands（焦油砂）andshale（页岩）.快Othersfearthat快Othersfearthatoilispriceybecauseitisrunning班有些人害怕因为石油枯竭油价会上涨3s:油价上Butthereislittleevidencetosupportthedoctrineof“peakinitsextremeTheMiddleEaststillseemstocontainaseaoftheEvenifnewfindselsewherehavebeenrarerandlessaccessiblethaninthepast,vasttiesofoilcouldnowbestrippedfromtarsands（焦油砂）andshale（页岩）.但是没有支持石油峰值论已经处于形式之下TheMiddleEaststillseemstocontainaseaoftheEvenifnewfindselsewherehavebeenrarerandlessaccessiblethaninthepast,vasttiesofoilcouldnowbestrippedfromtarsands（焦油砂）andshale（页岩）.快速班Othersfearthatoilispriceybecauseitisrunning有些人害怕因为石油枯竭油价会上涨 3s:油价上Butthereislittleevidencetosupportthedoctrineof“peakinitsextreme但是没有支持石油峰值论已经处于形式之下 3s:油价不上TheMiddleEaststillseemstocontainaseaoftheEvenifnewfindselsewherehavebeenrarerandlessaccessiblethaninthepast,vasttiesofoilcouldnowbestrippedfromtarsands（焦油砂）andshale（页岩）.快速班Othersfearthatoilispriceybecauseitisrunning有些人害怕因为石油枯竭油价会上涨 3s:油价上Butthereislittleevidencetosupportthedoctrineof“peakinitsextreme但是没有支持石油峰值论已经处于形式之下 3s:油价不上TheMiddleEaststillseemstocontainaseaofthe中东还有大量石Evenifnewfindselsewherehavebeenrarerandaccessiblethaninthepast,vasttiesofoilcouldnowbestrippedfromtarsands（焦油砂）andshale（页岩）.快速班Othersfearthatoilispriceybecauseitisrunning有些人害怕因为石油枯竭油价会上涨 3s:油价上Butthereislittleevidencetosupportthedoctrineof“peakinitsextreme但是没有支持石油峰值论已经处于形式之下 3s:油价不上TheMiddleEaststillseemstocontainaseaofthe中东还有大量石油 Evenifnewfindselsewherehavebeenrarerandaccessiblethaninthepast,vasttiesofoilcouldnowbestrippedfromtarsands（焦油砂）andshale（页岩）.快速班Othersfearthatoilispriceybecauseitisrunning 3s:油价上Butthereislittleevidencetosupportthedoctrineof“peakinitsextreme但是没有支持石油峰值论已经处于形式之下 TheMiddleEaststillseemstocontainaseaofthe中东还有大量石油 Evenifnewfindselsewherehavebeenrarerandaccessiblethaninthepast,vasttiesofoilcouldnowbestrippedfromtarsands（焦油砂）andshale（页岩）.快速班Othersfearthatoilispriceybecauseitisrunning有些人害怕因为石油枯竭油价会上涨 3s:油价上Butthereislittleevidencetosupportthedoctrineof“peakinitsextreme但是没有支持石油峰值论已经处于形式之下 3s:油价不上TheMiddleEaststillseemstocontainaseaofthe中东还有大量石油 Evenifnewfindselsewherehavebeenrarerandaccessiblethaninthepast,vasttiesofoilcouldnowbestrippedfromtarsands（焦油砂）andshale（页岩）.快班快班Othersfearthatoilispriceybecauseitisrunning有些人害怕因为石油枯竭油价会上涨 3s:油价上Butthereislittleevidencetosupportthedoctrineof“peakinitsextreme但是没有支持石油峰值论已经处于形式之下 3s:油价不上TheMiddleEaststillseemstocontainaseaofthe中东还有大量石油 Evenifnewfindselsewherehavebeenrarerandaccessiblethaninthepast,vasttiesofoilcouldnowbestrippedfromtarsands（焦油砂）andshale（页岩）.OthersfearthatoilispriceybecauseitisrunningButthereislittleevidencetosupportthedoctrine“peakoil”initsextremeTheMiddleEaststillseemstocontainaseaoftheEvenifnewfindselsewherehavebeenrarerandaccessiblethaninthepast,vasttiesofoilcouldnowbestrippedfromtarsands（焦油砂）and（页岩原词/同根词：significant=of快 原文：theycouldestablishaseparate选项：theabilitytosetupanindependent快班快班否定含义的词：criticizeoppose;SupernovasintheMilksWaysarethelikeliestsourceformostofthecosmicraysreachingEarth.However,calculationsshowthatsupernovascannotproduceultrahigh-energycosmicrays(UHECRs),whichhaveenergiesexceeding1018electronvolts.Itwouldseemsensibletoseekthesourceoftheseintheuniverse’smostconspicuousenergyfactories:quasarsandg -rayburstsbillionsoflight-yearsawayfromEarth.ButUHECRstendtocollidewithphotonsofthecosmicmicrowavebackground—pervasiveradiationthatisrelicoftheearlyuniverse.Theoddsfavoracollisionevery20millionlight-years,eachcollisioncosting20percentofthecosmicray’senergy.Consequently,nocosmicraytravelingmuchbeyond100millionlight-yearscanretaintheenergyobservedinUHCERs.快班Supernovasinthe快班SupernovasintheMilksWaysarethelikeliestsourceformostofthecosmicraysreachingHowever,calculationsshowthatsupernovascannotproduceultrahigh-energycosmicrays(UHECRs),whichhaveenergiesexceeding1018electronvolts.Itwouldseemsensibletoseekthesourceoftheseintheuniverse’smostconspicuousenergyfactories:quasarsand-burstsbillionsoflight-yearsawayfromEarth.ButUHECRstendtocollidewithphotonsofcosmicmicrowavebackground—pervasiveradiationthatisrelicoftheearlyuniverse.Theoddsfavoracollisionevery20millionlight-years,eachcollisioncosting20percentofthecosmicray’senergy.Consequently,nocosmicraytravelingmuchbeyond100millionlight-yearscanretaintheenergyobservedinUHCERs.ConsidereachofthechoicesseparayandselectallthatItcanbeinferredthattheauthorofthepassagewouldagreewithwhichofthefollowabouttheoriginofUHECRsthatreachEarth?TheoriginissomethingotherthansupernovasintheMilkyTheoriginismostlikelysomethingotherthanverydistantquasarsor -rayTheoriginismostlikelynomorethanalittleover100millionlight-yearsawayfromcosmicmicrowavebackground—pervasiveradiationthatisrelicoftheearlyuniverse.Theoddsfavoracollisionevery20millionlight-years,eachcollisioncosting20percentofthecosmicray’senergy.Consequently,nocosmicraytravelingmuchbeyond100millionlight-yearscanretaintheenergyobservedinUHCERs.Inthecontextoftheauthor’sargument,thelastsentenceperformswhichofthefollowingItexinsacriterionthatwasemployedearlierintheitshowsthatanapparentlyusiblepositionisactuallyself-ItisaconclusiondrawninthecourseofrefutingapotentialexItoverturnsanassumptiononwhichanopposingpositionItstatesthemainconclusionthattheauthorisseekingto快班快班AfricanAmericannewspapersinthe1930sfacedmanyhardships.Forinstance,knowingthatbuyersofAfricanAmericanpapersalsoboughgeneral-circulationpapers,advertisersofconsumerproductsoftenignoredAfricanAmericanpublications.Advertisers’discriminationdidtheAfricanAmericanpressfromadvertiserdomination.Editorscouldprintpoliticallychargedmaterialmorereadilythancouldthelargenationaldailies,whichdependedonadvertisers’ideologicalapprovaltosecurerevenues.Unfortunay,italsomadethesellingpriceofBlackpapersmuchhigherthanthatofgeneral-circulationdailies.Oftenasmuchastwo-thirdsofpublicationcostshadtocomefromsubscribersorsubsidiesfromcommunitypoliticiansandotherinterestgroups.Anddespitetheireditorialdom,AfricanAmericanpublishersoftenfeltcompelledtoprintadisproportionateamountofsensationalism,sports,andsocietynewstoboostcirculation.ConsidereachofthechoicesseparayandselectallthatThepassagesuggestthatifadvertisershadmorefrequentlypurchasedadvertisinginAfricanAmericannewspapers,thenwhichofthefollowingmighthaveresulted?AfricanAmericannewspaperswouldhavegivenmoreattentiontosportsandsocietynewsthantheydid.AfricanAmericannewspaperswouldhavebeenavailableatlowerpricesthanlargenationaldailieswere.AfricanAmericannewspaperswouldhaveexperiencedconstraintsontheircontentsimilartothoseexperiencedbylargenationaldailies.Theauthorofthepassagesuggestswhichofthefollowingabout“advertisers”mentionedintheTheyassumedthatadvertisinginAfricanAmericannewspaperswouldnotsignificantlyincreasethesalesoftheirproducts.TheyfailedtocalculateaccuraythecirculationofAfricanAmericannewspapers.TheydidnottakeAfricanAmericans’newspaperreadingintoaccountwhenmakingdecisionsaboutwheretoadvertise.TheyavoidedAfricanAmericannewspaperspartlybecauseoftheirTheytriedtopersuadeAfricanAmericannewspaperstolowertherateschargedforadvertising.FrederickDouglasswasunquestionablythemostfamousAfricanAmericanofthenineteenthcentury;indeed,whenhediedin1895hewasamongthemostdistinguishedpublicfiguresintheUnitedStates.InhisstudyofDouglass’careerasamajorfigureinthemovementtoabolishslaveryandasaspokesmanforBlackrights,WaldoMartinhasprovokedcontroversybycontendingthatDouglassalsodeservesaprominentceinth ilctualhistoryoftheUnitedStatesbecauseheexemplifiedsomanystrandofnineteenth-centurythought:romanticism,idealism,individualism,liberalhumanism,andanunshakablebeliefinprogress.ButthisveryargumentprovidesammunitionforthosewhoclaimthatmostofDouglass’ideas,beingsorepresentativeoftheirtime,arenowobsolete.Douglass’visionofthefutureasameltingpotinwhichallracialandethnicdifferenceswoulddissolveinto“acompositeAmericannationality”appearsfromthepluralistofmanypresent-dayinlectualstobenotonlyutopianbutevenwrongheaded.YetthereisacentralaspectofDouglass’thoughtthatseemsnotintheleastbitdatedorirrelevanttocurrentconcerns.Hehasnorivalinthehistoryofthenineteenth-centuryUnitedStatesasaninsistentandeffectivecriticofthedoctrineofinnateracialinequality.Henotonlyattackedracistideasinhisspeechesandwritings,butheofferedhisentirecareerandallhisachievementsaslivingproofthatracistswerewrongintheirbeliefthatoneracecouldbeinherentlysuperiortoanother.WhileMartinstressesDouglass’antiracistegalitarianism,hedoesnotadequayexinhowthisaspectofDouglass’thoughtfitsinwithhisespousaloftheliberalVictorianattitudesthatmanypresent-dayinlectualsconsidertobenaïveandoutdated.ThefactisthatDouglasswasattractedtothesedemocratic-capitalistidealsofhistimebecausetheycouldbeusedtoattackslaveryandthedoctrineofWhitesupremacy.Hisfavoriterhetoricalstrategywastoexposethehypocrisyofthosewho,whileprofessingadherencetotheidealsofdemocracyandequalityofopportunity,condonedslaveryandracialdiscrimination.Itwouldhavebeenstrangeindeedifhehadnotembracedliberalidealism,becauseitproveditsworthforthecauseofracialequalityduringthenationalcrisisthateventuallyresultedinemancipationandcitizenshipforAfricanAmericans.Thesepointsmayseemobvious,buthadMartingiventhemmoreattention,hisysismighthaveconstitutedamoreconvincingrebuttaltothosecriticswhodismissDouglass’ideologyasarelicofthepast.IfoneacceptsthepropositionthatDouglass’deepestcommitmentwastoBlackequalityandthatheusedtheliberalidealsofhistimeasweaponsinthefightforthatcause,thenitishardtofaulthimforseizingthebestweaponsathand.ThepassageasawholecanbestbedescribedasngwhichoftheExiningDouglass’em as ajorfigureinthemovementtoabolishTracingtheoriginsofDouglass’thoughtinnineteenth-centuryromanticism,idealism,andliberalhumanismyzingDouglass’speechesandwritingsfromamodern,pluralistD.CriticizingMartinforfailingtostressthecontradictionbetweenDouglass’principlesandtheliberalVictorianattitudesofhisdayE.FormulatingaresponsetowhoconsiderDouglass’politicalphilosophytobearchaicandItcanbeinferredthatthe“present-dayinlectuals”believedalthoughDouglassuseddemocratic-capitalistidealstoattackslaveryandracialhedidnotsincerelybelieveinthosetheviewthatDouglasswasrepresentativeoftheinlectualtrendsofhistimeisobsoleteC.Douglass’oppositiontothedoctrineofinnateracialinequalityisirrelevanttocurrentDouglass’commitmenttoBlackequalitydoesnotadequayaccountforhisnaïveattaenttoquaintliberalVictorianpoliticalviews.Douglass’goalofultimayngawaywithallracialandethnicdifferencesisneitherachievablenordesirableAccordingtothepassage,DouglassusedwhichofthefollowingasevidenceagainstdoctrineofinnateracialHisownlifeHisvisionofacompositeAmericanTheofself-professedliberalTheinevitabilityoftheemancipationofAfricanThefactthatmostprominentinlectualsadvocatedtheabolitionofEachofthefollowingismentionedinthepassageasanelementofDouglass’ideologyTheFourteenthAmendmenttotheUnitedStatesConstitution,ratifiedin1868,prohibitsernmentsfromdenyingcitizensthe“equalprotectionofthelaws.”Althoughpreciselywhattheframersoftheamendmentmeantbythisequalprotectionclauseremainsunclear,allinterpretersagreethattheframers’immediateobjectivewastoprovideaconstitutionalwarrantfortheCivilRightsActof1866,whichguaranteedthecitizenshipofall sbornintheUnitedStatesandsubjecttoUnitedStatesjurisdiction.Thisdeclaration,whichwasechoedinthetextoftheFourteenthAmendment,wasdesignedprimarilytocountertheSupremeCourt’srulinginDredScottv.SandfordthatBlackpeopleintheUnitedStatescouldbedeniedcitizenship.TheactwasvetoedbyAndrewJohnson,whoarguedthattheThirteenthAmendment,whichabolishedslavery,didnotprovideCongresswiththeauthoritytoextendcitizenshipandequalprotectiontothedslaves.AlthoughCongresspromptlyoverrodeJohnson’sveto,supportersoftheactsoughttoensureitsconstitutionalfoundationswiththepassageoftheFourteenthAmendment.ThebroadlanguageoftheamendmentstronglysuggeststhatitsframerswereproposingtowriteintotheConstitutionnotalaundrylistofspecificcivilrightsbutaprincipleofequalcitizenshipthatforbidsorganizedsocietyfromtreatinganyindividualasamemberofaninferiorclass.Yetforthefirsteightdecadesoftheamendment’sexistence,theSupremeCourt’sinterpretationoftheamendmentbetrayedthisidealofequality.IntheCivilRightsCasesof1883,forexample,theCourtinventedthe“stateaction”limitation,whichassertsthat“private”decisionsbyownersofpublic modationsandothercommercialbusinessestosegregatetheirfacilitiesareinsulatedfromthereachoftheFourteenthAmendment’sguaranteeofequalprotectionunderthelaw.WhichofthefollowingbestdescribesthemainideaoftheBypresentingalistofspecificrights,framersoftheFourteenthAmendmentwereattemptingtoprovideaconstitutionalbasisforbroadjudicialprotectionoftheprincipleofequalcitizenship.B.OnlyaftertheSupremeCourtadoptedtheclassificationapproachtoreviewingpotentiallydiscriminatorylegislationwastheapplicabilityoftheFourteenthAmendmentextendedtoinclude ualdiscrimination.NotuntilaftertheSecondWorldWardidtheSupremeCourtbegintointerprettheFourteenthAmendmentinamannerconsistentwiththeprincipleofequalcitizenshipthatitInterpretersoftheFourteenthAmendmenthaveyettoreachconsensuswithregardtowhatitsframersmeantbytheequalprotectionclause.AlthoughthereluctanceofjudgestoextendthereachoftheFourteenthAmendmenttononracialdiscriminationhasbetrayedtheprincipleofequalcitizenship,theSupremeCourt'suseofthestateactionlimitationtoinsulateprivateactivityfromtheamendment'sreachhasbeenmoreharmful.TheprincipalimmediateeffectofthestateactionlimitationwasallowsomediscriminatorypracticestocontinueunimpededbytheFourteenthinfluencetheSupremeCourt'srulinginBrownv.BoardofprovideexpandedguidelinesdescribingprohibitedprohibitstatesfromenactinglawsthatviolatedtheintentoftheCivilRightsActofshifttostate ernmentstheresponsibil