2023年美国社会与文化英文笔记全版本

ＷhyAmericａ?1.美国在当今世界有极大的影响力，美国文化影响全球、影响中国。2.美国社会制度与文化价值很有特点,有的地方是值得我们学习的，有的地方必须批判。第一讲美国地理与历史概况美国的地理特性:得天独厚,但又充满挑战(一）优势1、位置分离主义者（Sｅparatiｓts)的隐居之地,如同世外桃源。世界主义者(Ｃoｓｍoｐolｉtans)的世界通衢。2、气候适宜;３、幅员广阔；4、资源丰富(二)劣势1、新格兰(NewEｎgland）:(１)Stｏrm;（2）Stonysoｉl2、南方（VirginiaandtheCaｒoliｎａs)：“dｉsmaｌswamps”3、内地(TheIntｅrｉor）4、大平原与太平洋沿岸（TｈeGreatPlainｓaｎdtheＰaｃiｆicBasins）(１）干旱（drought)(２)Eａrthquakｅ.ＴheNorthridgeｅarthquaｋeoccurredｏnJaｎuａｒｙ17,１9９４ａt4:31AMＰacifｉcStandardTiｍｅinRｅsｅｄa,aｎeighboｒhoodinthecityofLosＡngeｌeｓ，California．Theeaｒthquaｋｅhadａ"ｓtｒonｇ"momenｔmagnｉtudeof6.7,bｕtthegroundaｃceｌeratｉｏnwasthehighestｅvｅｒｉｎstｒumentalｌｙreｃoｒdｅdinanurbanaｒeａinNoｒthAmerｉcａ．Sｅventｙ-ｔwopeｏplｅｄiedasareｓultｏfｔｈeeaｒthquａkewithｍｏrethan１２,0０0ｉnjｕred.Inａdditioｎ,theeaｒthquakecａｕｓｅｄaｎesｔimatｅｄ＄１2.5biｌliｏｎｉndamage，mａｋｉnｇitｏnｅｏfthｅcostｌiestｎaｔｕraｌｄisastersiｎU.S.hisｔory.(３)洪水(Ｆｌoodiｎg)(4)森林大火（Ｗilｄfires)TｈeYeｌlowsｔｏnｅfiｒｅsof198８ｔogetherｆormeｄthｅｌaｒgeｓtwｉlｄfirｅｉnｔheｒｅｃordedhistoｒyofＹellowstｏｎeＮａtionalPａｒｋ,UｎitedSｔaｔes.Starｔingaｓmａnysmaｌｌeriｎｄividuａlfｉres，theflamessprｅadquicklｙoｕtoｆcｏｎtrｏｌwithinｃｒｅasｉnｇwiｎｄsaｎddroｕgｈtanｄcｏmbinedintｏｏｎelargeｃｏnflagｒation,whｉｃｈbｕｒnedforseveralmｏｎthｓ.Tｈefｉresalmｏｓtdestroyeｄｔwomａjｏrvisｉtordｅstｉｎａtiｏnsand,oｎSeptｅmbｅr8,1９88,tｈeentiｒepａｒkｗaｓcloseｄtoaｌlnｏneｍergencypeｒsonnｅｌforｔｈefｉｒｓttｉmeｉnitsｈistory.Onlytheａｒｒｉvalofcoolaｎdmｏiｓtｗeatheriｎthｅlatｅfａｌlbｒoughｔthefirｅｓtoanend.Atｏtalｏｆ７9３,880acres(3,21３ｋm２),orｒouｇｈｌｙ36ｐerｃentofthｅparｋwａsafｆectedbytheｗｉldfireｓ.(二）五大地区１.ThｅInduｓtriaｌizedNoｒｔheastandNｏｒth－CentralRｅｇion(1)ScoｐeAｓdefineｄbytｈeU.S.ＣensusBurｅａu,iｔcoｖersnｉneｓtates:Ｍaine,NewHａｍpｓhirｅ,Vermonｔ,Ｍａsｓacｈuseｔtｓ,RｈodeＩsland，Cｏｎnｅｃticut,NeｗYｏrk,NeｗJｅrｓey,aｎｄＰeｎnsylvａnia．TheNorｔｈeastistｈerｉcheｓtregiｏnofthｅUｎitedSｔates，inｃluｄｉｎgfoursｔaｔｅｓwiththehigｈｅstmedianhｏuｓehoｌdincoｍe:Marylａnd(1st）,NewJeｒsｅy（2nd),Cｏnnecｔｉｃut(３ｒd),andMａssachuseｔｔs(5ｔh)Ｔhｅnaｔiｏn'ｓｐermanentmanufactｕｒingbelｔ;ａlaｒgecoｎsumerｍarｋet．Ｄenseurbanpopｕlａtion;admixturｅｏfraceｓ;ｇoｏdskiｌls2.TheSouｔh（１)Ageｏｇrａphicａｎｄcｕltｕralcoｎceｐt:ｔheAtlantｉcaｎdGuｌｆPlainAsdｅfｉnｅdbytｈｅUｎiｔedStatesCenｓusBureau,theSoutheｒnregｉｏnofｔheＵnitedSｔateｓｉncludes1６ｓtatesａnｄｔｈeDistrictｏfＣoｌumbiａ（wiｔhatｏtａl２0２３estｉｍａtｅdpoｐulaｔｉｏｎof109,0８3，752.)Ｔhirｔy-sｉｘｐercｅnｔofａllU.Ｓ.residenｔsｌiveｄｉｎtｈeSoutｈ，tｈenatｉon＇smostｐopuｌousｒegion.ＴheSouthAtlanticSｔatｅs：Fｌorida,Georgia，NorthＣaroliｎａ,SouthCarｏlｉna,Ｖirgiｎia,WeｓtVirgｉnｉa,Maｒyland，Washingtｏn，D.Ｃ.,andDeｌａｗareTｈeEａstSoｕthCｅnｔralＳｔａtes:Aｌabaｍa,Keｎtuｃky,MisｓissｉｐpiandTenｎｅsｓｅｅＴheWｅstSouthＣｅnｔrａｌＳｔates:Arkanｓaｓ,Louｉsiａna,Okｌａhoｍa,ａndTeｘasDeepSouthTｈeSｏuｔhernＣoaｓtｌand(3）SomeｏｔｈerceｎtraｌfeaturesI.DeｅｐSouth:largｅnuｍbeｒsｏfＡfrｉcaｎAｍｅricａnsＩI.ＣoncentraｔioｎofHｉｓpanｉcsiｎFｌｏｒｉda,NｅwMexicoanｄTexasIＩＩ.ＨｏmoｇeneｉtｙofＡｎglo-Ameｒicaｎs3.ThｅAgricuｌturalMidｗeｓt(1)ScopeIlｌinoｉs,Inｄiaｎa,Ioｗa,Kaｎｓas,Miｃhｉgan,Ｍinnesoｔa,Ｍiｓsｏuri,Ohｉo,Ｎebraｓｋa，NorｔｈDakｏta，SoｕｔｈDakota,andWｉsｃｏｎsｉn.A２02３ＣensｕsＢureａuestimaｔeputｔhepoｐulａtionａt66，2１7，７36．ＩI．ＲｉversBrｏuｇhｔtogethｅｒbｙthreｅｇreatrivers:ｔｈeOｈiｏ,Missｏurｉ,andＭＩssｉｓｓiｐiIＩI.AgrｉcultuｒｅandtradetｈｅchiefoccupationsCornbｅlｔ:Iｌliｎoiｓ，Inｄiａna,Kansaｓ,Mｉnnesota,Ｗiscｏnsin4．TheMoutａinWｅsｔ(1)TheScｏｐe:Montanａ,Wyomｉng,Ｃoloｒａｄｏ，NeｗMexicｏ,Idａｈo,Utah，Ａriｚona，anｄNevａｄaThｅGrｅaｔPlaiｎsandtｈeIntermoｕnｔａinｐlａteausanｄbasｉnsTｈeRｏckyMountaiｎ，ｔheCasｃaｄeMounｔains,andｔheSierraNeｖadａMountaiｎｓ．(2）ComｍｏｎtraitｓI．ArｉｄｉtyII.Dｒyfａrminｇ，irriｇatioｎ,andraｎchinｇＬakｅMeａdThelakｅwasnａｍedafteｒEｌwoodＭeaｄ,whowaｓｃomｍiｓsioneｒoftheU.S.BureａuｏfReclamaｔiｏnfroｍ1９２４tｏ１936dｕｒｉnｇｔheplanninｇandcｏｎstrucｔｉonoｆｔheBoｕldeｒCanyonＰrojｅctthatｃreaｔedｔhｅdａmａndlake.LakeMeadisthｅlarｇeｓtmaｎ－madｅlａｋeａｎdreservoｉrinthｅUｎitｅｄSｔateｓ．ＩtisloｃatedoｎtｈeColoraｄoＲiverabｏut30mｉｌes（4８km)southｅastｏfLａsVegas,Nevadａ,ｉnthｅstatesofＮeｖadａaｎｄArizｏｎａ.ＦoｒmｅｄbywaterｉｍpouｎdｅdbｙHooｖerDam,itｅｘｔenｄs11０mi(180km)ｂehiｎdthedam，holｄingapprｏｘｉmatｅly28.5mｉllionａcreｆｅeｔ(3５ｋm³）ofｗater.ＴhewaterheｌdiｎLakeMｅadisreleａsedtｏcommunitｉeｓinSoutｈernCaliforｎiａanｄNeｖada,viaaquｅducts.ＩII.Lowpopuｌaｔioｎ，ｌaｒgelyｒuｒaｌ,homogｅneous,maｉnｌyｆrｏmtheSoｕｔhａndMiｄweｓt５.TheFarWest（1)ScopｅＷａshington,Ｏrｅｇｏｎ，CaｌiｆｏrnｉaＩI.Ｕpｌaｎdandplaininclｏsejuｘtapositｉoｎ,bｒingｉngminｉng,foｒｅsｔｒy,ｒanｃhinｇaｎｄｆarｍingtoｇetherIＩＩ.ＭildclimateoｆOｒegonanｄsunｎyｃliｍaｔeofＣaliforniaaｆfoｒｄinｇｍoｒecｏmfortthａｎａnｙwhereｉnｔheUniｔedStatｅs(excｌｕｄiｎgFlorｉｄａ)CｒateｒLａke,ＯｒegoｎIＶ.Ｅconoｍｉｃdiｖersｉty:ｍinｉng,fａrmｉnｇ，ｆorestry,ｒanching,computeriｎdｕsｔry,airplａneV.ＲｅｎoｗnｅdeｄｕcaｔiｏnalinsｔitｕｔionsUCBeｒｋeleｙ;ＳtａnfordUnｉvｅｒsity美国历史概况前殖民地时期殖民地时期1、西班牙殖民地TheSpaniｓhｓｅntsomesettlerｓ，ｃｒeaｔingthefｉrstpermaｎｅｎtEurｏpeaｎsettlementinthecｏｎtinentalＵnｉtedStatesａtSt．Augustine,Flｏridａｉｎ1５65.ＬａｔerSpanishsｅｔtlemeｎtsｉnｃludedSanｔaFｅ，SaｎAnｔonio,Tucsｏn,SanDiego,LｏsAngｅｌｅsaｎdSaｎＦranｃiｓcｏ.ＭoｓtSｐanｉｓhsｅttlementｓweｒealoｎgtｈeCａlｉｆoｒniａcｏasｔｏｒtheSａntaＦeRiｖerｉnＮewMexiｃｏ．２、法国殖民地ＴheterｒｉｔoｒｙofNewＦrancｅextｅｎdeｄｆrｏmNｅwｆｏundｌandtotheRｏckyMountainsandfrｏｍHｕdsonＢaｙtoｔｈeＧulfofMexico.Ｔheteｒritorｙwaｓdivｉdeｄinfiｖeｃoloniｅs,ｅachｗithｉtsownadｍinisｔratｉon:Canａda,Acadia,HｕdｓｏｎＢay,ＮewfｏｕnｄlａndanｄＬouisｉana．英国殖民地：十三个殖民地建国(１776-1７89)ＴhethirteencoｌoniｅsbeｇａｎａｒｅbelliｏnａgaｉｎstBritisｈｒｕｌeiｎ17７５andproｃlaimｅdtheiriｎdeｐｅndenｃein177６.西进(17８９－１849）内战(1849-１8６５)重建与工业化(186５-1890）进步主义、帝国主义、一战（18９0-191８)战后与大萧条(1918－1940）二战(1940－1945)冷战开始与民权运动（１945-1964）冷战(１96４-１980)冷战结束（1９8０－1991）1991－至今Ａtｔhebｅgｉnninｇoftｈｅnewmilleｎniｕｍ,theUniteｄSｔatｅsｆouｎdｉtselfａttａckedbyIslamiｃteｒrｏrism,wｉｔhtheSepｔember11,2023attacksinｗｈich19exｔremistshijackedfourtｒａnｓcoｎtineｎｔaｌａirlinerｓaｎdｉｎｔentｉonalｌycrashｅdtwoofｔheｍintｏtheｔｗinｔowersｏftheWoｒldTradeCenｔｅrandoneｉntoｔｈePeｎtａgｏｎ．Aｓｏｆ2023,ｄeｂatｅscｏｎtinｕｅovｅraborｔiｏn,gｕｎcontrol,same-sexmaｒriage，immigrａtｉonrｅfｏrｍ,andｔheongｏｉngｗarinIｒaq.ＡnｅｗCoｎgｒｅssioｎａlｍａjoritｙpromisedtowitｈdraｗUSfoｒｃesfrｏmＩraq,howeverConｇresscontinｕestoｆundeｆｆorｔsinbotｈIrａｑａndＡfghanistaｎ.Ｉntheａｒeaoffｏreignpｏlｉcy，ｔheU.S.mainｔａinsｏｎgoingｔalkｓwｉthNoｒthKｏｒeaoveritsｎuｃlearwｅaｐｏnsprogram,aswｅllaｓwithIsｒaelaｎdtheＰalestiniａｎＡuｔｈoriｔyoｖeratwo-stａｔesoｌutiｏｎtotｈeIsｒaｅli-Ｐaleｓｔｉniaｎcｏnｆlｉct；thePａlestｉnｉan－Israelitａｌｋsbｅgaｎｉｎ2０2３，ａｎｅffoｒｔspearｈｅadedbyUnitedStatｅｓSeｃrｅtaryｏfStateHYPEＲLＩＮＫ""\*ＭERGEFＯRMAＴCoｎdolｅezｚaRiｃe.第二章美国人之一：欧裔美国人一、美国移民状况简介(一）历史上的移民数量Ｉｎｔhｅｌasｔfourceｎturies,５5miｌlionpeoplehavｅiｍmｉgratedtotｈiscｏuｎtry.Aｓofnｏw,theUniｔedStatesaｄmitsｍoreimmigｒantsthanalltheotｈerindｕsｔｒializedcouｎtｒieｓcｏmbined．Ｉnthelate１990s,itwasestiｍａtedthａｔａbouｔonemｉllionｌeｇalimmigrａｎts,ｐｌｕsadditｉｏnal500,0０0ilｌegalｉｍmｉｇrａnts，aｒrｉvｅdｉｎtｈeＵnitedStateseverｙyear.(AＣS2２）(二)不同时代的移民当今美国种族构成(AmｅｒicanRaciａlMaｋeuｐ)BaｓｅｄonapopuｌａｔionｃlｏckｍaiｎtainｅdbyｔheU.S.CensｕｓBureau,thecuｒrenｔU.S．populaｔion，ａsof5:20GＭT（ESＴ+5）Auｇusｔ14,2023is３04,865,108２０２3Cｅnsｕs2023RａceNuｍberPercentageＰｅrceｎtａｇeInｔoｔaｌ281，421,906100?Hispanｉc/Ｌatiｎo35.3mｉlｌion１３14.８Whｉtｅ211.４million75．17６Black34.6mｉｌlion1２.３１2.4Aｓian10.2milliｏn3.６1３.1,4.4%ＡmericanＩndｉanandAlasｋaNａｔivｅｓ2.4ｍｉllioｎ0.92.4,０.8％ＮａtiｖｅHaｗａiｉaｎｓaｎdotheｒPacifｉｃＩslandeｒs０.4mｉlｌion0.10.４,0.14％Ｏtheｒraｃeｓ1５.３ｍillioｎ5.56.4％Twoorｍoｒｅｒaceｓ6.８mｉllion2.46.1，2.0%二、最初二百年的欧洲来客TｈｅEarlｙImmｉgｒanｔs,1600-18００(一)哥伦布“发现”美洲ChriｓtｏpherColumbus的四次航行TｈeＦiｒstVoyａｇe(1492-149３)；TｈeSecｏndVoyage（14９３-1４96）；TheThiｒdVoｙagｅ(1498-1500)；TheＦourthVoyａge（15０2-1504）(二）地理大发现的历史背景1、十字军东征和征服世界的思想与中国的比较Ｂeｔween1４05and1433,theMinｇｇoveｒｎmｅｎtｓｐoｎsoreｄaseriesofsevｅnｎavalexｐediｔｉons.ＥmｐerｏrＹｏｎｇｌedesigneｄthemtoesｔabliｓhaChinｅseｐrｅsencｅ，imposeimperiaｌcontrolｏｖerｔrade，andｉmpresｓfoｒeiｇnpｅoplesinｔｈｅＩｎdiａnOceanbasin．Hｅalsomiｇhｔｈavewanｔeｄtoextendtheｔrｉbｕｔarysystｅｍ,bywhｉchＣhiｎｅｓedｙｎaｓｔiestraditionaｌｌyrｅcognizｅdforeignpｅoｐles.中国人的德化思想2、文艺复兴和科学技术进步TheRｅnaiｓsａnｃe３、封建主义的衰落和商业的兴起TheＤeclｉneofFｅuｄａｌismandGrowthoｆTradｅ艰难的航行ＪourneyｏfHardshipｓ1、FｉnaｎciａlCost；２、DｉsmalLｉｖingＣoｎdiｔions：Overcrowｄiｎg,Diseases，HｕngｅrＡ1752ｖoyage3、缘何背井离乡?WhｙDidTheyＧo?（１)EconｏmicＤifficulty;(２)ReligiｏuｓPersecｕｔion；(3)PoliticalSｕｐｐｒｅsｓiｏn（四）各国的殖民地（五)ＴｈeEnglish来自英伦三岛的移民１、新英格兰：清教徒的社会清教思想ＰurｉtanIdeology对彼岸世界的向往;强调真实的“重生”的宗教体验；强调与上帝的直接交流；严谨的生活方式;强调现实的成就;尊重法律和契约;重视教育（2)发展教育；(3)民主的制度2、大西洋中部沿海殖民地:(1）实践宗教自由;（2）多元的异质的社会和文化３、南部的殖民地ＣoloniesiｎｔheSouth（1)向往希腊贵族的生活;（２)为追求财富而远渡重洋;（3）严格的社会等级制度三、ＴｈeOlｄIｍｍigｒａnts,180０-1880十九世纪的“老移民”（一）迁移的因素ＲeａsonsforEmｉgratｉｏn工业化带来的贫困InduｓtrializatｉonaｎdPoverty2、人口增长和外迁限制的解除PopulationGｒowthanｄtｈeRelaxatiｏnｏｆＥmiｇｒaｔionReｓtｒicｔｉｏｎｓ３、宗教迫害IntｅnsｉｆiedReliｇiｏｕsPersｅcｕtiｏn交通工具的改善TｒaｎｓportａtｉｏnＲevolution(二）四个重要民族群体Foｕrmaｉｎgroups1、TheIｒｉｓh饥寒交迫的爱尔兰人:TheGreatFaｍine大饥荒2、人数最多的德国人ＴheＧｅrmａns:Thelａｒｇeｓtgroｕp3、英国人ThｅEnｇlｉｓh;4、北欧人TheScandinａviaｎｓ(1)ＲelｉgiouｓPerｓeｃution;（2)CｏnscｒｉptionLaws；（３)NoUniveｒsａlSuffraｇｅ(4)ＲiｇidCｌassＳysteｍ四、TｈeNeｗImmigraｎｔs,１880－１９20世纪之交的新移民（一）移民主体MａｊｏｒGrｏupｓＦｒomｓoｕｔhernａndeasteｒnEuｒope:Ｉｔaly,Russia,Aｕｓtｒo-ＨungaｒianＥmpire，BａlticCｏｕntrｉesＦroｍ１8８1to１91０,3ｍillionItａlianssaｉlｅdｆｏrtheUnｉteｄStateｓ.(二）SlｏwｉngＤoｗnoｆＩmｍｉgratiｏｎTｈeImmｉｇratiｏｎActof１９２4，ｏrＪoｈnson－ReｅｄAct,iｎcludｉngtｈeNaｔionａlOｒiginsＡct,ＡsｉanExcluｓiｏｎAct,waｓaＵｎiｔeｄStａｔesｆederalｌaｗthａｔlimiteｄｔheｎumbeｒofimｍigranｔsｗhｏcoｕｌdbｅaｄmittｅｄｆromanyｃounｔryｔo2%ｏftｈenumberｏfpeoplefｒomthatcｏuntrywhｏweｒealreadylｉviｎgintｈeUnitedStaｔｅsin18９0,ａｃｃorｄｉｎgtotheCeｎsusoｆ189０．ItｅｘcludｅdimｍigraｔioｎofAsians.Itsuｐｅrseｄedｔhｅ１9２1EｍｅrgencyQuｏtａAct.ＴhelawｗasaiｍeｄatfｕrtｈerresｔrictingtheSoutｈernandＥastｅrnEuropeaｎswhｏｗeｒeｉmmigratinginlargｅnumbeｒsstaｒtingiｎthe18９0s,aswellasproｈibitｉnｇtheimmigratioｎofEastAｓiａｎsaｎdAsianＩndians.（三）迁移因素：家乡经济的衰落Depressiｏnintｈehoｍecounｔry.Theyliｖｅdｉnhoｕsesｏfstraworevｅninrｏｃｋcａves."Wewｏｕlｄhaｖeｅateｎeaｃhｏtherhａｄweｓｔayｅd"，someimmiｇrantssaid(ＡCS37).四、移民精神：勇敢无畏；开拓进取;追求光明与幸福建造“山颠之城”（CityUpｏｎtheHiｌｌ）我们为了美好的未来，要舍弃过去，开拓未来!第三章美国人之二：非洲移民ＡfｒicanＡmｅrｉcａns一、奴隶贸易(一)欧洲种植园的兴起1、蔗糖之发现;2、蔗糖种植业与奴隶劳动之使用;3、种植园的扩张（二）跨大西洋奴隶贸易；（三）美国的种植园与奴隶;(四)奴隶贸易的严禁Ｂｒｉtａinoutlawｅdtheｓｌavｅｔrａｄeｉｎ１807.ThｅUｎｉｔｅdStａtesｄidsonin1808.Cuｂawasｔheｌａｓttooutlaｗslavery,iｎ1888.二、美国国内的废奴运动(二）废奴运动中的著名人物PｅｒｓonalitiesiｎtｈeAboｌitｉoｎｉｓtMovemｅnｔ1.“地下铁路”的向导－塔布曼;２．“我也要自由”-斯格特；３．布朗ＤuringtheKａnsasｃampaigｎheｋillｅdfivｅpro-slａveｒysouthernerｓinwhatbecamｅknownasthePottawａtoｍｉｅMaｓsacreiｎMay1856，inrｅsｐｏnsetoｔheraidoｆtｈｅ＂freesｏｉｌ"ｃitｙｏｆLaｗrence.Brｏｗn＇smostfａｍousdeedwａｓtｈe1８5９raiｄhｅｌedontheｆeｄerａlarmoryatHarperｓFeｒｒy,Vｉrginia(iｎｍodeｒｎ-dayWesｔVirgiｎｉa).（三)奴隶制度的废除LiｎcolｎiｓsuedhisｆinａlEmaｎｃipationPｒoclａmationｏｎＪanuarｙ１,１863．ThatoｎthefirｓtdayofJanｕaｒyｉnthｅｙeａrｏfｏurLｏrｄ,onｅthoｕsandｅｉghthundrｅｄanｄsixｔy－ｔhrｅe,allpersoｎsheldasslaveswitｈiｎanｙｓtate，ｏrｄesignatｅdpaｒtofastaｔe,theｐeoplewｈereoftｈeｎceforｗａrd，ａｎdforeverfreｅ;andtheexecｕtivｅgovｅrnmentoｆｔhｅUnitedＳtates[includinｇthｅｍiliｔaryandnavaｌautｈoritythｅreof]will，dｕｒiｎｇthecｏｎｔinuaｎceinｏfficｅｏfthepresentincumbｅnｔs,reｃogｎize[andmaintａiｎthｅｆreedｏmｏf]suｃｈｐersｏns，ａsbeingfrｅe,ａndwｉlｌdonｏaｃtｏｒａctstoreｐresssuchpｅrsons,orａnyoftｈem,ｉnａnｙｅｆfoｒtsthｅymaymａkｅfortheｉrａｃtｕaｌfｒeｅdｏm．向往自由,获得自由．．．.．.三、内战后南方种族状况(一)经济上的佃农制(ｃrop-shａriｎg）Sｈareｃroｐｆａrmｅrsweｒeloanedaploｔoflandｔowork,ａｎdinexcｈａｎgｅoｗedtｈeownerａsｈareoftｈecropattheeｎｄｏftheseason．（二）政治上限制黑人的选举权;（三)社会交往中的隔离制；(四)私刑制(ｌynchiｎｇ）四、黑人的回应（一)BooｋeｒT.Wａｓhingtoｎ：FｒomslaｖetｏｕｎiveｒsiｔypresｉdｅntHewasfｒｅedfromslａｖerｙasachｉｌd,gaiｎｅdanｅｄuｃaｔｉon,aｎdasayoungｍanwasaｐpoｉnteｄtoleaｄＴｕskegeｅInsｔituｔe,ｔhenatｅacherｓ'collegeforblaｃks．From18９５-1９１5ｈｅwａssaｉｄtｏbeｔheｍosｔpｏｗeｒfｕlAfｒｉcaｎ-Ameｒicａnmaninthｅnatiｏn.（二)民权运动CivilRightｓMovemｅnt1．民权运动的组织:NＡAＣP(NationalＡｓsociａｔionfｏrthｅAdvａnｃemenｔoｆColoredPeople)主张积极地争取权利2．美国最高法院的判决TｈeSuｐremeCｏurｔｉｎ1954ｄeclareｄtｈatracialｓeｇregａｔioninpublｉcｓｃｈｏｏｌｓｗａsunconstｉtutiｏnal.3.民间自发运动19５5Monｔgomerybuｓboycott４．全国学生运动：反对隔离５.ＭarｔｉnLutｈｅｒＫing:ATrueAmeriｃaｎHeｒo（1）ＭarｔinLuthｅrＫｉnｇ在美国和世界的影响（2)MａiｎＡｃｔivitieｓＭontgｏｍeｒyBusＢoycott,1955SouthernChrｉstiaｎLeａdershiｐConferｅnｃｅPoorＰeople'sCａmpaigｎ,1９68Ａssasｓinatｉon（３)ＴheIdeasｏfDr.MａrtinLutherKingＢ.Tｈeconceptof“sｏmebodinｅss”"Evｅrybodycaｎbｅｇreａｔ.．.bｅｃauseａnybｏｄyｃanserve.Ｙoudon'ｔｈａveｔohaveacoｌlegｅdegrｅetｏｓerve．Ｙoudon'tｈａｖｅtomakｅｙｏuｒsubｊectandvｅrｂagreｅtoserve．yoｕonlyneｅdahearｔfullｏfgｒace.aｓoｕlgeneｒatｅdbylovｅ."C.NonviｏｌenceanｄLoveIbｅlｉevethatunarmｅdｔruthａｎdunｃonditｉonallovewiｌlｈavｅthefiｎalwｏrｄinｒｅality.Ｔhaｔiswhyｒigｈt,tｅmpｏｒaｒiｌｙdefeａted，ｉsstronｇerthaneviltriumphanｔD.ＦearlessｎeｓsIfamanhasn'tdiscoｖeｒeｄsoｍeｔhinｇthathewilldiefoｒ,hｅｉsn'ｔfｉｔtolive．(4)我有一个梦想(三）民权运动的成就196４CiviｌRightsＡｃtTheactｏｕｔlａweddiｓｃrｉｍinatiｏnontｈebａｓisofrace,cｏlｏr,religion,sex,ornａtionａlorigｉn,nｏtoｎｌｙinpublｉｃaccommodation,ｂｕtalsｏiｎeｍployment.AnEｑuａｌEmplｏｙmｅntOpｐortｕnityＣomｍissionwasestaｂlisｈedｔoｉnvｅstiｇateａndjudgecomｐlaiｎtsｏｆjｏbdiｓcrimｉnatｉon.Tｈeａcｔalｓｏａuthorizedthegovernｍeｎttowiｔhholdｆundsfrｏｍｐublicagｅnｃｉesthaｔdiscrｉｍinatedonthebasisofrace,anｄitempoweredtheatｔoｒneｙgeneｒalｔoｇuａranteｅvｏtingｒigｈtsandｅnｄsｃhoｏlseｇｒegａtion.(ＡCＳ86)19６５VotｉngＲiｇhｔsＡcｔIｔeｍｐoweredtheatｔorneygeneraltosｕｐervisevoｔeｒｒegistratiｏniｎarｅａswherｅfeweｒthａnｈａlfｔｈｅminorityrｅｓｉｄｅntsoｆvoｔinｇageｗeｒereｇisterｅｄ．(AＣS８6)五、黑人状况的改善(一)Deｓeｇreｇation去除种族隔离我们终于一起上学了!（二)黑人地位的提高ＤemｏｃraｔicpresidenｔialcandｉｄateObａma.CoｎdoleｅzzａRicｅGeｎeralＣｏlinL．Pｏｗelｌ六、黑人崛起任重道远（一）较低的社会经济地位1、经济In1999,thｅmedｉanincoｍeoｆＡfriｃａn-Americanfamｉlieｓｗas$３3,25５comparｅdto$５3,356ofEuｒoｐｅaｎAｍｅｒicaｎs.Ｎａtiｏnwide,ｔhｅSepteｍber202３ｕnemploymｅntｒaｔeforblacｋｓwas1０．3%，whiletheirｗhiｔecounteｒpartｓwｅｒeｕnemploｙedatｔherａtｅof４.7％．Halｆtheｗhitesliｖeinthｅｓuｂurbs，onlyａfourｔhoftｈeblａcksdoｓo.Over４0%ofａllblackchiｌｄｒenliveiｎpovertｙ.2、政治；3、生活(二）一些错误观念1、依赖思想；2、受害者情结；3、家庭伦理松弛第四章华裔一、简史(一）－185０ＴheｆirｓtChｉnesｅimmｉｇrａntsarｒｉvedin18２0ａｃcordｉｎgtoU.S.ｇovｅrnｍenｔrecｏrdｓ.Feｗｅｒthan1，000areｋnowntｏhaveaｒrｉｖedbｅforeｔhe1848CａｌｉfornｉaGoｌｄRush．(二)1８５0-1８80Ｔherｅwerｅ25，000imｍｉgrａｎtsby1８52,aｎd105,46５bｙ1880,mostoｆwhｏmliｖｅdoｎtheＷeｓtＣoaｓｔ.MｏｓtoftheearlyｉmmigrantsｗeｒｅｙoｕngmaｌｅsｗithloweducatioｎａlleveｌsfromtheGｕangdｏngprovince.(三)1880－１965AsaresultoftheChｉneｓｅExｃｌusioｎActof1882,tｈｅｉnflowofChinｅseiｍmigrantswasｄrastｉｃallycｕrｔailed,doｗntoleｓｓthaｎ1,000.(ＡCＳ6９).TｈeChinｅseExclｕsionActｗaｓｒｅpealedｂythe1943MagnusｏnAcｔ,wｈichｐerｍitteｄChiｎeｓenatｉoｎalsalrｅａdyｒｅsidｉngｉntｈｅcouｎtｒytobｅｃomenaｔuｒaliｚedciｔｉzenｓ.Iｔalsｏaｌloweｄanatioｎａlquoｔaof10５Chinesｅimmiｇranｔｓpｅｒｙｅar,althougｈlａrgｅscａleChinｅseimmiｇraｔiondidnｏtｏccurunｔilthepasｓageofthｅImmiｇraｔionActof196５.(四）19６5－ImmigraｔionandNａtioｎａｌityAｃｔof1965abｏlisｈedtｈｅnａtionａl-orｉginquotａｓthａthａdbeenｉnplaceｉnｔｈeUniｔedStatesｓincetheＩmｍｉgratiｏnActｏf1924.Anannuaｌlimｉｔatｉoｎof17０，00０ｖiｓaｓｗaseｓtablｉsｈedforiｍmｉｇraｎtｓfｒｏmEasternHemiｓpｈerｅcounｔrｉｅswithｎoｍoreｔhａn２0,０00ｐeｒcountry.By1968,thｅannuａllimitationfroｍtheWestｅrnHｅmisｐhｅrｅwassetat120,000immigrants,withｖisaｓavａilableonaｆirst－ｃome,firｓt－servedbasis.Ｄuringthe19７0'ｓ，thｅvａsｔmaｊｏriｔyｏｆｅｔhniｃChｉneｓeimmiｇｒaｔioｎintｏｔｈeUnitedStateｓwasfrｏmHongKｏngaｎdfｏllｏwedｂytheＲepuｂlicofＣhinaｏnＴaiwan.Durｉｎgthe1９8０'s,ｉｎpartduetotｈelibｅｒalｉｚatioｎｏfeｍigｒａtioｎｒestrictionsintｈeｍid-1970s，immigｒationｆroｍthｅmainlａndChinａbｅｃaｍｅalargerfractionoｆｅthｎｉcChineseimｍigrａｔionintothｅＵnitｅdStatｅs.二、The１882ChiｎｅｓeExcｌｕsioｎＡcｔ1、国会通过排华法案ＴｈeChiｎesｅExcluｓionActeｘcludｅdＣhｉnese"skiｌleｄａnｄunskilledｌabｏrersandＣhiｎｅseemployedinmiｎiｎg"fromｅｎteriｎgtｈecountryfｏrtenyearsｕnderpenａltyofimprisｏｎｍentａｎddeportaｔｉoｎ.ＴhefewCｈｉnesenoｎ-laborｅrswｈowisｈedtｏiｍｍigratehadtoｏｂtaincｅｒｔiｆicatｉonfromtheＣhinesegoveｒnment.ＡnyＣhiｎesｅwholｅfttheUｎiｔｅdStatｅshadtooｂtａinｃｅrtｉfiｃａtｉoｎsfｏrｒeｅntｒyTheＡctmadｅChineseimmigrantsｐｅrmanentaliｅnｓbyｅxcludingthemｆrｏmU.Ｓ.citizenｓhip．Amｅndmenｔsｍａdeiｎ1８84tightenedtheprｏｖｉsionsｔhatａllｏweｄｐreｖiouｓｉmmiｇｒanｔstｏｌeａveandreturn,andｃlariｆｉedｔhａttheｌａwaｐpliｅdtoｅｔhniｃCｈinesereｇaｒdleｓｓofthｅiｒｃｏｕntryoｆorigin.TheAcｔwａsreneｗeｄｆoｒteｎyearsｂyｔhｅ18９2ＧeａrｙAct,aｎｄａgaｉnwｉｔhnotｅrminaldateｉn1902.ＴheAct's1902exteｎｓionalｓorｅqｕｉｒed"eａｃｈCｈinｅsｅｒesidenｔtoregiｓteraｎｄoｂｔainａｃeｒtifｉcateofreｓideｎce.Ｗitｈoutaｃertificatｅ，hｅorｓheｆａceｄdｅｐortaｔｉon."2、因素（1）经济竞争ReportoftheＪｏintSpｅcialＣommiｔtｅeｔoInvｅstｉgateＣｈineseＩmmｉｇrationｓａｙｓ,"TｈiseviｄenｃeshｏwｓthatthｅChinesｅhavｅreduｃedwagestoｗhaｔwouldbesｔａrvationprｉcesfoｒwｈｉtemenanｄｗomｅn,anｄｅngrｏssｅｄsｏmuchofthelaborｉntheｖariouscallinｇsｔhａtthereｉｓlacｋoｆemploymentforwhｉtes．"(2）文化差异Ｎon-Chｒｉstｉan,"stｒａngｅrsfromadifferｅｎｔshore"（３)自身的弱点PolitｉｃalＩnｄifｆerenceandbadsocialcuｓtｏms鸦片、妓院、赌博、裹足等(4)十九世纪下半叶美国种族歧视加重三、如何面对歧视（一）不必胆怯、不必抱怨(二)为其他种族的成就而快乐（三)积极奉献于本地社会(四)运用法律武器保护自己的权益四、华人对美国社会的奉献（一）Launｄry(二)BuildingＷeｓteｒｎhaｌfｏｆthｅTransｃontinentａlraｉlroａd（三）BuildingleｖｅesinｔhｅSａｃramentoＲiverDｅltａ（四）DevｅloｐinganｄｃultivatiｎgmuｃhoftheＷｅsternUSfａrｍlanｄ（五)Reｃenttechnｏｌogiｃaldｅｖelopmentｓａndotherarｅaｓ五、ＴienChａng－linanｄElａineChaoCｈapter５AmeriｃａnPoｌｉｔｉcsﻩﻩ 美国政治一、美国宪法(一)美国的自由宪章ChａrtｅｒｏfFrｅedom(自由宪章）：独立宣言、宪法、权利法案(二)美国宪法的原则1、RｕlebｙLaw法治（Nｏpersoｎ）ｓhallbｅdeｐｒivｅdofｌifｅ,liberty,oｒpｒoperty,wｉthouｔdueprocesｓｏｆlaw；ｎｏrｓhallpｒiｖatepropｅrtybeｔakenfoｒpuｂlｉｃuｓe,wiｔｈｏｕtjusｔcoｍpensaｔiｏn．（TｈeＦiftｈAmendmｅnt)2、PopｕlarＳoｖｅrｅigntｙ主权在民《独立宣言》中称：Weholdtｈesetrutｈstｏbｅself-evident,thatａｌｌｍenarｅcｒeatｅdequal,thａttheyaｒeenｄoｗedbｙｔｈeirCreatorwｉthcertainｕnａlienａｂleRights,thataｍonｇｔｈeseareLｉfe，ＬiｂｅrtyandtheｐursuitofHaｐｐｉnｅｓｓ．--Thaｔtｏｓｅcｕretheｓeｒightｓ,GoｖｅrnｍenｔｓareｉnstitｕtｅdamoｎｇMeｎ,ｄeｒiviｎgtheirｊustpoｗeｒsｆrｏｍtｈecｏnｓeｎｔofｔhegｏｖｅrned,-－ThaｔwheneveranyFormofGovernｍentbecomｅsｄestructiveｏfｔhｅseenｄs,iｔistｈｅRｉghｔoｆtheＰeopletoalｔeroｒtoabｏlishiｔ,andtoｉnｓtituｔenewGｏvernmeｎｔ,lａｙingiｔsfounｄationoｎsuchpｒiｎciｐｌesａndｏrgaｎizｉnｇitｓpｏwerｓｉnｓuｃhfｏrm,aｓtothemshalｌseｅｍmosｔlikｅｌｙtoeffｅcttheirSａfetyandＨappiness.３、SepａrationofPｏwerｓ三权分立4、JuｄiciaｌReviｅw司法审查JudiciａlreｖiewintheUnｉtｅｄSｔaｔeｓrefeｒstｏtheｐoweｒofacouｒttｏrｅvieｗtheａｃtionｓofpuｂlｉcｓectoｒbodiesinterｍsofｔheｉｒlawfulnesｓ，ortoreｖiｅwｔhecoｎｓｔｉtutionalitｙoｆasｔatuｔeoｒtrｅaty,ortｏｒeｖiewanadministrativerｅgulatｉonｆｏrcｏnsiｓtencywｉtheiｔｈeｒaｓｔatutｅ,atrｅaty,ｏrtheＣｏnstituｔioｎｉｔself．5、CiviliａnSｕpremacｙinMｉlitaryMatteｒs文官治军军人干政：智利、巴基斯坦６、ProtectiｏｎofIndiviｄualRｉｇｈtｓ保护个人权利拥有武器的权利、免于残酷处罚的权利7、Federalism联邦制(ＡCS101)Thｒｅekindsofgｏveｒnmeｎt（1)ＵniｔarySｙstｅm中央集权制（2)ＣonfedｅrａｔeSyｓtem邦联制Ｃonｆederation：Thecommｏnｃeｎｔralagencyiｎaconfeｄeｒatiｏnmayｄiscussandadviｓesｅpａrateｍattｅrs,butｉthasｎomｅaningｆuｌpower.Inｓtead,eachｍemberretainsultiｍaｔegovernmentalａuthｏriｔy.(ACS)(3）FedｅｒａlＳyｓｔｅｍ联邦制Acompromｉｓｅbetｗeenuniｔarｙanｄcｏnｆｅdｅrａtｅpolitｉcａlorgaｎizatｉon．Ｔhｅreisadiｖiｓionｏfｐoｌiｔicalauthoｒｉｔy．Theｒearecertaｉnpowersｔｈａｔboｔhｌevelshａve.Thetwocaｎｃｏopｅraｔe，fｏｒexampｌeｔhrｏughｇrants-in-aid．(AＣS）（三）权利法案的十项权利FｉrstＡmenｄｍent–EｓtａbliｓhmｅntＣｌause,ＦｒeｅEｘeｒｃiseＣｌaｕse;freｅｄomofspeｅcｈ，ｏftheｐress,aｎｄofassembｌy;rightｔopetｉｔionCoｎｇrｅssshａllｍａkenoｌａｗｒesｐectinｇanestablishmentofrｅｌigion,orｐrohｉbitｉｎgtheｆrｅｅexercｉｓｅtｈｅreof；oｒaｂｒidｇiｎｇtｈeｆｒeｅｄomｏｆｓpeech,ｏrｏftｈepｒeｓｓ;ortherightoftheｐｅopｌepeaｃｅａｂlyｔoaｓseｍbｌｅ,ａndtｏpｅtitiｏnthｅGoｖeｒnmentfｏraｒedresｓoｆｇrievａnｃes.SｅcondAmendｍent–Ｒighttokeepandｂearａrｍs.AｗellrｅgulａtedMilitiabeingｎecessaｒytotｈeseｃuritｙｏfafreeStaｔe，ｔheｒightofthｅpｅoｐlｅtoｋeepａndbeａｒAｒｍs,ｓhａllnotbeiｎfrｉnged.ThirdAmｅnｄmeｎt–Proteｃtioｎfrｏｍqｕａｒtｅｒｉngoftｒooｐｓ．NoＳoldｉeｒsｈall,ｉｎｔiｍeofpeacebequarｔeｒｅdinａnyhouse,wiｔhoｕtｔheconｓentofthｅOｗner,norinｔimｅofｗａr,buｔｉnamaｎneｒtoｂepresｃribedbyｌａw.FoｕrtｈＡmｅｎdmenｔ–Prｏteｃtionfromｕｎreasｏnableｓeａrchandseizurｅ．Therightofthepeopleｔｏbｅseｃuｒｅintheirperｓonｓ，hｏusｅｓ,paperｓ，ａnｄeffects,ａgaｉnｓtunreasoｎａｂlｅseａｒchesａndseizures,shａｌｌnotbevｉolated,ａndnoWarｒantsshａllｉssｕe,butupｏnprobableｃaｕse,supｐortedbｙOathoｒaffirmaｔion,andｐａｒticularlｙdｅscriｂｉngtheplａceｔoｂｅsearｃhed,andthｅpersoｎsorthｉｎgstｏbｅseized.ＦiftｈAmenｄｍent–dｕｅprｏｃｅｓｓ，dｏublejeopａrdy,seｌf-ｉncriｍinａtｉoｎ，ｅmiｎeｎtdｏmain.Ｎｏpｅrｓonshａllｂehｅldtoanｓｗerforanｙcapｉtal，orｏtherwiseinfamｏuscrime,ｕnｌesｓoｎａｐreseｎtｍｅntorｉnｄｉcｔmeｎtoｆaGrａｎdJｕry,exceptincasesarｉsｉｎｇinｔhｅlandornavａｌforces,orｉｎｔheＭilitｉa,wｈenｉnacｔｕalserviceintimeoｆWarorpublicdａｎgｅr;nｏrshaｌlａnypersｏnbesuｂjecｔforthesａｍeofｆenceｔobｅｔwicｅｐutinjeｏparｄyoflifeoｒｌimb;nｏrshallｂｅcomｐelｌeｄinanycrimiｎaｌｃasｅtobeaｗｉtnessagainsthiｍsｅlf，norbedepｒivedｏｆlｉfｅ,liｂeｒｔy,oｒpｒｏｐerty,ｗithoutduｅprocｅssoｆlaw；noｒshallprivateｐropertybetaｋenforpｕbｌicｕse,ｗithoｕｔjｕｓｔcompensation.ＳixthAmｅｎdｍeｎt–Ｔｒialbyｊurｙandｒightsoftｈeaccｕsed;ConfrontatiｏnClaｕse,ｓpeedytrｉal,ｐuｂliｃtriａl,rｉgｈttocｏunsｅlInallcｒiminａlpｒoseｃuｔions,ｔheａccuseｄshallenjoytｈeｒiｇhｔtoasｐｅedyandpublictrial,byaｎｉｍpartialjurｙoftheStａteanｄdiｓtrｉctｗhereｉnthecrimesｈａlｌhavebeｅｎcomｍitｔｅｄ,whicｈdistｒictshallhａveｂeenｐｒevｉｏuｓlyaｓceｒtaineｄbylaw,anｄtｏbｅｉnformedｏftｈenａtureaｎdcａuseofｔheaccusａtion;tｏbeｃｏｎfrontedwｉthtｈeｗitnｅｓsｅｓａgainsthim;ｔohaveｃｏmpuｌsoryｐｒｏcｅssfoｒobtaｉningwiｔｎesｓｅsinhisfavor,aｎdtｏｈaveｔｈeAssiｓtancｅoｆCounselfoｒhisdｅｆｅnｓe．SeｖeｎthＡｍendｍent–Cｉviｌtrｉalbｙjury.Insｕitｓａtcｏmmｏnlaw,ｗherｅｔhevaluｅincontroversyｓhallｅxｃeedｔｗentydollars,therigｈtoftｒｉａｌｂｙjurｙshallbepreｓｅrｖｅd,ａndnofaｃtｔrieｄbyajuｒy,shａllbeotｈｅrwiｓere-eｘaｍｉneｄinａｎyｃｏuｒtoftheUnitedStates,thａnaｃｃｏｒdingtotheruｌesofthecｏmmoｎｌaw．EigｈｔhAmｅndment–Ｐrohibitionｏfexcｅssivｅbailandcｒuelanduｎusuaｌｐunishｍｅnt.Excｅssivebaｉｌshallnotbｅreqｕｉred，noreｘceｓsiveｆinesimｐosed,norcruelanｄｕｎusualpunｉshｍentsinfｌicted.ＮｉnｔｈAmｅndｍent–PrｏｔecｔｉonofrightsnotｓpｅcｉfiｃaｌlｙenｕmｅraｔeｄinｔheBｉllｏfRｉgｈts.TheｅnuｍeｒａtioｎintｈｅCoｎsｔｉtutｉon,ｏfceｒtａｉnrights，ｓhalｌnｏtbecｏnstrｕedｔodｅnyordiｓpａrageotherｓretａinedｂytheｐｅople.TenthＡmendmeｎt–Powerｓｏfsｔatesandpeoplｅ．TｈeｐｏｗｅrｓnotdｅｌｅｇateｄtotheUnｉteｄSｔatｅsbyｔｈeConstitution,ｎorpｒｏhibiｔｅdbyitｔotｈeｓtａteｓ，arereｓervedtothｅstatesｒｅspｅｃtiｖeｌy，oｒｔothepeopｌe．二、总统（一）总统的职权1、国家元首Headｏfthesｔatｅ2、行政长官ChiefexecutiveHeiｓrｅsｐonsiblｅfortaｋingcａｒeｔｈatthｅｌawsarefaｉｔhfuｌlｙeｘecuteｄ,preｐaringtheａnnualbudgeｔ，seｔtingrulesfｏrｔhecivｉｌsｅrvｉce，ｅncouraｇingefｆiciｅntadmiｎisｔratｉveｐrａcｔｉces，seeｉnｇtｈａtｈonesｔｙ,efficienｃｙ，ｌoyaltｙ,andｆｒugaｌitypｒevａiltｈrougｈｏutthｅadｍｉnｉstrａtion．3、首席外交官ChｉｅfdiploｍatＳecｒｅcｙ,disｐatｃh（快速传达）,ｕnitｙ，contｉnuity，andaccesstｏｉnfｏrmation４、武装部队总司令Cｏmｍanｄeｒｉncｈｉefｏftｈearｍedforces5、首席立法者ChieflegislatorＰreseｎtingtheanｎｕalｂuｄget,introduciｎgａndseekiｎgpassａgｅofaｌegｉsｌativeprogｒam，vetoｐowｅｒ,pｏcketveto.6、其他角色：党的领袖等Otheｒrｏｌes：heａdofｈispoｌｉticａlparty;mainｔａinｉngdｏmesticorder；rｅsｐonsiblｅｆorｔheecoｎomicheａltｈ,protectiｏｎｏfｔhｅeｎvironmｅｎｔａndeｎergy,safeguardｉｎgｔhefaｍiｌy,anｄｓtｒengtheｎingeducａｔiｏn.（二)对总统权威的限制Aｕthorityｒestraiｎed1．FｒoｍtheCongresｓ；２．FｒｏmｔhｅSuｐreｍｅCｏurt；3．Fromｔhecivilｓｏcｉetｙ媒体、反对党、人民团队等；４．Ｆｏur－ｙeａrｔerｍ;5.Banｏnathiｒｄｔｅｒｍ；6.Qualifｉｃatiｏnsｏｆｔhｅpoｗerｏftheveto(三)美国的政府部门1.Agrｉculture；2.Ｃomｍeｒcｅ;3.Defｅnse；4.Eｄucａtion；５.Energｙ；6.HealthaｎｄHumanSｅrvｉｃes;7.ＨomelandSecurｉty;８.ＨoｕsingandUrbａnDeveloｐment９.Inｔerior;10．Jｕsｔicｅ;11．Lａboｒ；１2．Statｅ；1３．Trａｎsportａtion1４.Treaｓuｒy;15．VeteranAffairｓ（四)美国总统的选举1.QuａlifiｃationｓｆorVoｔiｎg(1)ＲesidｅncｅInorｄeｒtoｑualiｆyａｓaｖoter，ａpersonmuｓｔresiｄeｉｎhissｔａteｆｏraspｅcificperiｏdoftiｍe．Froｍsixｍoｎthstooｎeｙｅar.（2）ＲｅgistｒatｉonCｉｔｉzenｓaged１８ｏraboｖemayrｅgｉsterintheirhoｍeｔowns.Aquarterdonotrｅgｉster.2.ＰrｉｍaryｏｒCaucus:Chｏoｓｉｎgapartycandｉｄate３．Nａtｉonａlconvenｔｉoｎnomiｎatｉｏn全国大会提名4.Gｅneraｌelｅｃｔion全国大选TｈefirstTuesdaｙofNovembｅr：Voterｅleｃｔingelecｔoｒs5.选举团制度ＴheElectorａlColleｇeconsisｔsofｔhepopuｌarｌｙelectｅdreｐresentａtｉveswhoformallｙseｌecttｈｅＰresiｄenｔandVicePresiｄentofｔheUnitｅdStateｓ．Ｓｉnce１９64theeｌectoraｌcollegeｈashad5３8ｅleｃtorｓ,ｅqualtotｈｅnumbｅrｏｆitsSenaｔｏｒｓandＲepresentatiｖesｉｎthｅＵnitedStaｔｅsCoｎgreｓs.ＴheＤiｓtｒictofCｏlumbiａisｇivｅnthreｅeｌeｃtｏrs.Elｅｃｔorsplｅdgeｔoｖoteforspeｃｉfiｃcａndｉdａteｓanｄvｏteｒscａstballotｓｆｏrfavｏｒedpreｓidentｉalanｄｖiceｐreｓiｄｅntialcａndidａtesbyvｏtｉｎgfｏrｃorｒｅｓpondiｎglypｌedgｅdｅleｃtｏrｓ.Mｏsｔstatｅsallowvoｔerｓｔｏｃhｏosebetｗeenstatewｉdｅslaｔesoｆｅｌｅctorｓｐleｄgｅｄtovoｔｅｆortｈeｐｒeｓiｄｅntialａｎdviceｐresidentiａlｔickｅtsofvariｏｕsparties；ｔheｔiｃｋeｔthatrｅceiｖesthemoｓtvｏtesstatewide'ｗins'alloｆthevｏｔeｓcａstｂｙelecｔｏrsfroｍthatｓｔaｔｅ6．Inaugurａtion（五)对选举制度的评价１、优点(1)形式上的民主权利；（２)定期更换政府;(3)程序文明2、劣势（1)附和群众意见；（2)选举需要大量的金钱三、国会Congrｅss：theHouｓeandtheSeｎate(一）Ａbｉcamｅｒalinｓtｉtution两院制ＨouseofＲｅｐresｅntatives（众议院)ａｎdＳenaｔe（参议院）1、成员的人数：435和１00；2、任期：2年和6年；3、人际关系:LeｓsforｍalｉtyintｈeSenate；4、声望（Reputaｔioｎ）:Senaｔe更高(二）职能1、立法;2、修正宪法；3、弹劾、审判、罢免总统；4、调查;5、制定自身的规范;6、批准总统的任命ThePresidentｍayoｎｌｙnｏmiｎaｔeforappｏｉｎtmｅntCabinｅtoｆficｉals,judges,ａｎｄothｅrhighofficerｓｗiththe"byandwｉthtｈeaｄvｉｃeanｄｃonsｅnｔ"oftｈeＳenate.TheSenateconfirmsmoｓｔprｅsiｄentiaｌnomiｎｅｅs,buｔrｅｊｅｃtｉonｓarenoｔｕｎcoｍmon.Ｆurｔhermｏｒe,treaｔieｓnegotｉatedbｙtｈeＰresidenｔmustberaｔｉfiedbyaｔｗo-thirdsmajoriｔy