2015年职称英语理工类2014考前一周出

阅读理

扫一扫，或 号xinsiwei_edu课 更新 通知第四十八篇ResearchersDiscoverWhyHumansBeganWalkingMostofuswalkandcarryitemsinourhandseveryday.Theseareseeminglysimpleactivitiesthatthemajorityofusdon’tquestion.Butaninternationalteamofresearchers,includingDr.RiondfromGW'sColumbianCollegeofArtsandSciences，havediscoveredthathumanwalkingupright,mayhaveoriginatedmillionsofyearsagoasanadaptationtocarryingscarce,high-qualityresources.TheteamofresearchersfromtheU.S.,England,JapanandPortugalinvestigatedthebehaviorofmodern-daychimpanzeesastheycompetedforfoodresources，inanefforttounderstandwhatecologicalsettingswouldleadalargeape—onethatresemblesthe6million-yearoldancestorwesharedincommonwithlivingchimpanzees—towalkontwolegs.“Thesechimpanzeesprovideamodeloftheecologicalconditionsunderwhichourearliestancestorsmighthavebegunwalkingontwolegs,"，saidDr.Riond.Theresearchfindingssuggestthatchimpanzeesswitchtomovingontwolimbsinsteadoffourinsituationswheretheyneedtomonopolizearesource.Standingontwolegsallowsthemtocarrymuchmoreatonetimebecauseitsuptheirhands.Overtime，intenseburstsofbipedalactivitymayhaveledtoanatomicalchangesthatinturnbecamethesubjectofnaturalselectionwherecompetitionforfoodorotherresourceswasstrong.TwostudieswereconductedbytheteaminGuinea.ThefirststudywasconductedbytheteaminKyotoUniversity’s“outdoorlaboratory”inanaturalclearinginBossou .Researchersallowedthewildchimpanzeesaccesstodifferentcombinationsoftwodifferenttypesofnut—theoilpalmnut，whichisnaturallywidelyavailable,andthecoulanut,whichisnot.Thechimpanzees’behaviorwasmonitoredinthreesituations:(a)whenonlyoilpalmnutswereavailable,(b)whenasmallnumberofcoulanutswereavailable，and(c)whencoulanutswerethemajorityavailableresource.Whentherarecoulanutswereavailableonlyinsmallnumbers,thechimpanzeestransportedmoreatonetime.Similarly,whencoulanutswerethemajorityresource,thechimpanzeesignoredtheoilpalmnutsaltogether.Thechimpanzeesregardedthecoulanutsasamorehighly-prizedresourceandcompetedforthemmoreintensely.Insuch petitionsettings，thefrequencyofcasesinwhichthechimpanzeesstartedmovingontwolegsincreasedbyafactoroffour.Notonlywasitobviousthatbipedalmovementallowedthemtocarrymoreofthispreciousresource,butalsothattheywereactivelytryingtomoveasmuchastheycouldinonegobyusingeverythingavailableeventheirmouths.Thesecondstudy,byKimberleyHockingsofOxfordBrookesUniversity,wasa14-monthstudyBossouchimpanzeescrop-raiding,asituationinwhichtheyhavetocompeteforrareandunpredictableResources.Here,35percentofthechimpanzeesactivityinvolvedsomesortofbipedalmovement,andonceagain,thisbehaviorappearedtobelinkedtoaclearattempttocarryasmuchaspossibleatonetime.chimpanzeen.黑猩猩apen.猿;类人猿bipedaladj.二足的coulanuts(coula也可写作cola或kola)可乐果GW’sColumbianCollegeofArtsandSciences:乔治•大学哥伦比亚艺术与科学学院。乔治大学（GeorgeWashingtonUniversity)的英文简称为GW，是顶尖的私立大学之一，于1821年建校，位于首都。ecologicalsettings:anatomicalchaiige:都大学主要校区位于历史名城市。oilpalmnut:increasedbyafactoroffour:inonego:OxfordBrookesUniversity:牛津布鲁克斯大学，创立于1865年，是英国最具特色的综合性大学 WhichofthefollowingstatementsisNOTtrueaccordingtothefirsttwoAManypeoplequestionthesimplehumanactivitiesofwalkingandcarryingBChimpanzee’sbehaviorsmaysuggestwhyhumanswalkontwoCHumanwalkinguprightisviewedasanadaptationtocarryingpreciousDOurancestors'ecologicalconditionsresembledthoseofmodern-dayDr.RiondconductedtheexperimentwiththepurposeofAwhenhumansbeganwalkingontwoBwhatmadeourancestorswalkCwhatbenefitswalkinguprightbroughttoourDhowwalkinguprighthelpedchimpanzeesmonopolizeKyoto,University'sstudydiscoveredthatAregardedbothtypesofnutaspricedBpreferredoilpalmnutstocoulaClikedcoulanutsbetterthanoilpalmDignoredbothtypesofnutWhydidthechimpanzeeswalkontwolimbsduringKyotoUniversity'sexperiment?ABecausetheyimitatedthehumanwayofwalkingjustforfun.BBecausetheywantedtopleasetheresearcherstogetmorecoulanutsfromCBecausetheywantedtogettodienut- fasterbywalkingthatDBecausetheywantedtocarrymorenutswith WhatcanweinferfromthereadingAChimpanzeesareinthesameprocessofevolutionasourancestorsBChimpanzeesaresimilartohumansinmanyCWalkingontwolimbsandwalkingonfourlimbseachhavetheirDHumanwalkingontwolegsdevelopedasameansofB文章，科学家通过实验证实黑猩猩直立行走是为了解放前肢，让前肢搬运对其生命至关验解释人类直立行走的成因。所以B是答案，A、C、D选项不是科学家进行研究的目的。C第五段明白无误地描述了黑猩猩全然不顾油棕榈坚果（ignoredtheoilpalmnutsaltogether),集中精力抢运可乐果。所以C是答案，B、C、D的内容不符合文章原意。B、C的内容文章中没有提到，所以不是答案。DD。人类直立行走是受生态环境所迫，是人类生存的一种，直立行走是自然选择的结果。选项A和C的内容文章中没有涉及。文章中有选项B的内我们大多数人每天都走路而且手里搬着东西。这样的活动看似太简单，大多数人没有疑问。但是一个国际研究者（包括乔治•的Riond博士团队已经发现了人类直立行走可能源于数百万年以前适应搬运稀有的、高质量的资源。这些来自、英国、和葡萄牙的研究者研究了当代黑猩猩争物时的行为特征，试图对什么样的生态环境竟然导致大猿（600）直立行走作出解释。解放它们的双手，这使得它们能搬的东西。久而久之，双足活动的强烈爆发可能导致了解剖学上的变化，因此这种变化也就成为自然选择的，在那种情况下，对食物或其他资源的争夺是十有两项研究是在几内亚完成的。第一项研究是在大学博苏森林的一块天然空地——“室外实验果；（b)量的可乐果，大多数是油棕榈坚果;(c)大多数是可乐果，少数是油棕榈坚果。当二项研究是在牛津布鲁克斯大学的KimberleyHockings进行的。该研究历时14个月，是博苏的第五十CellPhonesIncreaseTraffic,PedestrianCellphonesareadangerontheroadinmorewaysthanone.Twonewstudiesshowthattalkingonthephonewhiletraveling,whetheryou'redrivingoronfoot,isincreasingbothpedestriandeathsandthoseofdriversandpassengers,and mendcrackdownsoncell1usebybothpedestriansanddrivers.Thenewstudies,lead-authoredbyRutgersUniversity,Newark,EconomicsProfessorPeterD.Loeb2,relatetheimpactofcellphonesonaccidentfatalitiestothenumberofcellphonesinuse,showingthatthecurrentincreaseindeathsresultingfromcellphoneusefollowsaperiodwhencellphonesactuallyhelpedtoreducepedestrianandtrafficfatalities.However,thisreductioninfatalitiesdisappearedoncethenumbersofphonesinusereacheda"criticalmass"3of100million,thestudyfound.Thesestudieslookedatcellphoneuseandmotorvehicleaccidentsfrom1975through2002,andfactoredin4anumberofvariables,includingvehiclespeed,alcoholconsumption,seatbeltuse,anddriven.Thestudiesfoundthecellphone-fatalitycorrelationtobetrueevenwhenincludingfactorssuchasspeed,alcoholconsumption,andseatbeltuse.Loebandhisco-authordeterminedthat,atthecurrenttime,cellphoneusehasa"significantadverseeffectonpedestriansafety"andthat“cellphonesandtheirusageaboveacriticalthresholdsaddstomotorvehiclefatalities."Inthelate1980sandpartofthe1990s,beforethenumbersofphonesexploded,cellphoneuseactuallyhada"life-savingeffect"inpedestrianandtrafficaccidents,Loebnotes."Cell-phoneusers'wereabletoquicklycallformedicalassistancewheninvolvedinanaccident.Thisquickmedicalresponseactuallyreducedthenumberoftrafficdeathsforatime,"Loebhypothesizes.However,thiswasnotthecasewhencellswerefirstusedinthemid-1980s,whentheycauseda"life-takingeffect"amongpedestrians,driversandpassengersinvehicles.Inthoseearlydays,whentherewerefewerthanamillionphones,fatalitiesincreased,saysLoeb,becausedriversandpedestriansprobablywerestilladjustingtothenoveltyofusingthem,andthereweren'tenoughcellphonesinusetomakeadifferenceinsummoninghelpfollowinganaccident,heexins.The"life-savingeffect"occurredasthevolumeofphonesgrewintotheearly1990s,andincreasingnumbersofcellswereusedtocall911followingaccidents,leadingtoadropinfatalities,exinsLoeb.Butthislife-savingeffectwascanceledout6oncethenumbersofphonesreacheda"criticalmass"ofabout100millionandthe"life-takingeffect"-increasedaccidentsandfatalitiesoutweighedthebenefitsofquickaccessto911services,accordingtoLoeb.Loebandhisco-authorsusedeconometricmodelstoyzedatafromanumberofernmentandprivatestudies.Heandhisco-authors mendthaternmentsconsidermoreaggressivepoliciestoreducecellphoneusebybothdriversandpedestrians,toreducethenumberoffatalities.词汇：crackdownn.，严惩outweighv.超过fatalityn.者econometricadj.计量经济的hypothesizev.假设，假定cell：cellphoneThenewstudies,lead-authoredbyRutgersUniversityNewark,EconomicsProfessorPeterD.Loeb...第PeterD.Loeb的新研究成果……lead-author：第一作者;lead-authored为动词的过去分词形式，具有意义。罗格斯大学纽瓦克分校是新泽西州Thetwonewstudies,lead-authoredbyProfessorPeterD.AshowthattalkingonthephonewhiledrivingorwalkinginthestreetincreasesdeathsofdriversandBshowthattalkingonthephonewhiledrivingincreasespedestrian mendthatstrictmeasuresbetakentorestraincellphoneDbothAandAccordingtothesecondparagraph,whendidcellphonesactuallyhelptoreducepedestrianandtrafficARightaftercellphoneswereBBeforethenumberofcellphoneusersreachedacriticalCWhencellphoneuserstotaledtoacertainDWhenthenumberofcellphonesdecreasedtoacertainWhatissaidaboutcellphoneuseinparagraphAThenumberofcellphonesinuseexplodedinthelate1980sandpartoftheBThenumberoftrafficdeathswasreducedinthelate1980sandpartofthe1990sduetocellphoneCCellphoneusersarelikelytobeinvolvedintrafficDTheuseofcellphoneshasalife-savingeffectforpedestriansandWhatissaidaboutcellphoneuseinthemid-1980sinparagraphAIthadalife-takingeffectbecausethereweren'tenoughcellphonesinuseBTheincreaseduseofcellphonesthencauseda"life-takingCTrafficfatalitiesincreasedthenbecausethenumberofcellphonesinuseDTrafficfatalitiesdecreasedthenbecausethenumberofcellphonesinuseWhichofthefollowingstatementsDOESNOTanswerthequestion"Whatcausedthe"life-savingeffect"tooccurintheearly1990s?"AThereweremorecellphoneusersduringthatBThenumberofcellphoneusersreachedabout100CMorecellphoneswereusedtocall911whenaccidentsDCellphonesenabledpeopletohavequickaccessto911D根据短文第一段的内容，Loeb教授的研究发现，开车或行路时机使和行路人的率上升，并建议采取严厉措施限制和行路人使用。B是错误理解，因为只有行路人被B短文第二段最后两个句子提供了答案：在使用者达到1亿的临界点之前，的使用的确减少了交通事故的率。A、C和D的表述内容都没有在文章中提到。BA是错误选择，因为该段的第四个句子Inthelate1980sandpartofthe1990sbeforethenumbersofphonesexploded,...表明。数量在80年代末期和90年代早期还未激增。C的表述内容没有在文章中提到。句子…cellphoneuseactuallyhada“life-savingeffect”用的是过去式，说的是发80年代末期和90D句用的是一般现在时，表示通常的状况，所以是A第五段的大概意思是，80年代中期，交通事故的率增加，因为人们还在适应这一新事物，没有足够的让人们在发生交通事故时及时求救。该段没有讨论80年代中期数量的增减问题，所以B、C和D都是错误选择。B第六段最后一个句子说，当使用者数量达到100万时，life-savingeffect就被抵消了，life-savingeffect超过了使用者能迅速呼叫911服务的优点。所以，B不是问题的答案。其他第四十二RenewableEnergyTodaypetroleumprovidesaround40%oftheworld’senergyneeds,mostlyfuellingautos.Coalisstillused,mostlyinpoverstations,tocoverone-quarterofourenergyneeds,butitistheleastefficient,unhealthiestandmostenvironmentallydamagingfossilfuel.Naturalgasreservescouldplugsomeofthegapfromoil,butreservesofthatwillnotlastintothe22ndcenturyeither.Mostexpertspredictwewillexhausteasilyaccessiblereserveswithin50years.Wecouldfastreachanenergycrisis.Weneedtorapidlydevelopsustainablesolutionstofuelourfuture.Less-pollutingrenewableenergysourcesofferamorepracticallong-termenergysolution.Theymaybenefittheworld’spoortoo.“Renewable”referstothefactthattheseresourcesarenotusedfasterthantheycanbereced.Hydroelectricpowerisnowthemostcommonformofrenewableenergy,supplyingaround20%ofworldelectricity.’sthreegorgesDam,whichhasjustbeencompleted,isthelargestever.AtfivetimesthesizeoftheUS’sHooverDam,its26turbineswillgeneratetheequivalentenergyof18coal-firedpowerstations.Itwillsatisfy3%of’sentireelectricitydemand.In2003,thefirstcommercialpowerstationtoharnesstidalcurrentsintheopenseaopenedinItisdesignedlikewindmill,butotherstaketheformofAspricesfall,windpowerhas ethefastestgrowingtypeofelectricitygeneration–quadruplingworldwidebetween1999and2005.Modernwindfarmsconsistofturbinesthatgenerateelectricity.Thoughitwillbemoreexpensive,thereismorethanenoughwindtoprovidetheworld’sentireenergyneeds.Windfarmscomeinonshoreandoffshoreforms.Theycanoftenendupatspotsofnaturalbeauty,andareoftenunpopularwithresidents.Andturbinesarenottotallybenign–theycaninterferewithradarandleaveasignificantecologicalfootprint,alteringclimateandlillingseabirds.Migratingbirdsmayhavemoreluckavoidingthem.Scotlandisbuildingeurope’slargestwindfarm,whichwilpower200,000homes.TheUK’sgoalistogenerateonefifthofpowerfromrenewablesources,mainlywind,by2020.Butthismaycauseproblems,becausewindisunreliable.WhataretheenergyresourcesthatarenotrenewableaccordingtotheAPetroleumandBNaturalCWindandDAand'sThreeGorgesAisthefirsthydroelectricdamintheBisofthesamesizeoftheUS'sHooverCisthelargestofallthehydroelectricdamsintheDsaround20%oftheworldWhichisthecountrywiththefirstcommercialpowerstationthatmakesuseofoceancurrentsproducedbytides?ABCDWhichofthefollowingstatementsistrueofwindAThereisplentyofwindtoprovidetheworld'sentireenergyBItisthemostrapidlygrowingtypeofelectricityCItmaynotbeDAlloftheAccordingtothearticle,resourcessuchasAaresustainablebutnotreBarerenewablesoCaresustainablesoDareirre答案与题解D文章的第一段提到石油(petroleum)、煤(coal)和天然气(naturalgas)三种矿物(fossil到了水资源和风能这两种renewableresources。根据这一理解D是正确选项。CA是错误选项.;B是错误的选项，因为该段第五句三峡大坝比的Hoover大坝大五倍;该段第三句说水力发电为世界提供20%的电能，所以D也是错误的选项。该段第四句则明确告诉我们C是答案。B2003BDA、B、CDB这个问题的理解依赖对整篇文章内容的理解。文章的第一段昀后一句说:referstothefactthat“Renewable”theseresourcesarenotusedfasterthantheycanbereced.其意思是:再生能源消耗的速度很慢，以至于不会被替代。所以这种能源是sustainable。现今，汽油满足了世界上约百分之四十的能源需要，大多用来为汽车提供。煤仍被使用，主要2000多年前，和罗马人使用风车。但第一个水电大坝是1870年建于英国。现在的水力发电它是胡佛发电站的5倍大。它的26台涡轮机可产生相当于18个烧煤的发电站所发的电量。它3％。令人吃惊的是，有人说，水电站排放大量温室气体、2003年，第一由于费用降低，风力发电已成为了发展最迅速的一种发电方式9年到2005代风力农场由发电的涡轮机组成。尽管成本更高，却会有源源不断的风力来满足全世界的所有能量需求。风力农场分向岸和向海两种形式。它们常常会出现在美丽的环境中，并常常人烟稀少。涡轮机也并非百无一害的。它们可干扰信号，并在生态环境中留下痕迹，改变气候，杀死海鸟。迁0第三十七篇“Don’tDrinkAlone”GetsNewInwhatmaybebadnewsforbarsandpubs，aEuropeanresearchgrouphasfoundthatpeopledrinkingalcoholoutsideofmealshaveasignificantlyhigherriskofcancerinthemouthandneckthandothosetakingtheirlibationswithfood.LuiginoDalMasoandhiscolleaguesstudiedthedrinkingpatternsof1,500patientsfromfourcancerstudies2andanother3，500adultswhohadneverhadcancer.Aftertheresearchersaccountedfortheamountofalcoholconsumed,theyfoundthatindividualswhodownedasignificantshareoftheiralcoholoutsideofmeals3facedatleasta50to80percentriskofcancerintheoral,pharynx,andesophagus,whencomparedwithpeoplewhodrankonlyatmeals.Consumingalcoholwithoutfoodalsoincreasedbyatleast20percentthelikelihoodoflaryngeal4cancer.“Roughly95percentofcancersatthesefoursites5tracedtosmokingordrinking6bythestudyvolunteers，”DalMasosays.Thediscouragingnews,histeamreports,isthatdrinkingwithmealsdidn’teliminatecancerriskatanyofthesites.Fortheir ysis，theEuropeanscientistsdividedpeopleinthestudyintofourgroups，basedonmanydrinkstheyreportedhavinginanaverageweek7.Thelowest-intakegroupincludedpeoplewhoaveragedupto820drinks狂week.Thehighestgroupreporteddowningatleast56servingsofalcoholweeklyforanaverageofeightormoreperday.9Cancerrisksforthemouthandnecksitesrosesteadilywithconsumptionevenforpeoplewhoreporteddrinkingonlywithmeals.Forinstance,comparedwithpeopleinthelowest-consumptiongroup,participantswhodrank21to34alcoholservingsaweekatleastdoubledtheircancerriskforallsitesotherthanthelarynx10.Ifpeopleintheseconsumptiongroupstooksomeofthosedrinksoutsidemeals,thoseinthehigherconsumptiongroupatleastquadrupledtheirriskfororalandesophagealcancers.Peopleinthehighest-consumptiongroupwhodrankonlywithmealshad10timestheriskoforalcancer,7timestheriskofpharyngealcancer,and16timestheriskofesophagealcancercomparedwiththosewhoaveraged20orfewerdrinksaweekwithmeals.Incontrast,laryngealcancerriskinthehigh-intake,with-meals-onlygroup11wasonlytriplethat12inthelow-intakeconsumerswhodrankwithmeals.“Alcoholcaninflametissues.Overtime,thatinfl tioncantriggercancer.”DalMasosays.Hesthatfoodreducedcancerriskeitherbypartiallycoatingdigestive-tracttissuesorbyscrubbingalcoholoffthosetissues.Hespeculatesthatthereasonlaryngealrisksweredramaticallylowerforallstudyparticipantstracestothetissue’slowerexposuretoalcohol.n.腔pharynxn.咽pharyngealadj.咽的esophagusn.食管larynxn.喉…thandothosetakingtheirlibationswithfoodthanthosetakingtheirlibationswithfooddodohaveasignificantlyhigherriskofcancerinthemouthandneck。drinkingpatternsof1,500patientsfromfourcancerstudies：取自四项研究的1，500个病例downedasignificantshareoftheiralcoholoutsideofmeals：在就餐时间以外灌下大量烈酒。down：在此作动词用，意为：“喝下，灌下”；significant：意为“largeinamount”（大量的。(thesefoursites：指该段前两句提到的oral，pharynx,esophagus,larynxtracedtosmokingordrinking：根源就是抽烟或喝酒。traceto:回溯到inanaverageweekupto56servingsofalcoholweeklyforanaverageofeightormoreperday568杯以上。eight后省略了servings意为“(食物或饮料的）一份”。forallsitesotherthanthelarynx：除喉以外的全部部位。otherthanhigh-intake,with-meals-onlygroup：(）高摄入、仅在就餐时饮酒的（实验）组。high-intakewith-meals-only在此都是合成形容词，修饰group。wasonlytriplethat：是它的三倍。thatlaryngealcancerriskResearchershavefoundthattheriskofcancerinthemouthandneckishigherwithAwhodrinkalcoholoutsideofBwhodrinkalcoholatCwhoneverdrinkDwhodrinkalcoholatbarsandWhichofthefollowingisNOTtheconclusionmadebytheresearchersabout“drinkingwithAIthasalowerriskofcancerthandrinkingwithoutBItmayalsobeacauseofCItincreasesby20percentthepossibilityofcancerinallDItdoesnoteliminatecancerriskatanyoftheApproximayhowmanydrinksdothelowest-intakegroupaverageperday?A3drinks.B8drinks. C20drinks.D56drinks.Whichcancerriskisthelowestamongallthefourkindsofcancermentionedinthepassage?AOralcancer. BLaryngealcancer.CPharyngealcancer.DEsophagealAccordingtothelastparagraph,tissue’slowerexposuretoAexinswhy tiontriggersBaccountsforwhyfoodcancoatdigestive-tractCisthereasonwhyfoodcanscrubalcoholoffDreducestheriskoflaryngeal答案与题解B文章第四段的第一句和第二句是由连接词incontrast连接的两个句子。incontrast表达的是句倍。因此，B是正确选项。究的1，500个病例的饮酒习惯模式和另外3，500个从没患的成年人的饮酒习惯模式。酒的人至少50%〜80%的患口腔癌、咽癌和食道癌的。在就餐时间外饮酒也会使患喉癌的可能性增加至少20%“被研究者的情况说明大约95%患以上四种的原因就是抽烟或饮酒”Dal20568杯以上。患口腔癌和颈部癌的随着饮酒量而稳定上升，即使是那些只在就餐时饮酒的人。例如，和低饮酒量的人在就餐时间以外饮酒，那些属于高饮酒量组的人会使他们患口腔癌和食道癌的至少增加3喉癌的是低摄入且仅在就餐时饮酒的人的3倍。“能使组织发炎，一段时间后，炎症可。”DalMaso说。他认为食物降低了患的危险，或是通过覆盖在消化道组织上或是通过将从那些组织上擦掉。他推测所有被研究者患喉癌第四十一篇TooLittleforGlobalOilandgaswillrunouttoofastfordoomsdayglobalwarmingscenariostomaterialize,accordingtoacontroversialnewysispresentedthisweekattheUniversityofUppsalainSweden.Theauthorswarnthatallthefuelwillbeburntbeforethereisenoughcarbondioxideintheatmospheretorealizepredictionsofmeltingicecapsandsearingtemperatures.Defendingtheirpredictions,scientistsfromtheInterernmentalPanelonClimateChangesaytheyconsideredarangeofestimatesofoilandgasreserves,andpointoutthatcoal-burningcouldeasilymakeuptheshortfall.Butallagreethatburningcoalwouldbeevenworseforthenet.TheIPCC’spredictionsofglobalmeownpushedforwardthe1997KyotoProtocol,anagreementobligingsignatorynationstocutCO2emissions.TheIPCCconsideredarangeoffuturescenarios,fromunlimitedburningoffossil-fuelstoafasttransitiontowardsgreenerenergysources.ButgeologistsAndersSivertsson,KjellAleklettandColinCampbellofUppsalaUniversitysaythereisnotenoughoilandgaslefteventhemostconservativeofthe40IPCCscenariostocometopass.Althoughestimatesofoilandgasreservesvarywidely,theresearchersarepartofagrowinggroupofexpertswhobelievethatoilswillpeakassoonas2010,andgassoonafter.Theirysissuggeststhatoilandgasreservescombinedabouttotheequivalentofabout3,500billionbarrelsofoilconsiderablylessthanthe5,000billionbarrelsestimatedinthemostoptimisticmodelenvisagedbytheIPCC.Eventheaverageforecastofabout8,000billionbarrelsismorethantwicetheSwedishestimateoftheworld’sremainingreserves.NebojsaNakicenovic,anenergyeconomistattheUniversityofVienna,Austriawhoheadedthe80-strongIPCCteamthatproducedtheforecasts,saysthepanel’sworkstillstands.Hesaystheyfactoredinamuchbroaderandinternationallyacceptedrangeofoilandgasestimatesthanthe“conservative”Swedes.Evenifoilandgasrunout,“there’sahugeamountofcoalundergroundthatcouldbeexploited”,hesaysthatburningcoalcouldmaketheIPCCscenarioscometrue,butpointsoutthatsuchaswitchwouldbedisastrous.CoalisdirtierthanoilandgasandproducesmoreCO2foreachunitofenergy,aswellasreleasinglargeamountsofparticulates.Hesaysthelatestysisisa“shotacrossthebows”formakers.Whatdotheauthorsofthe ysispresentedattheUniversityofUppsalaintendtoTheburningofcoalwillacceleratethearrivalofEarth'sTheoilreservesarebigenoughtomaterializethedoomsdayMeltingicecapsandsearingtemperaturesexistonlyinscienceOilandgaswillrunoutsofastthatEarth'sdoomsdaywillneverNationsthatsignedtheKyotoProtocolagree payattentiontoglobalmecutCO2usemoregreenstopusingfossilWhataretheestimatesoftheworld'soilandgas4,000billionbarrelsbytheaverage8,000billionbarrelsestimatedbythe3,500barrelsenvisagedby3,500billionbyagrowingnumberofWhichofthefollowingaboutNebojsaNakicenovicisHethinksfossilfuelsareasdirtyasoilandHethinksgreenfuelswillreceoilandgasHethinksIPCC'sviewontheworld'soilreservesistooHethinksthatIPCC'sestimatesaremoreoptimisticthantheWhichofthefollowingisthenearexnationofNakicenovic'sassertionthat“...suchaswitchwouldbedisastrous…”?TheIPCCscenarioswouldcometruebecauseburningcoalwillemitlargeramountsofAswitchtoburningcoalwouldproducedisastrousenvironmentalOilandgastorececoalasfuelwouldspeeduptheprocessofglobalAswitchfromtheIPCCscenariostothemakers'oneswouldbe1．D第一段第一句toofastfordoomsdayglobalwarmingscenariostomaterializetooto结构，意思是“太……以至于不……”。newysis的争议性（controversial）在于，这种分析认为，在大气含有足够多的二氧化碳触发地球到来之前，地球上所有的都将巳耗尽。2．B第3第一句告诉我们，因为IPCC了全球性冰雪融化，这就导致了议定书的出台。议定书责成签约国减少二氧化碳的排放量。A、C和D都不是作者所要表达的意思。3．D第二段作者提到，越来越多的专家认为2010年将是石油供应的期，紧接着就是天然气。3,500billionbarrelsIPCC5,000billionbarrels。4．DNebojsaNakicenovic4IPPC的5moreoptimistic的。Nakicenovicenergyeconomist家，又是能源专家。他认为IPCC的估算考虑到一些国际认定的。A、B和C都不符合5．B文章最后一段中的he指上段中的NebojsaNakicenovic。他认为有大量的煤可以开采，煤的燃烧能使IPCC的成为现实，但是燃烧煤会产生性的。suchaswitch指从使用石注释doomsdayglobalwarmingscenarios:scenarios:指“预料或期望的一 ernmentalPanelonClimateChange(IPCC):间气候变化专门makeup:Kyoto:（本州中西部一峻市。KyotoProtocol:议定书（议定书是《气候变化框架公约》的约定俗成的称呼。议定书规定，到2010年，所有发达国家排放的二氧化碳等六种温室气体的数量，要比1990年减少52%。)cometopasshappen,occur发使thepanel’sworkstillstands的工作结果(即对世界的存量估算)仍然站得住脚factorin:包括，把……:Theyfactoredsickdaysandvacationsinwhentheypreparedtheworkschedule.当他们准备工作时间表时，他们把病假和假期都包括在内。全球变暖“缺油根据本周在瑞典乌普大学新的一个具有争议性的分析，石油和天然气会在全球变暖这一世界的场景到来之前耗尽。作者警告说，在使大气中含有足够的二氧化碳造成冰冠融化和温度升高等场景出现之前，会先消耗殆尽。来自间气候变化专门（C）的专家为己的预测变化说,他们是根据一系列的石油及天然气存量来预测，并燃煤可减轻填补不足的差额。不过所有人都同意燃煤将会对地球造成更糟的影响。景。但是乌普大学的地质学家AndersSivertsson,KjellAleklett和ColinCampbell表示，即使是IPCC最保守的40个预测场景，也没有足够的石油和天然气存量使其成真。尽管乌普大学对石油和天然气存量的估算差别很大，但越来越多的研究者认为2010年将是石油供应的期，紧接着就是天然气。他们的分析表明石油和天然气的总量在35，000亿桶NebojsaNakicenovic是奥地利维也纳大学的能源专家和。他了多达80人的IPCC典人相比，IPCC的估算考虑到一些范围更广的、国际认定的存在。生的二氧化碳，并释放出大量的微粒。他说最近的研究给政策制定者们泼了盆冷水。第四十U.S.ScientistsConfirmWateronNASA1scientistssaidthatMarswascoveredoncebyvastlakes,flowingriversandavarietyofotherwetenvironmentsthathadthepotentialtosupportlife.roboticarmdeliveredthesampleWednesdaytoaninstrumentthatidentifiesvaporsproducedbytheheatingofsamples."Wehavewater,"saidWilliamBoyntonoftheUniversityofArizona,leadscientistfortheThermalandEvolved-Gasyzer3,orTEGA."ThisisthefirsttimeMartianwaterhasbeentouchedandtasted."TheroboticarmisacriticalpartofthePhoenixMarsmission.Itisneededtotrench"intotheicylayersofnorthernpolarMarsanddeliversamplestoinstrumentsthatwillyzewhatMarsismadeof,whatitswaterislike,andwhetheritisorhaseverbeenapossiblehabitatforlife.Thesoilsamplecamefromatrenchapproximay2inchesdeep.Whentheroboticarmfirstreachedthatdepth,ithitahardlayeroffrozensoil.Twoattemptstodeliversamplesoficysoilondayswhenfreshmaterialwasexposedwerefoiledwhenthesamplesbecamestuckinsidethescoop.MostofthematerialinWednesday'ssamplehadbeenexposedtotheairfortwodays, lettingsomeofthewaterinthesamplevaporizeawayandmakingthesoileasiertohandle."Marsisgivingussomesurprises,"saidPhoenixprincipalinvestigatorPeterSmithoftheUniversityofArizona."We'reexcitedbecausesurprisesarewherediscoveriescomefrom.Onesurpriseishowthesoilisbehaving.Theice-richlayerssticktothescoopwhenpoisedinthesunabovethedeck,differentfromwhatweexpected,fromalltheMarssimulationtestingwe'vedonesofar."SincelandingonMay25,Phoenixhasbeenstudyingsoilwithachemistrylab,TEGA,amicroscope,aconductivityprobeandcameras.Thescienceteamistryingtodeterminewhetherthewatericeeverthawsenoughtobeavailableforbiologyandifcarbon-containingchemicalsandotherrawmaterialsforlifeareThemissionisexaminingtheskyaswellastheground.ACanadianinstrumentisusingalaserbeamtostudydustandcloudsoverhead."It'sa30-wattlightbulbgivingusalasershowonMars,"saidVictoriaHipkinoftheCanadianSpaceAfull-circle,colorpanoramaofPhoenix'ssurroundingsalsohasbeencompletedbythespacecraft."Thedetailsandpatternsweseeinthegroundshowanice-dominatedterrainasfarastheeyecansee,"saidMarkLemmonofTexasA&MUniversity,leadscientistforPhoenix'sSurfaceStereoImager4camera."Theyhelpusnmeasurementswe'remakingwithinreachoftheroboticarmandinterpretthosemeasurementsonawiderscale."foilv.挫败，使成泡影conductivityn.传导陡，导电scoopn.thawv.vaporizev.panoraman.全貌，全景图NASA：NationalAeronauticsandSpaceAdministration(国家航空航天局)的缩写。NASA总部设 系统中的航空航天科研机构，负责组织和协调航空航天的ThermalandEvolved— WhatwasdiscoveredbyNASA'sPhoenixMarsLanderonVastFlowingWaterinasoilLivingWhydidthefirsttwoattemptstodeliversamplesThesamplevaporizedFreshmaterialwasexposedtotheThesamplesgotstuckinsidetheTheroboticarmhitahardWhichoneofthefollowingstatementsisNOTmeantbythewriter?A)Scientistshavebeentryingtobreaktheice-richlayersofsoilonMars.B)ScientistshavebeensurprisedbyhowthesoilonMarsbehaves.C)ScientistshavebeentryingtofendoutifthereislifesupportingmaterialonMars.D)Scientistshavebeentryingtoknowifwatericewillmelt.WherearethescientistsinvolvedintheresearchTheyarefromTheyarefromTheyarefrombothAmericaandTheyarefromneitherAmericanorWhichofthefollowingdoyouthinkisthebestdescriptionofPhoenix'sSurfaceStereoImagerCamera,accordingtoyourunderstandingofthepassage?Itimitateshumanvisionandisabletocapturethree-dimensionalItimitateshumanvoiceandisabletorecordslightsoundswhiletakingIttakesclearphotosthatshoweverydetailoftheItisthisparticulartypeofcamerathatcantakewideangle1.C短文的第一段告诉我们，NASA科学家曾经，火星上有广阔的湖泊，流动的河流，以及可NASA’SPhoenixMarsLander的发现，所以只有C是正确选择。2.CA短文最后一段的第一句：Afull—circle，colorpanoramaofPhoenix’Ssurroundingsalsohasbeencompleted…告诉我们，使用这种照相机可以拍摄全景。pa