2023年华东政法大学考博英语真题

华东政法大学202３年博士研究生入学考试英语试卷第一部分基础英语试题PartＩ：Gｒammar＆Ｖｏcａbulａry（15%）Dｉrｅcｔｉonｓ：ChｏosethewordoｒphraseｔhaｔbeｓｔcｏmplｅteseachsenteｎｃｅandｔhenmａrｋyoｕranｓwersonyｏurＡNSWＥRSHEEＴ1.1．Ｔｈegoｖernｏrwaｓ__＿ｂythepｕｂｌicformiｓusinｇhispoweｒfoｒpeｒｓonaｌｉnｔerestｓ. [A]ｓneaｋｅdﻩﻩ [B］prａised ﻩ［C］flaiｌed ﻩ[D]reｂukedﻩ2.Ｈe＿__aｔhiswａtchbeforeheleｆtthｅoffice.ﻩ[A]ｇlanced ﻩ [Ｂ]ｇlｉmpsｅd ﻩ［C]gｌareｄﻩ [D]scribbled3.Aｒecｅｎtpollｓhoｗsthａt,ｗｈilｅ8１perｃentofcoｌｌeｇestuｄentsareelｉgiblefoｒsomeｆoｒmoffｉnancialaid，only63ｐercenｔofｔheｓｅｓtudｅntsare___＿______sｕchaｉd.[Ａ]compｌａiniｎｇabout ﻩ ［B］rｅcｉｐiｅｎtsoｆ［C]dｉssatisfiedwiｔh ﻩ[Ｄ]tuｒnｅｄｄｏwｎfor4.Ｔhe__＿_landloｒｄｒeｆｕｓｅdtoreｔurnthesｅcurityｄeposit，cｌaimｉngfａlｓｅlyｔhattｈetｅnaｎthaddaｍaｇedｔheａｐartｍeｎt.［A]uｎscrｕpulous [B]resplendentﻩ[C］divine [D]deceaｓed5.MoｂyDick,ｎｏwrｅｇardｅdaｓａgreatwoｒkofＡmerｉcanliｔｅraｔuｒe，ｗａｓvirtually_＿__wｈｅｎitwasｆirｓtpuｂliｓhｅｄ,aｎditwasnｏtunｔilmanyｙｅarslａterthatMelville’saｃｈieｖeｍeｎtswｅre_＿_＿.［A］reｎｏwned...ｒelｅgatedﻩﻩﻩ[B］noｔoｒioｕsﻩ...juｓtified[C]haｉled..．understoodﻩ ［D]ignｏｒed...ｒecogｎized6.Herefusｅdto__＿_＿thａthewａｓdefｅaｔed.[A]ｂｕrleｓqueﻩ [B]ｃonceiｖe [Ｃ]acｋnｏｗleｄｇeﻩﻩ[D]prｏｂe7.Theｐeoｐlｅｓtoｏd_____＿attｈeｂeaｕtｉfuｌpictｕre.[A]glaｒing ﻩ [B］ｇazingﻩ [C]peepinｇ [D]gaｓpｉng8.Tｈejudgeiscｏｍmiｔteｄtoｍａintaininｇa__＿_＿ofimpａrtiａlity．[A]stancｅﻩﻩﻩ［Ｂ］moｔto [C]pｒeｔeｎse ﻩ［D]commoｔｉon９.Delｌｑuiｔdealiｎginｓｏuped-upversionsｏfotｈｅrcｏmpａnies’ｐroductｓ,ａndstａｒteddｅsigning,__＿____aｎdｍarketｉnghiｓoｗn.[A］fashｉｏｎｉｎgﻩﻩ[B]ａｓｓeｍblｉngﻩ[C]pruninｇ ﻩ［D]slａｓhiｎg１0.Thisｌaw___＿__thenumberｏｆacciｄentscａｕsｅdbyｃｈilｄrｅnｒunｎｉnｇacｒｏsstheｒoaｄｗhentｈeygetofｆthebus.[A]ｉｎtｅnｄsreducing ﻩﻩ ﻩ[Ｂ]intendｓtoberedｕced[C]isintendｅdtoreduceﻩ ﻩ [D]iｓinｔendedreduｃing１１．BｙtheｔｉmｅｙouarriveiｎＬｏndon，we＿＿__＿iｎＥurｏｐｅfｏrtwoweeks.［Ａ］shaｌｌstayﻩ[B]haｖestayedﻩ［C]wｉllhａvｅｓｔayｅdﻩ[D]hａvebeenstayｉng12．Wｉtｈoutfａｃtｓ,wecａnnotfoｒmawoｒtｈwhileｏpinionfoｒweｎeedｔｏｈavefacｔualｋｎowledgｅ___＿_ourtｈinｋing.［A]whicｈｔobebaｓedoｎ ［B]whiｃhｔobaｓeupｏn［C]upｏnwhicｈtobasｅﻩ [D］ｔoｗhichtobebased13．Ｔｈeliｔtｌemanwas____＿onｅmeｔeｒfｉftyhigh．[A]alｍoｓtmoreｔhaｎ ﻩ[B］ｈａrｄlymorethan [Ｃ]neaｒlymoreｔhanﻩ[D]asmuchaｓ１4.Theyｏuｎｇaｐpｌｉｃantisuｎdergreat___aｔtheｔhoughtofuｐ－ｃomiｎgjoｂinterviｅｗ．ﻩ[Ａ］cｏmprehensiｏnﻩ[Ｂ]aｐｐreheｎｓionﻩ[C]mｉscｏｍprehenｓｉon [D]coｎｃerｎ１５．ThｅsuｃｃessfuｌｌａｕncｈｏftｈeSpｅcialOlｙmpｉcＧameshasdeｍonstraｔeｄthat_＿＿Shａnｇhａiiswelloｎｉtswａytｏbecomeoneoｆtｈemｏstinterｎalｉzedmｅｔrｏｐolisesworｌdwiｄｅ. [A]iｍｐerｃｅptiblｙﻩ［B]cｏｎceivably [C]ｄeｃeiｖablｙﻩ[D］iｍaginaｔiｖｅly１６.Iｗｏｕldｒaｔher______troｕｂｌeanｄｈａrdshiplikethattｈan＿_＿_bｙothers.[Ａ]had…．ｔaｋecareof [B]havｅ…taｋeｎcareoｆ[Ｃ］haｄ…takencareoｆ [D］have…bｅtakeｎｃareｏf17．Onedifficulty_＿_＿___thecomｐonｅｎtsｏfｅｃonoｍicｍｏvemeｎtslｉesinthefａcｔｔhatｔhosecompｏnentｓareｎotｃomｐleｔeｌyinｄeｐendｅnｔoｆonｅanotheｒ.ﻩ[A]ｏfisolatｉoｎﻩ [B]ｉｎｉsolating ［Ｃ］willisolateﻩ［Ｄ]toisｏlａte18.Iｎteresｔonshｏrｔ-termｇovernmentdebtsｏａreｄtoａnalmoｓtuｎimagｉｎａble210％,whicｈ_____ａtｏtａlcoｌlａpｓeofinｖｅｓｔｏrconfidｅnce. [Ａ］amouｎtｓtｏﻩ [Ｂ]equalstｏ [C]iｓadｄｅｄuｐｔo [Ｄ]reachesto1９.It’sagｅneｒａlpraｃｔicefｏrsmallｆａｃtｏriｅsｔｏ_____moreworkersduｒiｎｇtｉmesofｐrosperｉｔy,anｄlaｙofｆsomｅwhenreceｓsionhitｓ．ﻩ[A]tａkｅin ﻩ [B]takｅｏver ［C]tａkeｏn [D]ｔａkeup２0．To____＿＿fｒｅedｏmaｇainｓｔtｙｒａnny,ｏuｒfａtherslaiddownthesｅrules．ﻩ[A]eｎｓuｒｅ ﻩﻩ[B]guarantee [C］assuｒe ﻩ［Ｄ］fulｆiｌl2１.Mｅｒｄinｅｉsheｒｏwnｗoman,withanｉdentｉtyｆromhermother＇ｓ．[A]discretｅ[Ｂ]ｄｉstincｔive[C]disｔinct［D]discreet22.Shegａvehimｂackthｅmoneｙshe'ｄstoｌenforthesakeofhｅr．ﻩ［A]cｏnｓcienｔｉoｕs[B]ｃonｓciousｎess[C]coｎscious[D]coｎscieｎce23.ＴhｅyhadtｈeaｔtemptｔoAndeｒsontotｈepresidency.ﻩ[Ａ］ｅvｏlｖe［B］elevaｔe[Ｃ]evoke[D]evｉnce24．I’mafraiｄourfｏodｓtｏckwillbｅ___beforｅｌong.ﻩ[A]puｔuｐ ［B]stayeｄupﻩﻩ[Ｃ］saｖeｄupﻩ [Ｄ］ｕseduｐﻩ25.Mr.Moｒriｓｏｎhaｓagreaｔ___forａｎythinｇtｈatisoriｅntalaｎdeｘotｉcﻩ[Ａ]ｖｉｓion ﻩﻩ[B]emotｉｏnﻩ [C]coｎｔｒｉbutionﻩ[Ｄ]ｐaｓｓion26.Thesｕｂwａysandbuｓesｔｅndtｏbe___dｕringtｈeｒuｓhhouｒｓ. ［A]ovｅｒcroｗdｅdﻩﻩ[B]oveｒwｈelmedﻩ[C]overshaｄｏweｄ [D]overｇrｏwn27.Every___hａｓｂｅｅnｔakｅntoevaｃuatetheｓtraｎdedsailorsｆroｍHurricａneＢetty.ﻩ[Ａ]plｅasｕrｅﻩ [Ｂ]mｅａsureﻩ ［Ｃ]pressuｒe ﻩ[Ｄ]ｌeｉsure２８.Wｅweｒegreaｔｌysｕrpriｓedｂythｅwａytｈingsｗｅreｄｏneｈeｒe. ［A]wｈatﻩﻩﻩﻩ[B]inwhichﻩﻩ ［Ｃ]as ﻩﻩ［Ｄ]ｗhich2９．Ｉ＿___＿_＿___ｔｏcallonyou,ｂutwａspreveｎteｄfromdoingso.[A]meａnｔ [B]ｈasmeａnt ﻩ[C]ｗasmｅanｉnｇ [D]hadmeant30．Wheｎｉｔcomes_＿_＿＿__＿__ｈｉsｗiｆewitｈthehoｕsewoｒｋ,Jｏhnneｖergrｕmblｅs.[Ａ]tｏhｅlp [B]aｎdhelｐs ﻩ[C]tｏhelping ﻩ[D]toｈaveｈelpedＰartＩＩ：ＲｅａdｉngＣompｒeｈension(20%)．Dirｅcｔiｏｎ：Ｔheｒｅarｅ2readiｎgｐassagesｉntｈispart．Eａｃhpassageisｆollowｅdｂysomｅquｅstionsorunfinishｅdstaｔemeｎts.Foreａｃhoftｈemｔhereａrefourchoicesmarｋｅd[A],[B],[Ｃ］,and[D］.YｏushoulddecidｅoｎtｈebｅstchoｉceａｎdｍarｋtｈｅｃｏｒreｓpｏndiｎgｌetｔeronｔｈeAnswerＳheet1ｗithａsinｇlelinetｈｒoｕgｈtｈeｃenteｒ.PasｓageOneQuestiｏｎs31to35arebａsedonthefollowingpaｓsａｇｅ.TheＦooｄaｎdDrugAdmｉｎiｓtｒationsaidonWedｎesdayｔhａｔitistryingtotraｃｋｄownasmanyas38６pｉgletstｈaｔmayｈaｖｅbeenｇｅnetｉcalｌyｅnｇineeredａｎdwrｏｎgｆullyｓoldｉntｏｔｈeU.S.fｏodsupply.ＴhｅfoｃusoｆｔheＦＤAｉnvｅsｔigａｔioniｓonｐigｓｒaｉsｅｄbyresｅarchｅrｓａｔtheUniｖersitｙofIllinｏisinUrbanａCｈamｐaign．Ｔheyｅngineｅredthｅａｎimaｌswｉｔhtｗogenｅs:ｏneisacowgeｎｅthatinｃreaseｓmilｋprｏductｉoninthesow;tｈeother,ａsynｔheticgene,makesthｅmiｌkｅasieｒfｏrpigletｓtｏｄigｅｓt.Ｔhｅgoａlwaｓｔorａisebｉggeｒpiｇsfａsｔer.Theｒeｈasbeenｎoｅvidenｃethateiｔhergeneｔｉcalｌyalｔerｅdplａｎtsoraniｍalsａcｔuａllytrigｇｅrｈumanｉllness,butcrｉticｓwarｎthaｔpoｔｅｎｔialsｉdeeffｅctsｒｅｍainunｋnoｗｎ．Universiｔyofficialｓsaythｅirtestｓshoｗedthepigletsweｒenotbｏrnｗithｔhｅalteredgｅnes，buｔFDAruleｓrequireｅｖenｔhｅofｆsprinｇofgｅnetｉｃallｙｅｎｇinｅeredaniｍalstobeｄeｓtrｏyedsothｅｙwon’tothefｏoｄｓｕｐｐly．TheＦDA,ｉnaqｕｉｃｋlyａrrangednewsconferenceonWedｎｅｓｄayｐromptｅｄbyｉnｑuiriesbｙUSＡTODAY,saiｄtheＵnivｅｒsityofIllinｏiswouｌdfaｃepｏｓsiblesａnctｉoｎsaｎdｆineｓforｓellingthepigletsｔoaｌivestockbrokeｒ,wｈointurnｓoldthｅmｔopｒｏcｅsｓｉｎgｐlanｔｓ.BoｔhthｅＦDＡandtheuniveｒｓityｓaytｈｅpigsthateｎｔeredtheｍarketdｏｎｏｔpｏseａrｉsktocｏnsumers．BuｔthｅinvestigaｔｉonfoｌlｏwsactionbythｅU．S.DｅpａrｔmenｔofAｇrｉcｕltureinＤecｅｍbertofinｅaTｐanyｔhatconｔａminated５00,000bushelsoｆsoybｅanswithcｏrnｔhａｔhadｂeｅnｇenｅticaｌｌｙaltｅrｅdtoproduceavaccineforpiｇs.Ｃriticssｅesuchｃａsesaｓevｉｄenceoｆtheneeｄfoｒmorｅgoveｒnmentoversｉｇhｔoｆaburgeoning(新兴的)aｒｅaofscienｔifiｃｒesearcｈ.“Thisisaｓmallｉncidenｔ，butit’sｉnｃiｄeｎtｓlｉkethiｓｔhatcoulddｅｓtroｙcｏｎｓumercｏnfｉdeｎceaｎdeｘｐortcoｎfidencｅ，”saysＳｔeｐhａnieChildsofthｅGrocｅｒｙＭａｎufａctuｒeｒｓｏfAｍｅｒｉca.“WeａlreａdｙhaｖeEuｒopesｈakｙｏnbiｏtｅch.Thｅｃｏｕnｔrieｓtowｈichｗeexporｔaregｏiｎgtolｏokａｔｔhis.”TheＵniversityofIllｉnoissaysittｅsｔeｄtheＤNAoｆeｖeｒypiｇｌｅｔeｉghtｔiｍｅstomaｋesｕretｈatｔheａｎimalｈａdn’tｉｎheritｅdthegeｎeｔicｅｎgineeriｎgofiｔsmothｅr.Tｈosepｉgleｔsthatｄiｄwｅreｐutbaｃkintｏｔhesｔｕdy.Thｏsｅｔhａｔdiｄn’tｗｅresolｄtoｔhｅｐigｂrｏker.“Ａnypigthatｗasｔestｅdnegativeforthegenessinｃe199９hasbeeｎsentｏｆftomarket,”saysCｈａrlesZｕkｏｓkｉ,vicｅchancｅlｌorfoｒreseａrch.ＢutＦＤAdepｕtｙｃoｍｍissioneｒLesteｒCrａwfordsａysthatunderｔｈｅtermsoｆｔheｕnｉｖerｓity’sagrｅemeｎtwｉththｅＦＤA,theｒeseaｒcherswｅｒefoｒbiｄdeｎtoｒｅmovethｅpigletswｉthouｔFＤAapproval．“ＴｈeＵnivｅrsityoｆIｌlinoiｓfailedtocheckwiｔhFDＡtoseeｗhｅtherornoｔthｅａnｉmalｓｃｏuldbｅsoldoｎｔｈeopenmarket．Anｄtｈｅｙwerenottｏbeusedundeｒanycircｕmstaｎｃｅｆorfood.”ThｅFDＡisrespｏnsibleforreguｌaｔiｎｇandoverｓｅeiｎｇtransｇenicanｉｍalｓbecａuｓeｓｕcｈgeｎeticmａnipulａｔｉｏｎiｓconsidereｄanｕnaｐprovｅdaｎiｍaldrug.３1.Tｈｅ386piglｅtswｒoｎgfullysoldintofooｄsupplyarefrom＿_______.[Ａ]Europe[Ｂ]aｎAｍeｒicanresearｃhorｇaｎiｚation[C]ameatｐｒocessingplant[D］aｎanｉmａlfaｒm32.Tｈｅpurposｅofthetｒanｓgenicｅｎgiｎeerinｇｒesｅarchistｏ＿＿＿_____．[A]getｐigsoflａrgersｉzeiｎａsｈｏｒtｅrtime［Ｂ]mａkesｏwｓprｏdｕcemorｅmilk［Ｃ］makｅｃowspｒodｕｃｅmｏrｅｍiｌk[D］ｍakepigsｇrowmorｅleanmeaｔ33.Ｔhｅ4thpａragｒaｐhｓｈoｗｓthattheUｎivｅrｓiｔｙofIｌｌinoｉs＿＿_____＿.［A]wａscrｉticizedbytｈeＦDＡ［B]ｉsingreattrｏuｂle［C］ｉsｒeｑｕiredbytｈeFDAtoｃaｌlbaｃkthesｏldpiglets[Ｄ]mａｙhaveｔopaythepｅnalty34.TheFDAdｅcｌarestｈatthｅwrｏngfullｙsｏldｐiglets_____＿__.［A]ｍaｙｈavｅsｉdeｅfｆeｃtｓoｎcoｎsｕmers[B]maｙbeｈarｍｆｕｌｔoconｓumeｒs[Ｃ]areｓafetoconsumers[D]mａｙcａusehｕｍaniｌlｎess３5.Itｃａnbeinferｒedfｒoｍthispasｓaｇethat____＿__＿．[A]alltheｏffｓprｉnｇhavetheirmｏtｈｅｒs’genｅtｉcｅngｉnｅeｒiｎg［B］partoftheｏｆｆｓprinｇｈavetheiｒmｏｔｈeｒs’geｎetiｃｅnginｅｅring[C］noneoftheoffspringｈavｅtｈｅｉｒmothers’gｅｎetｉcengineerｉng[D]ｈalfoftheoffspriｎｇhavｅｔｈeirｍotheｒs’geｎeticeｎgineeringＰａssａgeTwoQuestiｏｎs３6to40arebasedonｔｈefolｌowiｎgpassａge．ThｒeeYaｌｅUnivｅrsiｔｆeｓsorsagｒeeｄinapanｅldisｃusｓioｎtonighttｈａttheautoｍobｉleｗａswｈａtoneofthemcａlled“PubｌｉｃＨealthEnemyＮｏ.1intｈiｓcounｔrｙ.”Besidｅspolluｔiｎgｔheaｉranｄcoｎgesｔingtｈecitｉes,ｃarｓareｉnvolvedinmｏｒｅthanｈaｌfthedisabliｎｇaｃcｉdents,andthｅyｃａuseｈeartｄiｓeaｓe“ｂｅcaｕsewedoｎ’twalｋanywhｅreanymorｅ,”sａｉdDｒ.Ｈ.RichａrdWeinerｍａn,pｒofｅssoｒｏｆmｅdicｉneaｎdpublicｈｅalth.Dｒ.Weiｎeｒman’ssharpcritiｃismｏfaｕｔomobilecamｅｉnadiscussioｎofhuｍanenｖironmｅntoｎYａleRepｏrｔｓ,ａraｄiｏprogｒａmbroaｄcasｔbｙStａtiｏｎWTICinＨａrtｆoｒｄ,Ｃonｎecticut．Thepｒｏｇraｍopeｎedathｒｅe-pａrtｓerｉeson“StayingAlive.”“Fｏrtｈefirsttimｅinhumａｎhiｓｔoｒy,thｅproblｅmoｆmａｎ’ssurvivaｌｈasｔｏdｏｗitｈhiｓｃontｒｏｌofman-madedａnｇers,”Ｄr.Wｅinermansaｉd.“Beforethiｓ，theproblemhaｄbeenthｅcontrｏｌofnaturaldaｎgers.”Relatiｎgmａnｙofthesedangerｓofｔheautoｍｏbile，AｒtｈurＷ.Galｓｔon,aｐrofeｓｓorofｂｉology,saｉditwaspｏssiｂleｔomａkｅakeroｓenｅ－burnｉngcａrthaｔwoｕlｄ“lessｅnsｍogbｙaｖeｒylarｇefaｃtｏr．”BｕthｅexｐreｓsｅddｏubttｈaｔAmerｉｃanswerewillingｔoｇiｖeｕpmovｉnｇabｏｕttｈｅcｏｕｎtｒysideat９0milesanhourinalaｒgeｖehiｃle.“Americaseemsweｄdedtotｈeｍoｔorcar-everyfamiｌｙhａstohaｖeatｌeasttｗo,andoneｈasｔｏbeaｃonverｔibleｗith300horsｅpoｗer，”ＰrofｅssｏrGalstｏnｃｏntｉｎｕｅd．“Ｉsｔhiｓthｅwａyofliｆeｔhaｔweｃhoosebecａｕsewecｈｅrisｈｔhｅsevaｌueｓ?”FｏrPaulＢ.Sｅａrs,pｒofessoｒofcoｎsｅｒｖatｉon,paｒtｏｆｔheblameliesｗith“asocietｙthatrｅｇardｓprofitaｓasupｒemevａlｕｅ,ｕndｅrtheｆalseｉｄｅathａtａnythinｇｔｈａt’ｓtｅcｈnicallｙpｏssiｂleis,ｔheｒefｏｒe,eｔhicａｌlyjｕstiｆied.”PｒofeｓsorSearsａlsoｃalledtheｃｏuntｒy’sdepｅndeｎｃeoｎitsｍｏderｎautｏmobile“loｕｓyeconomiｃs”bｅcauｓeofｔhｅｌaｒgehorsｅpoweｒｕsｅｄsimplｙ“moｖｉnｇoｎｅpersontowｏｒk.”ＢuｔheａｇreｅdthａｔAｍericaｎｓhavepaｉntedthemseｌvesiｎｔoacoｒnｅｒbyallowｉｎgｔｈenationａｌeconomyｔobecomesoreliａntonｔhｅauｔomobileinｄustry.ＡｃcorｄinｇtoDｒ.Wｅinerｍａｎ,ａuｔomｏbｉlｅs,nｏtｔｈｅfactｏrｉｅｓ,arerespoｎsｉblefortwｏ-tｈiｒdsoｆthesmogiｎＡｍeｒicancｉtｉes,ａndtheｓmoｇｐｒesentsthｅposｓｉbilityofawholeｎeｗkindofｅpｉdemｉc,ｎｏtduｅtooｎｅｇerm,ｂutduｅｔｏｐolｌｕteｄｅnｖiｒｏnｍent.“Witｈｉnanｏｔheｒfivetｏteｎyeａrｓ,it’spｏｓsｉbletoｈaｖeａnepｉdeｍicｏfｌｕngcaｎcｅrｉnaｃiｔylikeＬosＡngｅles.Thisisanewphｅnomenonｉnｈeaｌｔｈｃoｎｃern,”hesaid.Tｈesｏlutiｏｎ,hｅcｏｎtｉnueｄ,is“ｎottofｉnｄalｅｓsｄangerouｓｆuｅl,butadｉｆfereｎtsystｅmｏｆinneｒ－ciｔytranｓportation．Ｂecａuseofｔhｅｉnｃreasiｎguｓeoｆｃars，puｂｌiｃｔｒａnspｏrtationhａｓbｅｅｎaｌlｏweｄｔoｗitｈeranddegenerate,sothａｔｉｆyoucaｎ’tｗalktowhereyｏuwanｔtoｇo，youｈavetohaveａcarinmｏstcities,”heaｓserｔed．This,inturn,Dｒ.Weinermaｎcontｅndｅd,isresponsiｂleｆortｈｅ“arterｉosｃｌｅrｏｓｉｓ”ｏfpｕblｉcｒｏads,forthebｌighｔoｆtheｉｎnerｃityａndforｔhemiddlｅ－clasｓmovｅmenttoｔheｓuburｂｓ.３6.Thｅmainｉdｅａofthisarｔｉcleisｔhat_______.[A］Amｅriｃansaｒｅｔooattachedtotheircaｒs.［Ｂ]Ａmｅｒiｃancarsruntｏoｆastａnｄｃｏnsｕmetooｍuchfuel.［C]ｔheautｏmobileiｎｄustryhascａusedallthistohapｐen.[D]ａｕｔomobilesendaｎgｅrｂoththeｅｎｖironｍentａndｐｅｏpｌe．37.Iｎparagｒａpｈ2,ＰrｏfessoｒGａlｓtｏniｍｐliｅsｔhat______＿.[A］peｏpleaｒeｍｏrｅinterｅstｅdiｎfastａutomobilesｔhaｎiｎtheiｒhealth.［B]ｋｅrosene-burｎｉngcarswouldpolｌutetheｅnvironmentmoreseriouslｙtｈaｎgasoliｎe-burniｎgenginｅｓdo.[C]Amerｉcaｎsfeｅlmorｅcloseｌyｃonnecｔedtｏtheircaｒsｔｈanｔothｅeｎvｉroｎｍeｎt．［D]itｉsnｏtrightforeveryfａmilytｏhaveatｌeasttwoｃars.38.Ｉnparaｇraph３，PｒofessｏrSeａrsimpliesｔhat＿______.[A］technｏlogyiｓalwaｙsgoｏdfｏrｐｅople.[Ｂ]technoloｇyisnotalwaysｇoｏdｆｏrpeopｌe．［C]finａncialproｆitｉsmorｅiｍportantthaｎteｃhnolｏgicaladｖanceｍｅnt.[D]ｔｅchnｏlogicａladvancｅｍenｔwｉｌlimｐｒｏvefｉnａｎcｉａlｐrofit.３９.IｔcanbｅinfeｒredfｒomParaｇraph5that＿＿＿____.［A］afuｅｌleｓsdangｅrouｓthanｇasolineｍustbefounｄ．[B]peoｐleｓhoｕldgetｒidoftｈeｉrｃａｒsandtａkethｅbuｓｔowｏｒk.[C]publictraｎsportationｓhｏuldbeimｐroveｄsｏｔhaｔpeｏplｅcａnbeｃomｅlesｓｄｅpenｄｅｎtupｏnｔｈeiｒｃaｒsｆoｒiｎｎer-cｉｔyｔraｎspoｒtａtｉon．［Ｄ]thｅonlyｓolutioｎtotｈｉsprｏblemistobuiｌdmorehｉghwaysandmorｅsｕbways.4０．Dr．Weinermanｗouｌbablyａgｒeethaｔ__＿____，ifpuｂｌｉctrａｎsｐoｒtａtionwereiｍpｒoveｄ.[A]ｔheｉｎneｒcｉｔymｉghtimprｏve[B］theｍiｄｄｌeｃlasswｏｕldmovｅｔothｅsｕｂｕrbs[C]publicｒｏadsｗouldgetｗorse［D]thｅrewoｕldｓtilｌbeａｎｕｒｇenｔnｅedtobuiｌｄmｏreｈigｈwａｙsPａrｔIII：EngliｓhＷｒｉtinｇ（1５％)DIRＥCTＩＯＮS:Ｆorthiｓparｔ,youaｒegoiｎｇtｏwｒiteａsｈortｅssａyｏnthetitｌe.Ｙｏuｓhｏuldｗｒiｔeaboｕt250wordｓａndwｒｉteｙouｒeｓsaｙｏntheANＳWERSＨEEＴ2．Tiｔle：Howtohandｌepｓychｏlogicａｌpressureｉnｔｏdａｙ’sｃｏｍpｅtiｔivelifeNＯTES:Ｍarkｓwｉlｌbeawaｒdedforcｏntｅnｔ,organｉｚatioｎ，grａｍｍaｒandappropｒiaｔenｅss.Faｉｌｕretofｏｌlowtｈeinsｔructionmａyｒesｕltiｎaｌoｓsofmａrks.第二部分专业英语试题PaｒtI.ReaｄｉngｃomｐｒｅhensiｏnTherearealtogeｔhｅr1２ｓｅctiｏnｓ.Pｌeasechｏｏsefｒoｍtheｉｔemsgivenｕnｄerｅaｃhquesｔionｔheｂestｏneａsyouranswer.2marｋsforeachquｅstionwithatotａlｏf40mａrks.Notｅ:Ｙoushouldanswerquesｔionsto5secｔionsｏnlｙ，onｅｏfｗｈiｃｈsｈｏuldbｅthesｅｃtiｏncorrespｏndingtｏthｅmajoryoｕarｅappｌyiｎｇforaｎdtheotheｒ４ｓectionscaｎbｅselectedatyｏurwiｌl.每名考生最多回答5节下的选择题，其中必须有一节与考生所报专业相应，其余4节考生可以任选。JuｒispｒuｄeｎcｅItisprａcticallyimpoｓsiｂlｅtoimaginｅｃｏnstｉｔｕtｉｏnallawwiｔhｏutｄisｓent.ThｅｖeryfirsｔoｐｉnioniｎtheChaｒtereｒａ—thePaｔriaｔionＲｅference—wasｍａrkｅdｂyit.Dissｅntispoweｒfulanｄｅvoｃａｔive,ｅveｎmyｔhic；ｉtsｕgｇｅstｓrｏadsｎotｔａkenａnｄpaｒalleluniｖeｒses.Iｔｅvokesafuｎdameｎtaｌａnd,sometｉｍes,ｕnsettｌingcontiｎgenｃyaboutｌaｗ.Iｔcａnｂeｐrｏblematic，ｄisｒｕptｉngeasyundersｔandiｎgsofhowtoacouｒｔ“gｅｔsitright”aｎd,thuｓ,ｄａmａgｉｎgｔoａcoｕrt’slｅgitimacy.Yｅt,dissenthasｐosiｔiveaspectｓ,ｔoｏ.Itｃaｎ:beｔteraｒｔicuｌatenormsandunderｓtanｄiｎgsｕnderlｙingkeydeｃiｓioｎ-ruleｓ;pｒovideacouｎternarrａtiｖeｔｏｐrevａilｉngorｔhoｄoxｙ;ｌaythｅｆoｕnｄａtｉonforfuｔuredｅｖelｏpmeｎtｏfｌaw;prｏｖidｅaneｃessaryouｔlｅtｆｏｒdisagreemeｎｔthatotherwisemiｇｈtconstraｉnanｄfruｓtratｅjudｉciａlactｏｒｓ;andevenseｃuｒeｂrｏaderａcceｐｔanceｏfamａjoriｔydｅcｉｓｉoｎbｙsｈｏｗingthatiｔｉsａpｒｏductofdｅlｉberation.Inthｉｓpaper,Ipresenｔanotheｒｐossｉble“upｓｉｄｅ”todｉｓｓenｔthａtfｏcusｅsｏｎtheiｓｓueinＱuebeｃ(ＡtｔorneyGenerａl)v.A:eｑuality．Fｉrｓt,ＩcaｎvasｓtwｏwaystｈatｄｉssentmanifeｓtsiｎChaｒterjurispｒｕdencｅ:oｎe(funcｔiｏnal)reｌａtｉngtotｈejｕdicｉａrｙ’ｓappropriatｅｒｏleiｎcｏnｓtｉｔutioｎaldｉsputeｓ;anｄｔｈeoｔhｅr（princｉplｅd)relａｔinｇtoｔheidentiｆication,ｓcopeorａpplicatioｎoｆrｕlesaｎｄｎorms.Theｔｗｏmodelｓaｒeｒichlｙｒｅprｅsentｅdinequalityjurisｐrudencｅ.IｎｔheSuｐrｅmｅCourt’sｆirstＳectｉｏn１5case,Andｒewｓv.LawSｏcｉetyoｆＢｒiｔｉshCｏｌｕｍｂia,theCoｕrｔdｉvidｅdovertｈefｕnｃｔionａｌquestionofhoｗcloｓelytｈｅCourｔshoｕｌdｓcｒuｔiｎiｚelegislateddｉffｅrence.Insｕｂsequentcaｓes,tｈeＣｏuｒtｈａsstruｇgledtｏrｅachconseｎsｕsonｔｈｅｍｅａniｎgoｆeqｕａliｔyitsｅｌf—anissｕeofｐｒｉnｃiple.Tｈefactｔhaｔeｑｕａlityｊｕｒisｐｒudencehaｓbeenｃｈarａcteｒｉzedｂyｃhronｉcdisagrｅemeｎtmｉghｔａｐｐearunfortunａtｅ．Ｂutmyreviｅｗofsｅction15cａselawsuggesｔstｈat,vidｉnｇthespaceｔofullyfleshouｔpｏｉntsofdisagｒeemｅnｔ,diｓｓenthasｃoｎｔrｉbutｅdtoriｃheｒａｃｃountｓofｅqｕalｉｔｙ．BorｒoｗｉngthｅｌanｇuageofＣａssＳuｎsteiｎ,Isuggｅｓｔthaｔadividedeｑｕalitｙdeｃiｓｉoｎthａtiｓtｈｅreｓultoffailｕretｏreachagrｅemｅｎｔｏn“dｅｅｐ”issuesｉsｐreferablｅtoonethａt,astｈeｐricｅｏｆuｎanｉmiｔy,rｅmａiｎs“ｓhａlｌow”．ＩｃｏncｌudethaｔｔhedeｃisionｉｎQueｂec(AtｔornｅyGeｎｅｒａl)v.Aｉsｄeeｐratherthaｎshalｌowanｄso,deｓｐiteitｓfrustratingｄivｉｓｉons，itisontheｗholeｂetterthanmaｎyoftheｕnanｉmoｕsequalitydeｃiｓionsthatprｅcedｅｄiｔ.41.ThｅａuthoｒlｉstedthefｏllｏwinｇpositiveaspectｓofdisｓentＢUＴ()(ａ)Iｔｐroｖiｄeｓaｃountｅrnａrraｔｉvetｏprevaｉlｉngorthodｏxy．(ｂ)Itcanlaythｅfoundationｆorfuｔuredevｅloｐmeｎtｏflａw.(ｃ)Itｃanprｏｖideａｎecｅssaｒyoｕtletｆｏrdisａgreemeｎｔ.(d）Itcanbｅdamagingtoacourｔ’slｅgitimacy.42.Fromthｅthｉｒdｐaragraph,oｎecａnｋｎowtｈeｆｏllowingBUT()(a）Theauthordｉscｕssｅsthecａsesinｗhiｃhtｈefunctionofdiｓsentsｉｓｏbvｉousｉntwｏwａys.(b）Thｅsｕbsequenｔcａsｅsｗｅｒedｅcidedbycｏｎｓenｓus．(c）Anｄrewｓv.LaｗSoｃieｔyofBｒitisｈCoｌuｍｂiａisａcｏnstituｔionaｌcaｓerｅlatiｎgｔoSectｉoｎ1５.(d）Ａndｒewsv．LawSocietyｏfBritiｓhＣｏｌumbiawasnｏtｄecidｅdunanimouｓly.43.Ｔheaｕｔhorthｉnｋsthａtａｄiｖidedｅquａlitydeｃｉsioｎisprｅfｅrａbleｂeｃause()（a)ｉtｃoｎtributestoricheｒａccountsoｆequalｉtｙ．（b)ｉｔiｓdeｅp.（ｃ)ｉｔｉｓonthｅwhｏlebeｔtｅr．(d)isfrustraｔｉnglｙdiｖided.44.Wｈatiｓtheｍostsｕitａbletopiｃfortheseparagrａｐhs?（)(a)ＴhｅDisseｎtinEｑuａlityJuｒispｒudence(b)TheUpsideofＤisｓent(c)TｈeUｐsｉdeofDissentｉｎEquａliｔyＪuｒiｓprudenｃe(d)TheEquａｌityJurispｒudencｅLｅgalＨisｔｏrｙTｈｅreiｓaｌａrgelyforgoｔtenstorｙｔｏbeｔoｌdｏfU.S.legaｌimpeｒiａlisminChiｎa，deｓpitｅChina’sloｃatｉｏnfaroutsiｄeｏｆＡmｅｒｉca’sｔeｒritｏrialbordeｒs．Thestorｙ’spｒotagonistisaｒatｈerarcaｎｅsoundingleｇaldｏｃtrine,extrａtｅrrｉtoriａlｊｕｒisdｉction．Exclｕsivetｅrrｉｔｏｒｉalｊｕｒisdicｔiｏnｉｓoneｏfｔhｅｄｅｆinｉnｇｆｅａturesofｔｈｅsoveｒｅiｇntyｏｆtｈemｏderｎｎatioｎ-sｔaｔe．Witｈlｉmitedexceptiｏｎs,itｉｓwｈereａpｅrsonistｈatdetｅrmiｎeｓwｈatｌａwappliesｔoｈimｏrｈｅr.Ｈowevｅr，whenasｔateａsseｒtｓextratｅrｒiｔoｒｉaljurisdｉｃtioｎ,itclａiｍstｈerｉgｈtｔoapｐlyｉtｓlawｓｂeyondｔheｂｏrdeｒsoｆitｓtｅrriｔoｒy．Toantｉciｐatethestory,ｔheextraordｉnａrｙtreaｔythatlaｉdthefoｕndaｔｉonforＡmeｒicanｅxｔｒatｅrrｉtorｉalitｙwasnegotiａｔedbyCalebＣuｓｈing,ｔｈefirsｔAmericａnminｉsteｒtoChinaａsweｌlaｓａMassacｈusettscongressman,alawyer,andａfuｔureattorｎeｙgenerａloftｈeUniｔedＳtatｅs.CushinｇwascｈarｇedｂyPreｓidentJohnTylerwitｈtheprｅ-ｔexｔｕaｌｍissionofgoingtoPekinｇtｏinquiｒeａｆtertheemperor’sheaｌthandtocarrｙｏｕｔｔhepresiｄｅｎt’swishesforhｉslonｇevity.BaｃkeｄbyhisoｗｎlittleaｒｍａｄａaswellastｈｅｐresｅnceoftheＵ．S.navalforcesintheＰacific,CｕshiｎgｐersuａdeｄtheQingEｍpirｅｔoeｎterｉntoaＴreａtyoｆPeace,Amity,andComｍｅrｃewｉtｈtheUniｔedStates.ThetrｅatyｗａssignｅdoｎJｕly3，1844,intｈeｖiｌlageofWａnｇhiａiｎMacao.Ｕｎdeｒitsteｒms,ChinａwasｏｂliｇaｔedtｏallowAmeriｃanｓtｏtrａdefｒｅeｌyinＣantonaswｅllasinｆoｕrｏｔｈerpreviouslyｃlosedpｏrｔs．Moreovｅr,AmericanｓobｔainｅdtheriｇhｔofexｔratｅrｒｉtorｉａljｕrisdiｃtionｉnChina．Ｆrｏm1844unｔil194３,U.S．citizensinChｉnawｅｒefｏｒｍallysuｂｊｅｃtonｌytotheｌawsｏftheＵnｉtedStates．Sｔateddiｆferｅｎtlｙ,ｗhｅｎＡｍerｉｃansenｔeｒeｄChina,Americａnlａｗｔｒaveleｄwｉthｔheｍ,effｅctivelyattaｃhiｎｇtoｔheiｒverybｏdｉｅｓ.Ｈowｄidｔheｒelaｔiｖｅlyrecentｌyｅmaｎｃipａtedworld’sleadｉngａntｉ-colｏnialpowｅrreｃoncilｅitsextraterrｉtoｒiaｌｊurisdictｉｏninChｉnawitｈChｉｅｆJusｔicｅMarshall’ｓringｉngstatｅmentin18１2，“Thejurisdictｉonoｆanaｔiｏnwithiｎｉtｓteｒritorｙisneceｓsarilyeｘclusiveanｄabsｏlute..．beingalikeｔheaｔtｒｉbuｔｅofｅveｒysoｖereｉgnａndincapaｂlｅofconfｅrrinｇexｔrateｒritｏｒialｐoｗer”?ＩｔturnsｏutｔｈａtthefｏrｇottｅｎｃenturyofＡｍｅricａneｘtraｔerｒｉtorialjurisdictｉoninChｉnａiｓastoｒynｏｔｏnlｙaｂoｕｔChinaandtheUniteｄStatｅsbｕtalsｏofiｎｔernaｔｉoｎallａw．Thisｅssayistｈusａlsoａsｔｏryaboｕtｌaw’soperatiｏntrａnsnａｔｉｏnalｌy,ａndacaｓestuｄyofhｏｗlａｗdyｎａmicallybothｃonstitutesanｄｄecｏnstｉtutesｓoverｅiｇnｓatｂｏthnatｉonalａｎdinteｒnａｔiｏnalleveｌs.４５.Whｉｃhoneｏfｔhefolloｗinｇiｓexｔraterrｉtｏｒialｊurisdictionaｃcordinｇｔoｔｈeaｕthｏr?()（a)CｏｕntrｙAimｐosesｆineｔoitsowncitiｚenwhoviolatestｒａfficrulesinCｏｕntｒyA.(b)CouｎｔｒyＡiｍposesfｉnetoａｃitｉzｅnoｆCounｔｒyBwhoviｏlatestｒａfficrulesｉnＣoｕntryA.(ｃ)CoｕntｒyAchargescrimerｅsｐonsibｉlitytoacitｉzenofＣountryＡｗｈoｃomｍｉｔsacrｉmeｉｎCouｎtｒyB．(d)CｏｕnｔryBcｈargeｓcｒｉmｅrｅspｏnｓiｂiｌitｙtoaｃitiｚenofCoｕｎtｒｙAwｈocoｍmiｔsaｃrimeiｎCountrｙＢ．46．WｈicｈｄesｃripｔｉｏｎabｏutCalebＣuｓhｉngiｓNOTtrueaｃcordｉｎgtotｈesecoｎｄpａraｇrａph?()(a)HewasａＭaｓsａchusettscongrｅssｍan．(b)ＨewaｓthefｉｒstＡmerｉcanenvoyｔoChina.(c)Ｈeｗaｓａｌawyer．(d)HewasthｅaｔtorneｙｇeneraloftheUｎｉｔedＳｔatｅsbefoｒevisitedChina.47.WhａtｉsNOTiｎcｌudedinthe1844Sino－Ａmｅrｉcabilaterａlｔrｅaty?()(ａ)WｈeｎAmｅricａｎsenteｒeｄChｉna,tｈeyallcａrriedUＳlaws.(b)AｍeriｃaｎsweｒｅａllowedtotｒadｅfreeｌｙinCantｏn.（c)Ａmｅriｃａnsweｒealloｗedtotｒaｄｅｆreｅlyinfoｕｒothｅrpreviouslｙcloｓedpoｒts.(ｄ)UScitizeｎsinChinａｗerenotsubjeｃttoCｈｉnesｅｌａｗs.48.TheｃontradicｔionbetweｅｎtｈeAｍｅrｉcanexｔraｔｅrrｉｔoriａlityaｎdJustｉcｅＭaｒsｈａlｌ’sｓtatｅmeｎtin18１2ｃaｎberｅconcｉleｄwｈeｎ()(a)theceｎｔｕｒyofAmｅricaｎｅxtraterritoｒｉaljｕrisdictｉonisfｏrgｏｔteｎ.（b）onｅloｏksattheissｕｅfrominternａtｉonallｅveｌ.(c)eveｒysｏveｒeigｎｉsincaｐabｌｅofcｏnｆerrｉｎｇextraｔerritorialpower．(d）lawｄynamｉcallycｏnsｔitｕｔesａｎｄｄeconsｔiｔutｅsｓovｅｒeigns.ConｓtｉtuｔioｎaｌaｎdＡdmiｎistratｉveLａwRobｅｒtPostnoｔeｓthatthreｅiｎｔerestshaｖetｒａditioｎalｌybｅeｎａdｖancedtojusｔｉfyｃampaignfinaｎｃereform:eqｕalｉty，ａntiｄistoｒtion，aｎdtheｅlｉmｉｎaｔiｏnofcｏrrupｔｉon.Eaｃｈoftｈeseｔhｒｅｅinterestｓｉsfundamentalwithｉnasystemofｒepreｓenｔativｅgovernmｅnt.Ｅachcoｎstituentｉsentitleｄtoeqｕａlinｆｌｕenｃeｉnｔhｅselectiｏnｏｆｈerreprｅsenｔative；elecｔioｎｒｅsultｓshouｌｄtraｎsparentlｙｒｅｐreｓenｔ,ｗithoutｄisｔorｔioｎ,ｔｈeviewsoｆtｈepeople；ａndelｅctedｒepresentatｉｖeｓshouldpeｒfｏrmtheirappropriatｅroles,ｗｉthｏｕtcorrｕption．Ｎｏneofthesethreeinterｅsts，howeｖｅr,ｍaｋeｓseｎsewitｈinthediｓcursiｖedｅmocrａcｙｅｓtａｂｌｉshedandpｒotecteｄbyFirｓtAmendｍentrighｔｓ.Indｉｓｃｕrsiveｄeｍｏcracy,asdｉsｔiｎctfrｏｍdirectdemocraｃy，ｐuｂlｉcopiniｏｎisalｗａysevoｌｖinｇ;ｉtｄoeｓnｏｔｍａkｅdecｉｓiｏnsｗｉthｒｅspecttｏｗｈｉcｈｃｉｔｉzeｎscanｅxerciｓｅaneqｕａlｉnfｌuence.Iｎdiscurｓｉvｅdeｍocracy,pｕbｌicoｐinｉｏｎｉsneverｒepresenｔed,ｓothaｔthｅreｉsｎobaｓelinefroｍｗhichｄiｓtortｉoｎscａnbemeａsured．Andｔhestａｔe’sｉnterｅstｉnｐresｅrvingtｈeｒoｌemｏralityofreｐreｓenｔativesｆromcorruptｉoncanatmｏstcoｕｎtａsacｏｎsｔituｔionaｌｉnterestｔoｂeｗeighedａgainｓtFirstAmｅｎｄmenｔｉnｔeｒｅstsinprｅｓｅrvingthｅｉntｅgrｉｔyoｆself－governｍｅntthroughdiscｕｒsiｖedemｏcracy.ＩtｉsnowondeｒtｈatthｅconstiｔｕtiｏnａljurisprudｅncｅofcampaｉgnfinanｃereformhａsｂeenaｍuddlesiｎcｅthedaysofBuckleｙv.Vaｌeo.ＣitizensUnitｅdcｏncludesthatneitherequａlｉｔｙ,noｒdistoｒｔion，ｎoreliminatｉnｇcorｒｕption,cａncouｎｔascｏnsｔｉtuｔiｏｎａlｌyｃｏmpeｌlｉnｇintｅreｓtsｃaｐabｌeofjustｉfｙingｌegiｓlａtｉonprｏhibiｔingcｏrｐｏraｔiｏｎsfｒommaｋｉngindependentcａｍpａｉgnexpenｄituresｄirｅcｔlyfromtheircorpｏｒatetreaｓurieｓ.Butinｌeaｐiｎｇtotｈisconcｌusioｎ,ＣｉtiｚeｎsＵnitedfaｉlstoengageｉｎasuｆｆiciｅntlｙdeepaｎalｙｓiｓoｆrelevanｔFｉrsｔAmendmｅnｔrｉｇhｔs.ＦｉrｓtAmenｄmentrighｔｓprotectfreedomoｆspeechｉｎordeｒｔoprｅｓerｖeｔhepossibiｌityoｆｓeｌｆ-ｇｏvernｍent.ＴhｅＦirstAmenｄmentassumesthａtｐersonｓsｈouldbefrｅｅtｏinfluencｅtheｃontenｔoｆpuｂlicopiniｏｎanｄｔhatthｅgｏvernmentwｉｌlｂｅｒeｓｐonsivetoｐublicopinion．Ｗeassｕｍethaｔeleｃtiｏnｓwilｌenｓｕreｔhatgｏvｅrｎｍeｎtiｓresｐonsiｖｅtopｕblicｏpiniｏn.Iｆｅlectiｏnsdonotselectforreｐｒｅsｅｎtaｔiveｓwhoａｒｅaｔｔentｉｖｅtopublicopinion,hoｗever,thelｉnkbetweenFirstAmendmentrightsaｎdtheｖalｕeofｓeｌｆ-governmentｗilldｉsaｐpeａr.Ifｗｅdeｎoｍiｎatethecａpacityｏｆelectiｏｎstoｓeleｃｔreprｅsentatiｖeｓwhoaｒeresponsｉvetｏpubｌicoｐiｎionasｅｌectoraliｎtegrity,leｇisｌａtionaｉｍinｇtopresｅrveelｅctｏegｒityｓｅrｖeｓacomｐellinｇconｓtitutionaｌinｔeｒestforｐｕｒposeｓofFｉrｓtAmendmentａnaｌyｓis.CitizeｎsUnｉｔedfaiｌeｄｔoaskwhetｈerthecampaignfｉｎancelegislatioｎitｗasｃonsideriｎｇｓervedｔｈｅpurposeofmainｔaｉningelectoｒalintegritｙ.49.ＷhiｃhofthefoｌlowｉngiｓNOTａnｉnｔerｅsttojuｓｔiｆycampａｉgnfinanｃerefoｒm，acｃordinｇtoRｏbotPｏsｔ?()(a)Ｅａchpersｏnhasaｎequalｏｐpoｒtunityｔoｂeｒeｐresented.(ｂ)Tｈｅeｌｅctionｒesuｌｔshouldbｅpublisｈｅd.（c）Ｐeoｐle’sviｅwshｏuldｂeｐreｓｅｎtｅdｗｉｔhouｔａlｔｅratiｏn.(d)Tｈeelectｅdｒｅpreｓｅｎtativesｓhoulｄｐerfｏrmtheirroleswith“cleａnhanｄs”.５０．Whａtisthemajorｄiｆfereｎcｅbetwｅｅnｄiscｕrsiｖｅｄemoｃracyanddirectdemoｃracy？（)(a）Pｅopledonｏtvoteｄirｅctly．（b）Itdoesnotｍａｔterｗｈetherarepresenｔatｉvecorrupts.(c）Ｔhｅreｉsnobｅnchmarktoｍｅasuｒｅwｈethｅrpubliｃｏｐｉnioｎisdistｏｒted．(d）ThｅFirｓtAmｅndmentiｎterestsaremoreｉmporｔant.51．ＷhａtcausｅｓtheｌinkｂetweｅnFirsｔＡmｅndｍｅntriｇhｔｓａnｄｔhevaｌuｅoｆselｆ-governｍｅnｔtｏdiｓａppeａｒ?()(a)Wheｎｅlectｉonsｄｏｎotsｅleｃｔforreｐreseｎtativeｓwhoaｒeａttenｔｉvetｏｐublｉcopｉnioｎ.(ｂ)Agovernｍenｔisrｅsｐonｓiｖｅｔoｐubliｃopiｎｉon.(c)Leｇｉｓｌatiｏｎprohiｂitscorｐorａｔiｏnｓfrommakinｇｉndepｅｎdｅｎｔｃampaigneｘpendiｔureｓdirectｌyfｒoｍｔheircorpoｒａｔetreａｓuriｅｓ.(d)Ｗｈenpｅｒsｏnsarefｒeｅtｏｉnfｌｕencethｅcontｅｎtoｆpuｂliｃopｉnion．52.WhatwasthemajorfailureofCitiｚeｎsＵｎiｔedａccordingtｏthｅauｔhｏｒ?()（a)Itsｃonclｕｓｉonｔhatnoneoftheｔｅrestsjustiｆiesthelｅgislａｔionprohｉｂitiｎgcｏrpoｒaｔｉonsfrommaｋｉngindｅpｅndｅntcａmpａｉgnexpｅnditｕｒｅｓ.（b）ItｍaｄｅｎoaｎalysisofrelevａntFiｒｓtAmｅndｍeｎtrights.(c）Itｄｉdnoｔaskwheｔｈerthｅｃａmpaiｇnfinａnｃelｅgislatioｎwａscｏrrｅｃｔ.(ｄ)Ｉｔjumpedｔｏitscｏncｌusiｏnｗithｏuｔanａｌyzingtｈelｅｇislativｅpurpose.CｒiｍｉｎalLaｗThreａtsｔonationalｓｅcuriｔyａｎｄpuｂliｃsafety,whｅｔherreaｌoｒperｃeｉｖed,resultｉｎａnatｍospｈeｒeconｄuｃivetoｔheaｂusｅｏfcivillibeｒtｉes.Hisｔｏrｙislｉtｔeredwiｔhexamples:TheAlieｎanｄSｅdiｔionActｓｏf１798，theｓuspensｉｏnofhabeas