电动汽车的电网整合-政策制定者手册-2022-12-新能源d

GridIntegrationofElectricVehiclesAmanualforpolicymakersAGENCYTheIEAexaminesthefullspectrumofenergyissuesincludingoil,gasandcoalsupplyanddemand,renewableenergytechnologies,electricitymarkets,energyefficiency,accesstoenergy,demandsidemanagementandmuchmore.Throughitswork,theIEAadvocatespoliciesthatwillenhancethereliability,affordabilityandsustainabilityofenergyinits31membercountries,11associationcountriesandbeyond.Thispublicationandanymapincludedhereinarewithoutprejudicetothestatusoforsovereigntyoveranyterritory,tothedelimitationofinternationalfrontiersandboundariesandtothenameofanyterritory,cityorarea.IEAmembercountries:AustraliaAustriaBelgiumCanadaCzechRepublicDenmarkEstoniaFinlandFranceGermanyGreeceHungaryelandJapanKoreaLithuaniaLuxembourgMexicoNetherlandsNewZealandNorwayPolandPortugalSlovakrepublicSpainSwedenSwitzerlandRepublicofTürkiyeUnitedKingdomUnitedStatesTheEuropeanCommissionalsoparticipatesintheworkoftheIEAIEAassociationcountries:ArgentinaazilChinaEgyptIndonesiaMoroccoSingaporeSouthAfricaThailandUkraineSource:IEA.InternationalEnergyAgencyWebsite:AbstractidIntegrationofElectricAbstractAmanualforpolicymakersIIEACCBY.0.PAGE|3AbstractThispolicymakersmanualispreparedundertheframeworkoftheGlobalEnvironmentFacilityprogrammeaimedatsupportinglow-andmiddle-incomeeconomiesintheirtransitiontoelectricmobility.Itaimstoserveasaguideforsupportingroadtransportelectrificationanddecarbonisation.Thekeystepscanityassessingtheimpactsonthegrid,deployingmeasuresforgridintegrationandimprovingpowersystemplanning.Eachofthesestepsisinformedbyinsightsfromvariousstudiesandinputsfrominternationalstakeholders,withrecommendationsbasedonbestpracticesfromaroundtheworld.AcknowledgementsidIntegrationofElectricAcknowledgementsAmanualforpolicymakersIIEACCBY.0.PAGE|4Acknowledgements,contributorsandcreditsLuisLopezistheleadauthorofthismanualundertheguidanceofJacquesWarichetandCesarAlejandroHernandezAlva,formerHeadoftheRenewableIntegrationandSecureElectricityUnit.IEAcolleaguesJuhaKöykkäandJuliaGuyonalsocontributedtotheanalysis.AlejandraBernal,JoergHusar,RebeccaAcolleaguesWoanHoParkandDanielaQuirogaVergara,andIEA-LatinAmericaconsultantLuizdeOliveiraalsocontributedtothisreport.KeisukeSadamori,DirectoroftheEnergyMarketsandSecurityDirectorate,byPaulineHenriot,ZoeHungerford,AdityaRamji,CorneliaSchenk,JacobTeterandPer-AndersWidell.AdamMajoeeditedthisreport.ThanksgototheCommunicationsandDigitalOffice–especiallytoJadMouawad,HeadoftheCommunicationsandDigitalOffice,AstridDumondandThereseWalsh–fortheirhelpwithproductionandforprovidingwebsitematerials.AnnaKalistaalsoprovidedessentialsupport.Anonlinewebinaronmanagingthegridintegrationofelectricvehicleswasheldreport.ThisreportbenefitedgreatlyfromcommentsandfeedbackfrommanyexternalrtsincludingLewis(WBCSD),VictorBonilla(EBRD),KarimaBoukir(Enedis),JaapBurger(RegulatoryAssistanceProject),FranciscoCabeza(Element),FrancoisCuenot(UNECE),ShyamasisDas(IndependentConsultant),ThomasDeloison(WBCSD),MichaelDrtil(HitachiEnergy),AaronFishbone(GreenWay),NikosiouNationalTechnicalUniversityofAthensHariniHewaDewageRDigital),NishiHidetaka(METI),JuliaHildermeier(RAP),AntonioIlicetoENTSOE/Terna),ChaitanyaKanuri(WRI),TarekKeskes(ESMAPWorldBank),DTUIndradipMitraGIZSajidMubashir(BureauofIndianStandards),HitenParmar(uYiloeMobilityProgramme),LuisFelipeQuirama(UNEP),ChrisRimmer(Cenex),SachaScheffer(Rijkswaterstaat),SudhenduJyotiSinha(NITIAayog),UrskaSkrt(WBCSD),ChrisVertgewall(RWTHAachen),LuluXue(WRI)andZifeiYang(ICCT).IIEACCBY.0.PAGE|5ThereportwaspreparedbytheInternationalEnergyAgencyundertheGlobalE-MobilityProgrammefundedbytheGlobalEnvironmentFacility.TheworkcouldnothavebeenachievedwithoutthefinancialsupportprovidedbytheGlobalghlightedentProgrammeastheleadimplementingagencyundertheprogrammeandalltheireffortsinco-ordinatingthepreparations,planningandroll-outofitsactivities.gefemobilitywgieaorgmmaryidIntegrationofElectricmmaryAmanualforpolicymakersIIEACCBY.0.PAGE|6②Assessthepowersystem②Assessthepowersystemimpacts1.Defineanelectricmobilitystrategy2.Gatherdataanddevelopinsights3.Assessthegridimpactsundermobilityscenarios④Improveplanningpractices1.ConductproactivegridplanningNetZeroEmissionsby2050Scenario,andprovidingchargingsolutionswillbensuringasecuresupplyofelectricityforelectricvehicle(EV)charging,andintakingadvantageofEVflexibilitythroughseamlessintegrationwiththepowersystem.Thismanualisintendedtosupportpolicymakersinassessingandmitigatingtheimpactsofelectricmobilityonthepowersectoranddesigningstrategiestothereadinessofinstitutions,impactassessmentofEVcharging,designofasurestointegrateEVsasanenergyresourceandpowersystemplanning.SummaryofpolicyrecommendationstointegrateEVchargingintothegrid①Prepareinstitutionsfortheelectricmobilitytransition1.Engageelectricmobilitystakeholders2.Breaksilosinplanningandpolicymaking③Deploymeasuresforgridintegration1.Accommodateallchargingsolutionsbutencouragemanagedcharging2.Facilitateaggregationbyenforcingstandardsandinteroperability3.ValuetheflexibilityofEVs4.Co-ordinateEVchargingwithrenewables5.Incentivisesmart-readiness2.ReflectthefullvalueofEVchargingBYmmaryidIntegrationofElectricmmaryAmanualforpolicymakersCBYPAGE|7.0.PreparinginstitutionsfortheshifttoelectricmobilityWhileelectricmobilityisacceleratinginmanylocationsaroundtheworld,preparinginstitutionscanhelpensurethattheshifttoelectricmobilityhappensefficientlybytakingadvantageofvarioussynergies.Electricmobilityiscross-sectoralandrequiresinstitutionstoengagewithawidevarietyofstakeholdersesectorsToengageefficientlyacrosssectorsandsupportplanning,silosinministriesaswellasintheindustryneedtobebrokendown.PolicymakerscanstartpreparinginstitutionsbyengagingelectricmobilityworkinggroupsWorkinggroupsserveasfocalpointswherestakeholderscanlearnabouttheconcernsandmotivationsedevelopedtohelppushelectricmobilityforward.Policymakerscanbreaksilosbyestablishingco-operationatthepolicy-makinglevelanddesignatingcontactpersonstobeinchargeofcross-sectoralco-ordinationsotheycanmaximisesynergies.AssessingtheimpactsofelectricmobilityonthepowersectorLikeanyotherelectricload,EVswillimpactthepowersystembasedontheirpowerandenergyrequirementsandonthegridsfromwhichtheyarecharging.Dependingonthedegreeofuptake,lineortransformerloadingorpowerqualityincommercialorindustrialareasbutmaybeencounteredinresidentialareas.Moreover,evenwithsufficientnetworkcapacity,thecoincidenceofEVchargingwithpeakelectricityconsumptionwillincreasemarginalgenerationrequirementsandresultinadditionalsystemcosts.seularcommuterswithpersonalEVsmainlyrechargeintheeveningathomeorduringthedayatworkifthecharginginfrastructureisavailable.Meanwhile,e-busesande-trucksrequirehighchargingpowerforovernightchargingatdepotsandevenhigherpowerformid-travelstops.Hence,itisimportantforpolicymakerstodevelopanelectricmobilitystrategytonethevehicleelectrificationprioritiesandthechargingsolutionsthataccompanythem.Obtainingdataontravelneedsandchargingpatternsthroughtravelsurveys,globalpositioningsystem(GPS)technologiesandchargingdatabasescanprovideinsightsforpolicymakersandaidinmodellingEVuptakeandchargingprofilesToaccountforforecastinguncertaintiespolicymakerscanusemobilitynsongridinvestmentscanadapttopossiblechangesinthelandscape.mmaryidIntegrationofElectricmmaryAmanualforpolicymakersCBYPAGE|8.0.SystemoperationsChargingstrategyTechnologyrequirements.0.SystemoperationsChargingstrategyTechnologyrequirementsDuetovariationsinlocalmobilityandpowersystemcontexts,dedicatedstudiesarenecessarytoadequatelyassessthegridimpactsanddeploycomprehensiveplans.Inthisrespect,anupcominginteractivetoolonEVchargingundertheGlobalEnvironmentFacility’selectricmobilityprogramme,alongwiththispolicymanual,aimstosupportpolicymakersintheseendeavours.DeployingmeasuresforthegridintegrationofEVsWhileelectricmobilitycanhavesignificantimpactsonthegrid,severalmeasuresndturntheminsteadintoopportunitiesforflexibilityThismanualprovidesasimpleframeworkforEVgridintegrationtohelppolicyandpowersystemneeds.TheframeworkisstructuredaroundfourphasescorrespondingtoincreasingvolumesofflexibleEVloadandincreasingsystemdemandforflexibility.kforgridintegrationofelectricvehiclesPHASEPHASE1:NonoticeableimpactNosignificantimpactyet.EncouragehigherEVuptakethroughincentivesandpublicEVSEdeployment.Co-ordinatechargingstationdeploymentinareasbeneficialtothegridEV-EVSEinterfacestandardisationandinteroperabilitymeasuresDatabaseforEVregistrationsandchargingpointsDatacollectionoftravelandchargingpatternsFrameworkstoincentivisedemandresponsePHASEPHASE2:EVloadnoticeablewithlowflexibilitydemandDistinctvariabilityobservedcausedbyEVchargingbutdemandforflexibilityislowenoughthatsimpleflexibilitymeasureswouldsuffice.Passivemeasures:time-of-usetariffs,vehicle-basedchargingtimedelaysHourlymeteringorsub-hourlymeteringSeparatemeteringforEVsoronboardchargingmeasurementdevicesEnabledataexchangeplatformsforgridoperators,EMSPs,OEMs,CPOsandEVusersEV-EVSE-gridstandardisationofcommunicationprotocolsTime-of-useorcriticalpeaktariffsSelf-consumptionpoliciesPHASEPHASE3:FlexibleEVloadissignificantwithhighflexibilitydemandDemandforflexibilityishigh,matchingtheavailabilityofflexibleEVloadandpavingthewayforaggregatedsmartcharging.Deployactivemeasures:unidirectionalV1GReal-timeadvancedmeteringandcommunicationsinfrastructureForecastingofEVavailability,electricityprices,VREgenerationandgridconstraintsGridcodedefinitionforV1GReal-timetariffsContractsandmarketsforflexibilityMarketaccessforaggregatorsPHASEPHASE4:FlexibleEVloadishighlyavailablewithhighflexibilitydemandHighflexibilitydemandalongwithhighlyavailableflexibleEVloadcanprovideenergybacktothesysteminperiodsofdeficit.Deployactivemeasures,bidirectionalcharging:V2GBatterystate-of-healthmeasurementsEnableplatformsfordecentralisedpowertradingBatterystate-of-healthconsiderationsforV2GcyclingBidirectionalprotocols:ISO-15118-20:2022,CHAdeMOReducingoreliminatingtwo-waytaxationforstorageGridcodedefinitionforV2GRegulationRegulationandmarketdesignBYThemainstrategyistomaximisetheamountofmanagedcharging,asopposedshifttoelectricmobilityshouldbeaccommodatedbythegrid,butopportunitiestomaximisetheshareofmanagedchargingshouldbepursuedwhenpossible.mmaryidIntegrationofElectricmmaryAmanualforpolicymakersIIEACCBY.0.PAGE|9rtainpowertheconnectionfeedependentonpowerdemandorthecontrollabilityoftheconnectedEVcharger.Inordertounlockthetechnologyandbusinessmodelsnecessarytoprovideflexibilitythroughmanagedcharging,the}IoxiqiIi\(noops\oqoveIuopenpJomunoJe\op.Policymakerscanusetoolssuchastariffdesign,contractsandcharging.beresolvedthroughs\enpeJpise\ionenpin\oJodoJeqiIi\(moesuJos‘\uoJoq(e66Jo6e\in6sufficientnumbersofvehicles.thecontractingofrenewablescapacities.Finally,withallofthepotentialbenefitsofmanagedcharging,policymakersshouldinOon\iviso\uosmeJ\-Joepinossofecosystemsthroughminimumcommunicationandcontrolrequirements.ImdJovin6dowoJs(s\omdIennin6Therateofelectrificationoftransportandotherloads,andthepotentialcostsavingstheyprovide,callsforafundamentalimprovementinplanningpracticesasdistributedenergyresources.Co-ordinatedandintegratedplanningpracticesarebecomingessential.Theseensurethatpowersectorplansarewellco-ordinatedwithinthepowersectorandpdIenninnoopsoqodJoeOivoandanticipatevariousneedsforexpansionratherthanrespondtonewrequestsforconnection.MandatedtimewindowsofinterconnectionandthepublicationofcapacitybuildingtodevelopmodellingcapabilitiesandregulatoryincentivestiedtosupportingelectricmobilitycanhelpgridoperatorsproactivelyplanforEVchargingdemand.expenditurehelpsgridoperatorsputmorefocusonleveragingavailableflexibilityandreducingcostsforeveryone.Likewise,revisitingcriteriaforgridexpansionandsystemplanningcanhelpensurethatthecostsavingsfromEVchargingflexibilityarerecognisedandaccountedforwhendevelopinggrids.idIntegrationofElectricAmanualforpolicymakersACCPAGE|10BYBYTheelectrificationofroadtransportisakeypillaroftheIEA’sNetZeroEmissionstodaytonitiesrenergysecurityBytheglobaluptakeofEVscoulddisplaceoildemandfrommillionbarrelsperdayintheIEA’sStatedPoliciesScenariotoabout4.6millionbarrelsperdayintheIEA’sAnnouncedPledgesScenario.2Formanycountriesthatarehighlydependentonoilimports,resources,suchashydro,solarandwind.Theenergydemandonthepowersystemswouldbesignificantbutwouldonlyconstituteaminorshareofthecountrieselectricityconsumption.AccordingtotheStatedPoliciesScenario,approximately709TWhoffinalelectricitydemandgloballywouldbeneededin2030,equivalenttothetotalpowergenerationofCanadaandtheNetherlandsin2019,butonaveragewouldonlyconstitute2.7%ofindividualcountries’totalOntheotherhand,localconstraintsongridcapacityareexpectedtobethemainultaneouscharging100EVsareexpectedtoexceednetworkcapacityby2025duetofaster-than-2030.Moreover,theconcurrentelectrificationofheatingandacquisitionofairconditioninganddistributedPVcouldposechallengestonetworkcapacities,inctricmobilityoffersopportunitiesforflexibilityduetoby2030and186TWhby2050intheNetZeroEmissionsby2050Scenario,e1AcomparisonofthelifecycleemissionsofEVsandinternalcombustionenginevehiclesisrelevantforpolicydiscussions,especiallywhenconsideringbatteryextraction,manufacturingandrecycling.However,thisisnotwithinthescopeofthisreport.Formoredetails,seetheInternationalCouncilonCleanTransportation’s(ICCT)reportonthelifecycleemissionsofcombustionenginesandelectricpassengercars.2TheAnnouncedPledgesScenarioisbasedonthedifferentcountries’announcementsoftheir2030targetsandlonger-termnetzeropledges,regardlessofwhethertheyareanchoredinlegislationorinupdatednationallydeterminedcontributions.CBYPAGE|11.0.ofthisopportunitywouldrequireinvestmentsincommunicationsanddigitalnPolicymakershenceneedtoensurethattheirpowersystemsareready,andthedproactivelyElectricmobilityisalreadybecomingmainstream,representing5%,16%and17%oftotallight-dutyvehiclesalesin2021intheUnitedStates,thePeople’sRepublicofChina(hereafter,‘China’)andEuropeandupto30%ofLDVsalesintheNetherlands.Itisalsotakingholdinemergingeconomies,suchasIndia,whereelectricthree-wheelersconstituted46%oftotalsalesbetweenApril2021andMarch2022.OnekeyaspectofpolicyinterventionrelatestoEVcharging.WhileadaptingEVchargingtothedemandsofEVuserscanhelpacceleratetheuptakeofelectricmobility,shapingitsdeploymenttominimiseimpactsonthegridcanreducecostsandcontributetosustainabilitygoals.Co-ordinatingtheplanninganddeploymentofcharginginfrastructurewiththeplanningofthepowersystemgridscanhelpensurethetimelydeliveryofchargingsolutionstosupporttheshifttoelectricmobility.increasingroleofelectricmobilityinmanycountriestheIEAasoneoftheimplementingagenciesoftheGlobalEnvironmentFacility-fundedGlobalProgrammetoSupportCountrieswiththeShifttoElectricMobility,hasproducedthismanualforpolicymakerstohelpfacilitatethegridintegrationofEVchargingandrenewablesandoutlineimportantconsiderationsforasecure,cleanandaffordableenergysystem.ItisalsoadeliverableundertheCleanEnergyMinisterial’sElectricVehiclesInitiative.Thismanualisprimarilytargetedatpolicymakersinthepowersector,highlightingthekeyintersectionswithotherstakeholders,especiallythoseinthetransportandbuildingsectors.ItaimstoserveasaguideforpolicymakersonhowtopreparefortheshifttoelectricmobilityandeffectivelytakeadvantageoftheopportunitiesfromEVs.Themanualorganisesthetechnicalandpolicyinsightsfromgridintegrationpracticesaroundtheworldandisarrangedinfourchapterscorrespondingtotheepsrecommendedtopolicymakers•Step/Chapter1isaboutpreparinginstitutionsfortheshifttowardselectricmobility.Itintroducesthekeystakeholderswhoneedtoberalliedtosupportthisshiftandtheneedtobreaksilosbetweensectors,inparticularbetweenmobility,thepowersectorandbuildings/realestate.•Step/Chapter2isaboutunderstandingandassessingthegridimpactsofelectricmobility.ItintroducesthedynamicsofEVchargingandexplainshowvehicleelectrificationpatternsandlocalconditionsaffectthepowersystem.Ithighlightstheneedtodeveloprobustscenariosforgridplanningandoperations.IIEACCBY.0.PAGE|12•Step/Chapter3isaboutdeployingmeasuresforgridintegration.Itexplainsthepolicies,standardsandregulationsthataimtoreducetheimpactofEVbalancethesystemandintegratemorerenewables.gridplanningcanhelpaccommodatefuturechargingneeds,andtheneedtoreflectthefullvalueofEVchargingflexibilityinplanning.reinstitutionsforthereinstitutionsfortheelectricmobilitytransitionAmanualforpolicymakersACCPAGE|13BYBY1.Prepareinstitutionsforthelitytransitionciesthatenableandacceleratetheuptakeofelectricvehicles(EVs).Therefore,theshifttoelectricmobilitystartsfromtheinstitutions.ectricmobilitystakeholdersTheelectricmobilityecosysteminvolvesawiderangeofstakeholders,someofwhichmayhavehadlimitedinteractionsamongthemselvesuntilrecently.Giventheimperativeofmaintainingthepowersystem’ssupply-demandbalanceatalltimes,providingchargingsolutionsforEVsentailsahighdegreeofco-ordinationamongstakeholders.Todoso,understandingtheirconcernsandmotivationsisimportant.Fromtheperspectiveofthepowersystem,stakeholderscanbeclassifiedintovehicle-gridintegrationtohappen.TheengagementofoperationalstakeholdersfocusesonacceleratingEVuptakebyaddressingprospectiveusers’rangeanxiety.3Originalequipmentmanufacturers(OEMs)provideportablechargersandchargingpointoperators(CPOs)installpubliccharginginfrastructureincollaborationwithnetworkhelpreducecostsforEVusersbyco-operatingwithaggregatorsornetworkoperators.RangeanxietyisthedriversconcernthattherewillnotbeenoughbatterystorageintheEVtocoverthedistancerequiredtoreachthedestinationortofindthenextchargingstation.RangeanxietyposesasabarrierintheshiftfromconventionalginevehiclestoEVsChargerconfidenceisatermusedtodemonstratetheabilitytoaddressrangeanxiety.reinstitutionsforthereinstitutionsfortheelectricmobilitytransitionAmanualforpolicymakersCBYPAGE|14.0.EVusers•Vehicle.0.EVusers•Vehicledrivers•Fleetmanagers•Concerns:findinganavailableandfunctionalchargerandhavingenoughautonomyforthenexttrip;privacyandsecurity•Motivation:chargingconvenienceandlowerenergybills•ProgrammestomanageEVchargingarewelcome,buttheabilitytooptoutoftheprogrammesisnecessaryEVmanufacturerorvehicleoriginalequipmentmanufacturer(OEM)•Manufacturesvehiclesandprovideswarrantiesforcomponents(batteriesmaybemanufacturedbyaseparateentity)•Dimensionsthemaximumchargingcapacitiesofthevehiclestoensuresafety•Caninstallbasiccontrolandcommunicationfunctionalitiesinthevehicle•Concerns:handlingwarrantyclaims;chargingconvenienceofclients•Mayengageinsomeprogrammestosupportchargerdeployment•Motivation:salesandmarketshareChargepointoperator(CPOs)orbattery-swapstationoperator•Operatesandoftenalsoownsthecharginginfrastructure•Concerns:securinggridinterconnectionandlandacquisition;networktariffs•Motivation:businessmodeltoincreasechargepointutilisationandrevenuestreamsElectricmobilityserviceprovider(EMSP)•AstheinterfacebetweentheEVuserandtheCPOs,ensuringaccessibilitytoelectricityrecharging•EMSPsmaybeassociatedwithaCPOorhavearrangementswithseveralCPOstoexpandaccessfortheuser•SomeoriginalequipmentmanufacturersmayhaveextendedservicessimilartothatofanEMSP•Concern:interoperabilityofchargepointsforusers•Motivation:businessmodeltomaximiseshareofsubscribersNetwork/systemoperators•Regulatedmonopoliesoperatingthetransmissiongrid(transmissionsystemoperators,transmissionnetworkoperatorsortransmissionnetworkserviceproviders)andthedistributiongrid(distributionsystemoperators,distributionnetworkoperatorsordistributionnetworkserviceproviders);distributioncompaniesarealsoinchargeofmetering•Concerns:maintaininggridsecurityandqualityofelectricitysupply•Motivation:obtainingrevenuefrompublicserviceprovisionunderregulatoryconstraintsElectricitysuppliersandretailers*•Companiessupplyingelectricalpowersystems;suppliersofferelectricitytothewholesalemarketwhileretailersinturnbuytheofferedenergyandsellelectricitydirectlytotheconsumers•Concerns:retailershaveconcernsaboutbalancingtheirportfoliosandensuringthatretailratespayforthepurchasedenergy;suppliers,especiallyofvariablerenewableenergy,haveconcernsaboutsecuringabuyer/off-takertohelpreducefinancialriskAggregators•Third-partyentitiesthathelpaggregatevariousdistributedresources,throughEMSPsorCPOs,toactasmiddlementoprovideservicestothepowersystem;someretailerscanalsoactasaggregators•Motivation:obtainingaccesstoserviceswheretheycanoffertheircontractedresourceserationalstakeholdersforvehiclegridintegrationTypicalTypicalconcernsandmotivationsOperationalstakeholdersInmostadvancedeconomies,thepowersectorisunbundledandrestructured,andcompaniessuchasgeneratorsandretailerscompeteinthemarketInothercountriesorsubnationalsystems,regulatedverticallyintegratedmonopoliesremainthenormTheseverticallyintegratedmarketsconductsimilaractivitiesofgeneration,transmission,distributionandretailbutmaybeorganisedinadifferentmannerwithinacompany.IIEACCBY.0.PAGE|15Forplanningstakeholders,amainfocusonco-ordinationisneeded.GiventhatmostEVsarerechargedwhiletheyarefullyparked,theplanningoflocationsforpubliccharginginfrastructurewillinvolvelocalauthorities,urbanandtransportplanners,andthebuildingsector.Moreover,chargingprogrammesthatshiftchargingtomorefavourabletimesina24-hourperiodtoreducethepeakloadorincreasetheconsumptionofrenewableswillrequiretheco-operationofelectricvehiclesupplyequipment(EVSE)manufacturers,batterymanufacturers,researchersandregulatorstoestablishtechnicalrequirements.takeholdersforvehiclegridintegrationPlanningPlanningstakeholdersTypicalconcernsandmotivationsNationalandlocalauthorities•Deploypoliciestoenableandsupporttheshifttoelectricmobility•Facilitateaccesstopublicspacesforcharginginmunicipalitiesorathighways,andtoprivatespacesthroughbuildingregulationsforchargingprovision•Canserveasfocalpointsforco-ordinationwithnetworkoperators,urbanandtransportplanners,andchargepointoperators•LocalauthoritiesmaynotalwayshaveexpertiseinEVchargingEnergyregulators•Agenciestaskedwithregulatingnetworkmonopoliesandensuringcompetitioninnon-monopolisticactiv