工程项目管理与设计安全要点注意事项与施工必读

EnvironmentaleffectsofoilandgasleasesitesinagrasslandecosystemEnvironmentalManagementThenorthernGreatPlainsofSaskatchewanisoneofthemostsignificantlymodifiedlandscapesinCanada。WhilethemajorityofanthropogenicdisturbancestoSaskatchewan'sgrasslandsaretheresultofagriculturalpractices,developmentofpetroleumandnaturalgas(PNG)resourcesisofincreasingconcernforgrasslandconservation。AlthoughPNGdevelopmentsrequireformalassessmentandregulatoryapproval，follow-upandmonitoringoftheeffectsofPNGdevelopmentongrasslandsisnotcommonpractice.Consequently，theeffectsofPNGactivityongrasslandsandthespatialandtemporalextentofsuchimpactsarelargelyunknown。ThispaperexaminesthespatialandtemporalextentofPNGdevelopmentinfrastructurefrom1955to2006inagrasslandecosysteminsouthwestSaskatchewan。TheeffectsofPNGdevelopmentongrasslandecologywereassessedfrommeasurementsofgroundcovercharacteristics，soilproperties，andplantcommunitycompositionat31sitesinthestudyarea。PNGleasesiteswerefoundtohavelowcoverofherbaceousplants，clubmoss（Lycopodiaceae),litter,andshalloworganic(Ah）horizons.Leasesiteswerealsocharacterizedbylowdiversityofdesirablegrasslandplantsandlowrangehealthvaluescomparedtooff—leasereferencesites。Theseimpactswereamplifiedatactiveandhighlyproductiveleasesites。ImpactsofPNGdevelopmentpersistedformorethan50yearsfollowingwellsiteconstruction，andextendedoutward20m–25mbeyondthedirectphysicalfootprintofPNGwellinfrastructure。Theseresultshavesignificantimplicationswithregardtothecurrentstateofmonitoringandfollow—upofPNGdevelopment，andthecumulativeeffectiveofPNGactivityongrasslandecosystemsoverspaceandtime。ArticleOutline1。Introduction2.Methods2。1。Studyarea2.2。Wellticketandaerialphotodata2.3。Fielddatacollection2。4.Analysisofenvironmentaleffects3。Results3.1。PNGdevelopmentinthestudyarea3。2。PhysicalfootprintofPNGsiteinfrastructure3.3。Impactstogroundcoverandsoil3。4。Impactstograsslandplants3.5。Impactstorangehealth3.6.Influenceofdrilldateandseason3。7。Spatialextentofimpacts3。8.CumulativeextentofPNGimpacts4。DiscussionConclusionAcknowledgementsEasternCanadiancrudeoilsupplyanditsimplicationsforregionalenergysecurityEnergyPolicyCanadahasbeenblessedwithimmenseenergyresources;however,theirdistributionisnotuniform。Onesuchexampleiscrudeoil，whichisfoundprimarilyinwesternCanada。EasternCanada，consistingofthesixeastern—mostprovinces(NewfoundlandandLabrador，NewBrunswick，NovaScotia,Ontario,PrinceEdwardIsland，andQuebec）,producelimitedquantitiesofcrudeoil,mostofwhichisexportedtotheUnitedStates.Ideally，westernCanadiancrudeoilwouldmeetthedemandsofeasternCanada；however,theNorthAmericanFreeTradeAgreement(NAFTA)andtheabsenceofoilpipelinesmeansthateasternCanadaincreasinglyreliesonsuppliesofcrudeoilfromasmallnumberofoilexportingcountries,manywithdecliningproduction。Thispaperexaminescrudeoilproduction，supply,anditsrefiningineasternCanada。ItshowsthatcrudeproductionintheregionhasreacheditspeakandthatincreasingglobalcompetitionforcrudeoilwillaffectenergysecurityineasternCanada，eitherthroughpriceincreasesorsupplyshortages，orboth。ArticleOutlineIntroductionCrudesupply2。1。Transportingcrude2.2.Refineries2。3。WesternCanadiancrude2.4.EasternCanadiancrude2。5.Importedcrude3。Refinedpetroleumproducts4。Refinedproductdemand5。Discussion6。ConcludingremarksAcknowledgementsWorldenergyanalysis：H2noworlater?EnergyPolicyThisisastudyofworldenergyresourcesustainabilitywithinthecontextofresourcepeakproductiondates，advancedenergyusetechnologiesinthetransportationandelectricitygenerationenergyusesectors，andalternativefuelproductionincludinghydrogen。Thefindingcausingthemostconcernistheprojectionofapeakinglobalconventionaloilproductionbetweennowand2023.Inaddition,thefindingsindicatethatthepeakproductiondatefornaturalgas,coal，anduraniumcouldoccurby2050。Thecentralquestioniswhetheroilproductionfromnon-conventionaloilresourcescanbeincreasedatafastenoughratetooffsetdeclinesinconventionaloilproduction。Thedevelopmentofnon—conventionaloilproductionraisesconcernsaboutincreasedenergyuse,greenhousegasemissions,andwaterissues。Duetotheemergingfossilfuelresourceconstraintsincomingdecades,thisstudyconcludesthatitisprudenttobeginthedevelopmentofhydrogenproductionanddistributionsystemsinthenear—term。Thehydrogengasistobeinitiallyusedbyfuelcellvehicles，whichwilleliminatetailpipegreenhousegasemissions。WithaloweringofH2productioncoststhroughtheamortizationofsystemcomponents，H2canbeaneconomicfuelsourceforelectricitygenerationpost—2040。ArticleOutlineIntroductionMethodsanddata。1。Methods2.2。DataFindings3.1.Energyresourcepeakproductiondates3.2。Theeffectsofenergypathsonoilsupply/demandbalances3.3.Sensitivityanalysisforpeakproductionestimates4.Discussionoffindings4.1。Evaluationofpeakproductiondateestimates4.2。Issuesrelatedtotheproductionofsynfuelsfromnon-conventionaloilresources4.3.H2productionanddistributionsystemsConclusionsReferencesEnergyefficiencyinsocialhousing:OpportunitiesandbarriersfromacasestudyinBrazilEnergyPolicyThispaperinvestigatestheenergyefficiencyinasegmentofthebuildingsectorinemergingcountriesbyanalyzingandevaluatingtheenergyefficiencyofasocialhousingprojectinBrazil.Energyefficiencymeasuresandbioclimaticdesignstrategiesaredevelopedinordertoimprovethermalcomfortinthissocialhousingprojectandtoreducetheenergyconsumptionandexpensesoftheirresidents.Theinstitutionalbarriersandconstraintstowardhigherefficiencyaredescribed.TheresultsofthisstudyshowthatthereisahighpotentialtoincreaseenergyefficiencyinsocialhousinginemergingcountrieslikeBrazil。Theimplementationandconsiderationoftheenergyefficiencymeasuresandpolicyrecommendationswouldcontributesubstantiallytothegoaltodampenthefastgrowthofenergydemandinthesecountries。Moreovertheimprovementofenergyefficiencyinthesocialhousingsectorcouldbeadriverformarkettransformationtowardsmoresustainabilityinthewholebuildingsector.ArticleOutlineIntroductionMethodology3。SituationofsocialhousinginBrazil3.1。Thehousingdeficit3。2。Federalhousingpolicy3。3。SocialhousinginRiodeJaneiro4。EnergyefficiencyinBrazil4。1。Energyefficiencypolicy4.2.Brazilianbuildingstandardsandcodesrelatedtoenergyefficiency4.3.Barrierstoenergyefficiencyinsocialhousing4.3.1.Investmentandlifecyclecost4.3。2。Awarenessandcapacity4.3.3。Policyandstandardization4.3。4。Fragmentationofbuildingsector5。Mangueirasocialhousingproject5.1.Projectcontext5。2.Assessmentmatrixforenergyefficiencyanalysis5.3.Energyefficiencyanalysis6.Recommendationsandimplementation6。1。Projectdesignrecommendations6。1。1.Designguidelines6。1。2。Economicevaluationandaffordability6.2.Constraintsandopportunitiesofenergyefficiency6。3。Institutionalframeworkrecommendations7.ConclusionAcknowledgementsResearchhighlights?ThereisahighpotentialtoincreaseenergyefficiencyinsocialhousinginBrazil。?Energy—efficientsocialhousingwouldcontributesubstantiallytodampenthefastgrowthofenergyconsumptioninemergingcountrieslikeBrazil。?Implementationofenergyefficiencywouldimprovetheincomesituationofthepooreststrataofthepopulation。Fuzzyrule-basedmodellingforhumanhealthriskfromnaturallyoccurringradioactivematerialsinproducedwaterEnvironmentalRadioactivityProducedwater，dischargedfromoffshoreoilandgasoperations,containschemicalsfromformationwater,condensedwater，andanychemicaladdeddownholeorduringtheoil/waterseparationprocess.Although,mostofthecontaminantsfallbelowthedetectionlimitswithinashortdistancefromthedischargeport,afewoftheremainingcontaminantsincludingnaturallyoccurringradioactivematerialsNORM)areofconcernduetotheirbioavailabilityinthemediaandbioaccumulationcharacteristicsinfinfishandshellfishspeciesusedforhumanconsumption。Inthepast，severalinitiativeshavebeentakentomodelhumanhealthriskfromNORMinproducedwater.Theparametersoftheavailableriskassessmentmodelsareimpreciseandsparseinnature。Inthisstudy,afuzzypossibilisticevaluationusingfuzzyrulebasedmodelinghasbeenpresented。Beingconservativeinnature,thepossibilisticapproachconsiderspossibleinputparametervalues;thusprovidesbetterenvironmentalpredictionthantheMonteCarlo(MC）calculation.Theuncertaintiesoftheinputparameterswerecapturedwithfuzzytriangularmembershipfunctions(TFNs）。Fuzzyif-thenruleswereappliedforinputconcentrationsoftwoisotopesofradium，namely226Ra，and228Ra,availableinproducedwaterandbulkdilutiontoevaluatetheradiumconcentrationinfishtissueusedforhumanconsumption.Thebulkdilutionwaspredictedusingfourinputparameters:producedwaterdischargerate,ambientseawatervelocity，depthofdischargeportanddensitygradient.Theevaluatedcancerriskshowscompliancewiththeregulatoryguidelines;thusminimumrisktohumanhealthisexpectedfromNORMcomponentsinproducedwater。ArticleOutline1。Introduction2.Fuzzyrule-basedmodelling2。1。Fuzzysettheory2.2。Fuzzyrule2.3.Predictingbulkdilution2。4.ModellinghumanhealthriskPossibilisticevaluationResultsanddiscussions。ConclusionsAnalysisofthereactivitycoefficientsoftheadvancedhigh—temperaturereactorforplutoniumanduraniumfuelsAnnalsofNuclearEnergyTheconceptualdesignoftheadvancedhigh—temperaturereactor(AHTR)hasrecentlybeenproposedbytheOakRidgeNationalLaboratory，withtheintentiontoprovideandalternativeenergysourceforveryhightemperatureapplications。Inthepresentstudy，wefocusedontheanalysesofthereactivitycoefficientsoftheAHTRcorefueledwithtwotypesoffuel:enricheduraniumandplutoniumfromthereprocessingoflightwaterreactorsirradiatedfuel.Moreprecisely，weinvestigatedtheinfluenceoftheoutergraphitereflectorsonthemultiplicationfactorofthecore,thefuelandmoderatortemperaturereactivitycoefficientsandthevoidreactivitycoefficientforfivedifferentmoltensalts：NaF，BeF2，LiF，ZrF4andLi2BeF4eutectic。Inordertobetterillustratethebehaviorofthepreviousparametersfordifferentcoreconfigurations，weevaluatedthemoderatingratioofthemoltensaltsandtheabsorptionrateofthekeyfuelnuclides,which，ofcourse，aredrivenbytheneutronspectrum.Theresultsshowthatthefuelandmoderatortemperaturereactivitycoefficientsarealwaysnegative，whereasthevoidreactivitycoefficientcanbesetnegativeprovidedthatthefueltomoderatorratioisoptimized（thecoreisundermoderated）andthemoderatingratioofthecoolantislarge。ArticleOutline1。Introduction2。GeometrydescriptionCoolantsandfuelsdescriptionResults4.1。Excessofreactivityanddelayedneutronfraction4。2.Reflectorthickness4.3。Neutronspectra4.4.Voidreactivitycoefficient4.4。1.Configuration1–Pucoreundermoderated，Uc