2023年最便宜的考研英语真题完整版

2０２3年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题SectionIﻩUseoｆEnglishDirectiｏnｓ:Readthｅfoｌloｗｉｎgtext．Choｏｓethebestｗorｄ(s)foreacｈｎumbeｒedblａnkandｍark[A]，[Ｂ],［C]or[D]onＡNＳWERSHEＥＴ1.(１0ｐoinｔs)Iｎ１９24Ａmerica'ｓNatiｏｎaｌRｅｓｅarｃｈCounｃilsenｔｔwoenginｅerｓtosupeｒviｓｅaseriesofinduｓtrialeｘｐｅriｍenｔsatalargeteｌephoｎｅ-ｐartｓfａｃtorycalｌedtheＨawｔhorneＰlａｎｔｎｅarChiｃago.Ｉthopedtｈeｙwouｌdｌearnhoｗstｏｐ－floorlightｉngEQ\X\BO(大1家)workerｓ'proｄuctｉvity．Insｔead,tｈestｕdiｅsendeｄＥＱ\X＼ＢO（大2家)giviｎｇｔｈｅirnametothｅ"Ｈaｗthoｒneｅfｆect",ｔheexｔｒemelyinｆlｕeｎtialideaｔhaｔｔheｖｅｒyEQ＼X\BO(大3家)tobeｉｎgexperiｍeｎteｄuponcｈangeｄsｕbｊｅcts'ｂehaｖｉor．TｈeideaarosebecausｅoftheEQ＼X\ＢO(大4家）ｂｅhaｖiｏrofthewomeｎiｎtheHawｔhornepｌａｎｔ．AcｃorｄingｔoEQ\X＼BO(大5家）ｏfｔhｅexｐeriｍentｓ,ｔｈeirhourｌyoutputrosｅwｈｅnｌighｔingwａsｉncｒeased,buｔalｓoｗheｎｉtｗasdiｍmed.ItdｉdnotＥQ\Ｘ＼ＢO（大６家）whatｗaｓdoneinthｅｅｘpeｒｉmeｎt；ＥＱ\X\BO(大7家)sｏｍeｔｈingwaｓｃhaｎged，ｐroｄuctivityrｏse.Ａ（n)EQ\X\ＢO（大8家)ｔhａtｔheｙweｒｅbeingeｘpeｒimeｎｔeduｐoｎｓeemeｄtobｅＥQ\X＼BO(大９家)ｔoalｔｅｒworｋｅｒs'ｂｅhａｖｉorEQ\X\ＢO(大10家)itseｌf．Afｔeｒsｅveｒaｌｄｅcades,thesａｍedatawereEQ\X\BＯ(大11家)toecoｎometriｃtheaｎalysｉs．HawｔhｏrneｅxpｅrimｅｎtshasａnｏtｈeｒsuｒｐrisestoreＥＱ\X＼BO(大１2家)thedeｓcｒipｔiｏnｓonrecｏrd,nosyｓtｅmaticＥQ\X＼BO(大13家)wasfｏｕｎdtｈatｌｅvelsｏｆprodｕctivｉtyweｒerelａtedｔoｃｈanｇesinlighting.ＩtturnsｏutthatpeｃuｌiarwaｙｏｆconductingtheexperiｍentsｍａybｅhavelettoEQ＼Ｘ＼BO（大１4家)iｎtｅrprｅｔaｔionoｆｗhaｔhaｐped．ＥＱ＼X\BO(大１５家),lｉghtinｇwaｓalwａyｓchangedｏnａSunday.WｈｅnwｏrｋｓtartedagａｉnonMoｎday,oｕtpｕtＥQ＼X\BＯ(大１６家)rosｅcomｐareｄwiｔhtｈeprｅvｉousSaｔurdａｙaｎｄ17torisｅｆorｔheneｘtｃｏuplｅofdａｙs．EＱ\X\BO（大1８家),pariｓｏｎwiｔｈdataforwｅekｓｗhｅnthereｗasｎoexperimeｎtationｓhｏwedthaｔoutｐutalwayｓweｎtuponMonｄay,ｗorｋerｓEQ\Ｘ\BＯ(大１9家）ｔobeｄiｌigentfｏrthefiｒｓtfeｗdaysofthｅweｅkinanycaｓｅ,befｏrｅEQ\X＼BO(大20家)aplatｅauandtheｎslａckeningofｆ.Thisｓuggestｓthａtthｅalｌｅgｅｄ"Hawthorneeffecｔ"ishａrdtoｐinｄown.１.ﻩ[A］ａffectｅｄﻩ[Ｂ]aｃhieｖedﻩ［C]ｅxtｒacted [D]restoｒed2. [A]at [B]ｕpﻩ［Ｃ]wｉthﻩ[D]ofｆ３．ﻩ[A]truth [B］sｉghtﻩ[C]aｃtﻩ[D]prooｆ4. [Ａ]cｏntroｖersｉalﻩ［B]ｐerplｅxingﻩ[Ｃ]ｍischｉｅvous ［D]amｂｉgｕouｓ5.ﻩ［A]requirｅｍenｔｓ [B]explanａｔionsﻩ［Ｃ]aｃcｏuｎtsﻩ[D]aｓｓesｓｍents6. ［A]conclude [B］matterﻩ[C]ｉndicateﻩ[D］wｏrk７.ﻩ[Ａ]asfarasﻩ[B]forfｅartｈaｔﻩ[C]ｉｎｃaｓethaｔ [Ｄ]solｏnｇas8. [A]ａwaｒeｎesｓ [B]expectation [Ｃ］seｎtｉmeｎｔ [D]iｌlｕsｉon９.ﻩ［A]sｕitable [B]excesｓiｖe [C]ｅnoughﻩ[D]abundaｎt１0.ﻩ[Ａ]about [B]forﻩ[C]on [Ｄ］by１1.ﻩ[A]comｐareｄﻩ[B]showｎﻩ[C]suｂjeｃteｄﻩ[D]coｎveyｅd12.ﻩ[A]contrａrytoﻩ[B］coｎsiｓｔｅntwｉth [C]ｐａralleｌｗｉtｈﻩ［Ｄ]pecｕlｉarｔo13．ﻩ[A]evidｅnce ［B]guiｄance [C］ｉmplｉcatｉonﻩ[D］souｒce14.ﻩ［Ａ]diｓputableﻩ[B]enlighｔeningﻩ[C]ｒｅliablｅﻩ[D]misleａdinｇ１5.ﻩ[A]Incoｎtrastﻩ［Ｂ]Forexample [Ｃ]Inｃonｓequencｅﻩ[D］Ａsｕｓual16.ﻩ[Ａ］dulyﻩ[B]acｃiｄentａllyﻩ[C］uｎpredｉctably ［Ｄ]sｕｄdeｎly17．ﻩ[Ａ]fａileｄﻩ［B]ceaｓed ［C]sｔaｒted ［D］conｔinued２0. [A］ｂreakｉng [B]climｂｉng [C]surpassinｇﻩ[D]hiｔtｉngＳeｃtiｏｎIIﻩReadingCoｍprehｅｎsiｏnPａrtAＤirecｔioｎs:Ｒeadthｅfollowｉngｆourteｘts.Anｓweｒthequeｓtiｏnsbeloweａchtｅxｔbyｃhoosing［A]，[Ｂ],［Ｃ］ｏr[D].ＭarkyouranswｅｒsｏnANSＷERＳHEEＴ1．(40pｏints)Teｘt１OfａllthechangｅstｈａｔhａveｔａkenpｌaceｉnＥnglish-languagenewｓｐapｅrsduｒingtｈepａｓtquａｒtｅｒ－ｃeｎtｕｒy，perｈapsｔｈemostfar-reaｃhｉnghａsbeｅntheinexｏrabｌedｅclineintｈｅsｃopｅandseｒｉoｕsｎessoｆtheirａrｔscoverage.Ｉtｉsｄiｆｆicuｌtｔothepointofimpossibilityｆoｒｔheaverageｒｅaderｕndｅrtｈeaｇeｏｆfortytoiｍagineatimｅwhenhｉｇh-qｕalityarｔｓcriticismｃoｕlｄbefｏundinmostbig－cｉｔyneｗspaperｓ.Ｙetacoｎsｉdeｒaｂlｅnuｍbeｒｏfthｅmostsignificaｎtcｏlleｃtiｏnsｏfcriticｉsmpubｌishedintｈe2０thｃentuｒｙconｓｉstedinlarｇepartofnewspapeｒｒeｖｉeｗｓ.Ｔｏreaｄsuchbｏｏｋstｏdａｙistoｍaｒveｌaｔtheｆactthatｔheirｌeaｒｎedｃontentsweｒeｏｎｃｅdeeｍedｓuｉｔablefoｒpubliｃatioｎiｎgｅｎeral－ciｒculatiｏｎdailies．WｅarｅｅvenｆartｈerｒemｏveｄfromtheuｎｆｏcusedｎewsｐaperreｖiewｓpuｂliｓhedinEnglaｎdｂeｔwｅenthｅturｎofｔhｅ20tｈcｅnｔｕryandtｈeeveoｆＷｏrｌdＷarＩI,atatiｍewhennewsｐrinｔｗasdｉrt-cｈeapａndｓtylishartsｃriｔicｉsmwaｓconsiderｅdanorｎameｎtｔoｔheｐｕｂlｉcａｔiｏnｓｉnwhicｈitａppeａrｅd．Inｔhｏsefａｒ-ｏffｄays,itwａsｔａkenforgrantｅdthatthecrｉtｉcｓofｍajorpapeｒswｏuｌdwriteindeｔaiｌａnｄatleｎgtｈabouttｈeeｖentstｈeycoｖered．Tｈｅiｒswasａseriousｂusiｎeｓs，ａｎｄeventhｏserevｉeｗersｗhｏworetheirlearninｇlighｔly，liｋeGｅｏrgeBｅrnaｒdShawａnｄErｎestＮewman,ｃouldｂetｒustedtoｋnowwｈaｔｔｈeywｅreａboｕt.Tｈeseｍenbelieｖｅdｉnjouｒnaｌisｍａsacａlling,andwereｐroudtobepublishedｉｎthedailypress.“Ｓｏfewａutｈorsｈaｖebrａiｎseｎoｕghoｒliｔｅｒａrygiｆｔenｏughtoｋｅeptheｉroｗnｅndupｉnjｏuｒnaｌisｍ,”Nｅｗmanwroｔe,“tｈａtIaｍｔｅmptｅdtoｄefine‘ｊournaliｓm’as‘atｅrmofcｏntemｐtａｐｐｌieｄbｙwrｉｔerｓwhoareｎoｔreadtoｗritｅｒswhoａrｅ．’”Ｕｎfｏrtuｎately，tｈｅｓecrｉtiｃｓarevｉrｔuaｌlyfoｒgotten.ＮevillｅCarｄuｓ,whowrotefｏrｔheMａnchesterＧuaｒdiaｎｆrom1９１7untilshortlyｂeforehisdeathin1975,ｉsnowｋｎｏwnsolelyasawritｅrｏfesｓaｙsoｎthegａmｅoｆcrickｅｔ．Dｕｒinghislifeｔime，though,hewａｓalsoｏneｏfEngｌand’sｆoremostclassicａl-ｍusｉccritics，aｓtｙlistsoｗｉdelyadmiredthathｉsAuｔoｂioｇraｐhｙ（１947）becaｍeａｂeｓｔ-selleｒ.Heｗasｋnigｈtedin１967,ｔhefｉｒｓtｍusicｃrｉtictoｂesohonorｅｄ.Yetoｎlyoneｏfｈisbooksisnｏｗinpｒint，anｄｈisvａｓｔbodyofwrｉtinｇsonmusiciｓuｎknownｓaｖetosｐecialists.IsthereaｎｙcｈancethａｔCardｕs’ｓcｒiticisｍwilｌenjoyａrevivａｌ?Theprosｐectseｅmsｒemｏte.Journalistictaｓteshａdcｈangedlongbefｏｒeｈｉｓｄeaｔh,aｎdposｔmｏｄｅrｎreadeｒshavｅlｉttleusｅfｏrthｅｒｉcｈlｙｕpｈoｌstｅrｅdViｃwarｄiａnproseinwhichhｅsｐeciaｌizｅｄ.Moｒeｏver,theaｍateurtrａdｉｔioninmusicｃritiｃｉｓｍhasｂeeｎｉnｈeadlｏngretreat.21.ﻩItｉsｉndicaｔｅdiｎParagｒaｐｈs1ａnd2ｔｈat[Ａ]artscriticisｍhasdisaｐpｅareｄfrombig-citｙneｗspａpeｒs.[B]Ｅｎｇlｉsh-lａnguagｅnｅwspａpersusｅdtoｃaｒｒymｏｒｅaｒtsrｅviews．[C]hｉgh-qualityneｗｓpapｅrsreｔainaｌａrｇebｏｄyofｒｅaｄers．[D]yｏunｇｒｅadersdoubｔthｅsｕitabilｉｔyofcｒｉticiｓmondailieｓ．22. NewspaperrｅvｉｅｗsinＥnglanｄbeforｅWｏrlｄWaｒＩＩweｒechaｒａｃteriｚeｄｂy[Ａ]frｅeｔheｍes．[Ｂ]casuａｌｓtyle.[Ｃ]ｅlaborａtelaｙout.［D]raｄｉcalｖieｗpoints．23. WｈiｃhofｔｈefollowｉｎgｗｏuldShawａnｄＮeｗmａｎmostprobabｌｙagｒeｅoｎ?［A]Iｔiｓwritｅｒs'dutyｔofｕｌfilｌjourｎａlisticｇｏals.［B]Itｉｓcontｅmptｉbleforwritｅrｓｔｏbejｏurｎalistｓ.［C]Writeｒｓａrｅliｋelyｔobｅtｅmｐtedｉntojｏurnａlism.［D］Ｎotallｗriterｓaｒecaｐableofjoｕrnａｌｉstiｃwriting.24．ﻩWhatcａｎbelearnedaboutＣaｒduｓaccordinｇtｏｔheｌasｔtｗoparagｒaphs?[A］Hismｕsicｃriｔｉciｓmmａyｎotapｐeａltoreａdersｔoday.[Ｂ]Hisreputatｉｏnasaｍusiccriｔichaslongbeenindiｓpute.[Ｃ]Hｉsｓtｙｌｅcatｅrslargelyｔｏmodernspeｃiaｌiｓts．[D]Hisｗriｔｉngsfａiltofｏlloｗtheaｍateurtradition．25. Whatwouldｂetheｂesttiｔｌefortheteｘt?[A]NewspaperｓｏftheＧoodOｌｄＤａｙs[B]TheLostＨoriｚｏninNewspaｐers[C]MouｒnfulDeclｉneofJｏurnalｉsm[Ｄ]ＰｒominentCｒｉticｓiｎMemｏryＴext2Ｏvｅｒtｈｅｐastdecade，thousａndsｏfpatｅnｔshavebｅenｇraｎtｅdforｗｈatarecａlｌedbｕｓiｎeｓsmethoｄs.Aｒeｃeｉvedoneforiｔs"ｏnｅ-ｃｌicｋ＂onlineｐａymentsysteｍ．MｅrrｉlｌＬynchｇｏtｌeｇaｌpｒｏtectiｏnfoｒａnａsｓeｔallocaｔionstratｅgy.Oneinｖｅｎｔorｐatｅntedaｔｅchniquｅforlｉfｔingａboｘ.Nｏwthｅnatiｏn'sｔoppatｅｎtｃouｒtaｐpearscｏｍpletelyrｅadｙtｏscaｌebacｋonbusiness－ｍeｔhｏdpａｔeｎts,wｈichhａｖeｂeencｏntrovｅｒsｉalｅversinｃetheｙwerefiｒｓtautｈorizｅd10yｅａrsａgo.Iｎamoveｔhathasintelｌｅcｔual-ｐrｏperｔylawyeｒsａbuzztheU.S.courtｏfAｐｐeａlsｆoｒthefeｄeralcirｃｕitｓaiditwoｕlｄuｓeapartｉculaｒcaｓｅｔoconductabrｏａdreviewofbｕsiness-ｍｅthodpaｔents．InrｅBｉlski,ａｓtｈecaｓeｉskｎown，is＂averybｉgｄeａl"，ｓaｙｓDennisD．CroｕcｈofthｅUnｉverｓityｏfMiｓsouriScｈｏｏlｏflaw.Ｉｔ"haｓtｈepoｔeｎtｉａltｏeliｍiｎａｔeａneｎｔireclaｓsofpａtents.＂Cuｒbｓｏｎbuｓiｎeｓs－methodclaimsｗouldbｅadramaｔiｃabout-face，bｅcａｕsｅitwasｔhefedeｒalcirｃuｉtｉｔsｅlｆthａtｉｎtroｄuｃｅdsｕｃhｐatenｔswiｔhｉs１９98deciｓｉonｉnthｅso－calｌeｄｓｔaｔeStreetBankcaｓe,apｐｒｏvingａｐaｔeｎtｏnawaｙofpoolinｇmｕtual-fｕndasｓeｔs.Ｔhａtrulinｇpｒoducｅｄａｎexｐlosioninｂusiｎeｓs-meｔhodpａteｎtfilings，inｉtiallybｙemergiｎgiｎternｅtcｏmpａniｅstｒｙingtｏstaｋeouｔeｘｃlusｉverｉgｈｔｓtospeciｆiｃtypｅsofoｎlinetransacｔions.Lａter，ｍｏｖeeｓｔａｂｌｉshｅdcｏmpａnｉesraｃedtoaｄdsuｃhｐatentｓｔoｔｈeｉrfiles,ifｏnlyasａdｅfenｓｉvｅｍｏveａgａinsｔｒivalｓtｈａtmigｈtｂｅatthemｔothepuｎch.Ｉn2023，IＢMｎoｔｅdinacourtfilingｔｈatithａdbeｅnissuedmoretｈan300busｉnｅss-methodｐateｎtsdespiｔetｈefａｃｔthatitquestioｎeｄtheleｇalbasisforｇｒantingｔhｅm.Simiｌａｒｌy，someＷａllStreｅtinvｅstｍentfilmsａrmeｄｔhｅmseｌveswithpateｎtsforfｉnaｎcialproｄｕcts,ｅvenaｓtｈeytoｏｋｐositionsinｃourtcasesｏpｐosingthepractiｃe.TheＢilskicaseinｖolvesａclaimｅdpateｎtonameｔhｏdｆｏrhedｇingriskintｈeenergymarkeｔ.TｈeFederalciｒｃｕiｔｉssuｅdａnunｕsualoｒdｅrstatiｎgthａｔthecａsewouｌdbeheardbyall１2ofｔhecｏｕrt'sjｕdｇｅs,rａｔheｒｔｈanａtyｐicalｐanelｏｆthｒee,andｔhatoneissueｉtwantsｔoeｖalｕateiｓｗｈetｈeｒｉtshoｕld＂reｃｏnｓｉdeｒ"itsｓtａtｅsｔreeｔBankruliｎg.TｈeFｅderaｌＣircuit'ｓactioncｏmｅｓiｎｔhewａkeofasｅriesｏｆrecentdeｃisｉonsbythesuｐreｍeCoｕrttｈathasnaｒrｏｗeｄthesｃopeｏfprotecｔionsfｏｒpateｎthｏldｅrs.LastApriｌ,fｏrexampletｈejuｓticｅssiｇｎaｌedthａttoomaｎypａteｎｔｓwerebeinｇｕpheldfｏr＂inventions"tｈataｒeobvioｕs．TheｊudｇesontheFedｅｒalcircuiｔare＂reactinｇtoｔhｅantｉ-pａtenttrenｄatｔｈeSupｒemeCourt"，sａｙsHａroｌdC.Wｅgner,apatentａttorneyａndｐrofeｓｓｏｒatＧeorgｅ26. Busineｓs-methｏdpａteｎｔsｈaverecｅｎtlyａrｏuｓｅｄcｏnｃernbecaｕsｅoｆ[A]ｔheｉｒliｍitedvalueｔobuｓiness［B]thｅircｏnｎｅctｉonwｉthaｓｓeｔallocａtiｏn[C]thepossiblerestrictｉoｎｏｎtheiｒgranｔing[D］thｅcontroversyoｖerauthｏriｚation27.ﻩWｈichofｔheｆoｌｌｏｗｉngistｒueofｔheBilｓkicａse?[A]Iｔsrulｉngcomｐlieswｉththecourtdｅcisiｏns［B］Ｉtinvｏｌvesaverybｉgｂuｓiｎeｓsｔransactioｎ[Ｃ］IｔhasbeｅndｉsmｉｓsedbytheＦederaｌCircｕｉt[Ｄ]ItmaychaｎgetheleｇａｌｐrａｃｔiｃｅsintheU.S.2８. Tｈeword＂aboｕｔ-facｅ"(Liｎｅ1，Ｐara３)ｍosｔｐｒobａblymeanｓ［A]lossofgoｏdｗiｌl[B］increａseofhosｔility[Ｃ]chaｎgeofattiｔude[D]enhanceｍｅntofdｉｇｎｉtｙ2９． Ｗeleａrｎｆromthelasttｗoｐaragraｐｈsｔhatbｕsｉnｅss－methodpatentｓ[A]ａreiｍmuneｔoｌegaｌｃhaｌlenges［Ｂ]aｒｅofｔenunnｅcessarilyissueｄ[C]lowertｈeestｅemforpatｅntｈoｌｄeｒｓ[D］ｉncｒｅａsetheinciｄenceoｆrｉsks3０．ﻩWhicｈｏｆｔhefｏlloｗｉｎgwoulｄbetheｓubjeｃtofthｅtｅｘt？[A]Aloomingthreattobusiｎeｓs－ｍethodpatents[B]Pｒoｔｅctioｎfｏrbusinesｓ－mｅthoｄｐatｅntholders［C]Aleｇａlcaseregardinｇbusiness-metｈodｐａｔeｎts[D]Aprｅｖailｉngtｒendaｇaｉnｓtbusｉness－mｅtｈｏdpatentsTｅxt3ＩnｈisboｏｋＴheTiｐｐiｎgPoｉnt，MalcolmGladwelｌarguｅｓthatsocialeｐidemicsarｅdｒiｖeｎｉnlａｒgeｐarｔbyｔｈｅactｉnｇofａtinｙｍｉnorｉtyofｓｐeｃialｉndividuals,oftencalledinfｌｕｅntials,whｏａreuｎｕsuaｌｌｙinformed,ｐeｒsuａsｉｖe,ｏrwell-ｃonnected.Theidｅａisintuｉｔivelyｃompeｌｌing,bｕtitdｏesｎ＇teｘplaｉｎhowiｄeａsactuａｌlyｓｐreaｄ.Ｔhｅsｕpposｅdimporｔanｃeofｉnflｕｅntialsｄｅｒivesfｒｏmａpｌａuｓiblｅsoｕｎdingbutｌargelyuntestedthｅｏrｙcalｌedthe"twoｓtepflowｏｆｃomｍｕnicａtｉon"：Inｆorｍatiｏnfloｗsｆｒomthｅmediaｔoｔheinflueｎtialｓandｆｒｏmｔｈemｔoevｅｒyoneｅlｓe.Markeｔerｓhaveemｂrａcedthｅtwo-steｐflowｂecａuseｉtsuｇｇｅsｔｓtｈatiftheｙcanjｕstｆinｄaｎdiｎflｕencｅｔheinｆlｕeｎtiaｌs,ｔhoseｓｅleｃｔeｄpeｏｐｌｅwilldｏmostofｔhｅwｏrkｆｏｒｔheｍ.Ｔheｔhｅoｒyａlsosｅemstoexｐｌaｉnｔｈｅｓuddｅnａｎduneｘpｅcｔedpopuｌariｔyofｃertａiｎlｏoks,brands,orneighboｒhｏoｄs.Inmanysuchcases,acｕrsorｙsearcｈｆorｃaｕsesｆiｎdsthaｔｓｏmｅsmaｌlgrouｐofｐeoplewaｓｗｅａｒｉｎｇ,prｏmｏｔing,oｒdevelopiｎgwｈａteｖeｒitisbefｏｒeａnyｏneｅlｓｅpaｉdattｅntiｏn.ＡnｅcdｏｔalevｉdenceofthiｓkindfitｓnicelywithｔheidｅathａtonlycertaiｎspecialpeoplecandrｉvｅｔｒｅｎdsInｔheirｒeｃenｔwoｒk,howｅvｅr,ｓomeｅupｗiththｅｆindingthaｔｉnfluｅnｔialｓhaｖefarｌeｓsimｐacｔoｎｓocｉａleｐiｄemicstｈａnｉsgenerallｙsupposed.Infａcｔ,theydon'tseeｍtobeｒequiredofall．Thereｓearchｅrｓ'argumeｎｔsteｍｓfｒomaｓiｍpｌeobservingaboｕtsocialiｎfluence,witｈtheｅxｃeptｉｏｎofafｅwcｅｌｅｂrｉtiesliｋeＯprａｈWiｎfreｙ—wｈｏｓeｏｕtｓizｅprｅsenceisprimａrilyａfunｃｔionｏfｍedia，notｉntｅｒpeｒsｏnal,infｌuence—ｅveｎtheｍostiｎfｌuentialmeｍberｓｏfaｐｏpulationsｉmplydon'ｔintｅraｃtwiｔhtｈatmａnｙｏｔｈers．Yetitiｓpｒｅcisｅlythesenon-ｃelebｒityｉnfluentiaｌswho,acｃoｒdｉngtotｈetｗｏ-steｐ-flowtｈeｏry,aresupposedtｏdｒivｅｓociａleｐｉdｅmicsbyｉnfｌｕenｃingthｅirｆriendsanｄｃｏllｅaｇuｅsdirｅctly.Forasｏｃｉａlepidemictooccuｒ,however，eachpersonsoaffｅｃteｄ，musttheninfluencehiｓorｈerownacquａinｔancｅｓ,whomｕsｔinｔurninfluｅｎcetｈｅiｒs,andsoｏｎ;anｄjｕsthoｗmanyothｅrsｐayatｔenｔiontoeaｃhｏfthesepeopｌehａslittleｔｏｄoｗｉththeiｎｉtｉaｌｉnfｌuential.Ifpeoplｅintｈｅｎetｗoｒkjuｓttwoｄegｒeesremovedfromｔhｅinitialinｆluenｔiａlproveresistａｎt,ｆorexａmplefroｍtheｉｎitialinfｌueｎtiａlprovｅrｅsisｔaｎt,ｆorexaｍplethecascadｅofchangewon'tprｏpagａtｅveryfaｒoraffeｃtｍanypeｏple.Ｂuildiｎgonthebasiｃtrｕthaboutｉnterpeｒｓoｎalinfluenｃe,thereseａｒchersstuｄiｅdthedynaｍicsofpopulationｓmanipｕlａtinganumberofvarｉabｌesｒelatｉngofpoｐuｌａtｉonｓ,maｎipulａtinｇanumbeｒｏfvariａbｌeｓｒeｌaｔingｔopeople'sabilitytoinfluｅｎｃｅothersaｎdtｈeiｒtendencｙtobeｉnfｌuenced.Ouｒworｋshowsthaｔｔｈepｒｉncipaｌreqｕiremeｎtｆoｒｗhatwｅcaｌｌ"globａlcaｓcadｅs"–tｈewidespｒeａdpｒopagatiｏｎｏfinｆlueｎceｔｈｒoughnetwｏrks–istｈeｐresencenｏtofafewｉnfluｅntialsbuｔ,rather,ofacｒiｔicａｌmａｓsofeasｉｌyｉnｆｌuencedpｅoplｅ,ｅacｈofｗhoｍadoｐｔs，say,aloｏkoｒabｒandafterｂeingｅｘpoｓedtoasinｇlｅadoptingneighbor.Rｅgardlesｓofhｏwinflueｎｔialanindiviｄuａlｉｓlocａlｌy，ｈeoｒshecanexertglobaｌiｎfｌuｅnｃeonｌyｉfｔhiscriticａlｍassisaｖailabletopｒopａgateachａinreactｉon.31. ＢycitingｔhｅｂookTheTｉｐpｉngPoint,tｈeａｕｔhoｒiｎtｅnｄsto［A]anaｌyｚethｅcoｎsequenceｓofsociaｌepｉdemics[Ｂ]discｕssinfluentｉａｌｓ'ｆuncｔｉｏｎinspreadｉngideas[C]eｘｅｍplｉfypeoｐle'ｕitiｖerespｏnｓeｔoｓoｃiａlepidｅmicｓ［D]descｒibｅtheeｓｓentialcｈaracterｉsticsofiｎfluentials.3２. Theautｈoｒsuggeｓtsthatthe"two－steｐ-ｆlｏwtheｏｒy"[A]seｒvｅsaｓaｓolｕtiontoｍａrkeｔｉｎgpｒoblems[B]hａshelpｅdexplaiｎcｅrtaiｎpreｖalenｔtrｅｎds[C］haｓwｏｎsupportfrｏminfluｅnｔials[D]requiressolidｅｖidencefｏｒｉtsvaｌiditｙ33.ﻩWhattｈｅresｅarchｅrｓhaveobserveｄｒeｃeｎtlyshowｓthaｔ[A］theｐｏｗeｒofinfluｅncｅgoesｗithsocialintｅrａctions[B］inteｒpersoｎallinkｓcanｂeｅnhanｃedthｒouｇhthemｅdiａ［C］influentialsｈaｖｅｍorecｈaｎnelstoreachthepuｂlic[Ｄ］mｏstcelebｒitiesenjｏywidｅmeｄiａａｔtenｔioｎ３４. Theuｎｄerlinｅdphｒase"thesｅpeoｐle"inparagｒaph4rｅｆｅｒstotheoneswho［Ａ］staｙoutｓｉdethenetｗorkofsｏciａｌｉｎfｌuｅnｃe[B］ｈaveliｔtｌｅcontaｃtwｉｔhthesouｒceofｉｎｆluencｅ[C]areｉnfｌｕenｃeｄａndtheninflueｎceotｈers[D]areiｎfluenｃeｄbyｔhｅinitialｉnｆlueｎｔial35.ﻩwhatistheｅｓｓeｎtiａlelemｅｎｔiｎtｈeｄｙnａmicsｏfｓoｃｉalinflｕｅnｃe?[A］Theｅagernessｔobeaccepted[B]Tｈeimpuｌseｔoｉｎfluencｅｏthers［C］Tｈerｅａdinesstoｂeinflueｎced[Ｄ]TheｉnclinatiｏntｏrelyonｏｔheｒsText4Ｂankeｒshavebeenbｌａmｉｎgthｅｍsｅlvesfoｒtheiｒtｒoublesinpublic.Bｅhindｔhｅscｅneｓ,tｈeyhavebeｅntaｋiｎgaｉmatsomeoｎeelse:theａccoｕnｔｉngsｔandard－setters.Ｔheiｒrules,ｍｏanthebａnks，hａvｅforcedｔhｅmtoｒepoｒtenoｒmouｓlosses,aｎｄit'sjusｔnoｔfａｉr.Thｅｓeｒuleｓsaｙｔheymｕｓtvaluｅsomeａssｅtsatthepriｃｅaｔhiｒdｐａｒｔywouｌdpaｙ,ｎotthｅｐrｉcemanaｇeｒsanｄｒegulatorswｏuldlｉｋｅｔhemtofｅtcｈ.Unｆortuｎately,ｂanｋs'ｌobbyingnoｗseｅｍｓtoｂewｏrkiｎg.Theｄetａｉｌsｍayｂｅunｋnoｗａble,buttheindeｐendenceofstandarｄ-ｓetｔeｒs,esｓentialtothｅpｒｏpeｒfｕnctｉoninｇofcａpitalmaｒｋｅts，isｂeinｇcomprｏmｉsed.And,unlessbanksｃarrｙtｏxicａｓsetsａtpｒｉcｅsthatattractｂｕyｅrｓ,rｅｖiｖingｔhebankiｎgｓｙstｅmwｉllbedifficｕｌｔ.AｆterabｒuiｓiｎgenｃoｕnterｗiｔｈCongｒeｓs，EuｒopｅanｍｉnistersinstａntｌyｄeｍandedｔｈaｔthｅIｎtｅrnａｔｉonalAcｃountinｇStaｎｄardsBｏarｄ(IASB)doｌikｅｗiｓe.TheIASBsａｙsitdoeｓnｏtwaｎtｔoactｗiｔｈoutoverallplanｎing,butｔｈｅｐｒｅssｕretofｏldｗhenｉtcompletesiｔreconstrucｔｉoｎoｆruｌeｓlaｔerｔhisyｅarｉsstｒong.ＣhaｒlｉeMcCrｅevy,aＥｕｒｏｐeａｎｃommisｓｉonｅr,warｎedtheＩASＢthatitｄiｄ＂notliveinapoｌiticalvacuum"bｕｔ"ｉnｔhereａｌword"andthatEurｏｐecoulｄｙetｄeveloｐdｉffｅrｅntrｕles.Itwasbａnkstｈａtwerｅoｎｔhewroｎｇｐlanet,withaccountsthatvａｓtlyovｅrvalｕeｄasｓeｔs.Todaytheyarguethａtｍaｒkｅtpricｅsoveｒsｔateloｓses,ｂecaｕｓetｈｅｙｌarｇeｌyrｅｆlecttheｔｅmｐoraｒyilliｑuiｄｉtyofmａrｋets,ｎotｔheｌikｅlyeｘｔentofbaddebts．Ｔｈｅｔruｔhwillnotbeknoｗｎforyearｓ.Butｂanｋ＇ssharｅstradeｂeｌoｗtheiｒｂｏokvａlue,suggestiｎgtｈatinvestorsarｅsｋepｔiｃal.Ａｎddｅaｄｍａrketspartlｙrｅｆｌectthｅpａｒaｌｙsisofbａnkswhichｗilｌnotseｌlassetsfｏｒfｅａrofboｏｋinglosses,ｙetａrerelｕctａnttobuｙａlｌthoｓeｓupposedｂarｇains.Togｅtthｅｓystemwoｒkｉnｇagaiｎ,lｏｓsｅsmustberecogniｚｅdanｄdealｔwitｈ．Ａｍｅriｃa'snewplantｏbuyuptoxiｃassetswillnoｔworｋunｌessbａnksmarkａsseｔｓtoleｖｅｌswhicｈbuｙersfiｎdattrａctｉｖe．Succｅssfｕlmarketsrequｉreiｎdependeｎtandevｅbativestanｄaｒｄ-sｅtters.TheFＡSBanｄIAＳBhavebｅenｅxactｌｙｔhaｔ，cleaningupruｌesonｓtocｋoｐtionsandpensions,fｏrexample,agaｉnsthｏsｔｉｌｉtyfｒoｍspecialinterｅｓts.Ｂｕtbyｇivingｉntｏcriｔｉcsnｏｗtheyareiｎvｉtinｇpｒesｓuｒetｏｍakeｍoｒeconｃｅssｉoｎs.３6．ﻩBankerscompｌainｅdthattheywｅrefｏｒｃedto[A]ｆｏｌloｗｕｎｆavorablｅａssetevaluatｉonrｕlｅs［Ｂ］collｅｃtｐａymeｎｔsｆromthirdｐaｒties[Ｃ]cooperａtewiｔhthepricｅmanａｇeｒs[D]reｅvａｌuatesｏmeoｆｔｈｅiｒaｓsets.3７. Accordingｔotｈeａuthoｒ,tｈerｕlｅchanｇesｏｆthｅFＡSBmayｒｅｓｕlｔin[Ａ]thediminishiｎｇｒoｌeofmanagemｅnｔ[B］tｈerｅvivａloftｈebａnｋingsystem[C]thebankｓ'ｌonｇ-ｔermassetlｏｓsｅｓ[D]thｅwｅaｋeｎｉｎgｏfitsindepeｎdenｃe38.ﻩAｃcorｄiｎgｔｏPaｒaｇraph4,McCrｅevｙobjectstothｅIASB'sａttempttｏ[A］keepａwayfroｍpolｉtiｃaｌiｎfluences.[B]evadetｈｅpressurefｒoｍtheirpeerｓ.[C]aｃtoｎtｈeｉｒowninｒuｌe-ｓeｔｔing.［D]ｔakegrａdualmeasuｒeｓinreform.39． Theａutｈoｒthinkstheｂankswere＂ｏntｈewrongpｌanｅｔ"iｎthatｔheｙ[A]ｍiｓｉnteｒpｒetedmarketｐrｉｃｅindicators[B]exaggeraｔedｔherealｖalueｏftheiｒassｅts[Ｃ］neglｅctedthelｉkelyｅxｉstenceofbadｄeｂtｓ．[D]ｄeｎiedbｏokｉnglｏsｓesｉntheirsａleofasseｔs.40. Theauthoｒ'sattituｄeｔowａｒdsｓｔandard－ｓettersｉsoneｏf［Ａ]satiｓｆactiｏn．[B]skeｐtiｃism．[C]objeｃｔiveneｓｓ[D]syｍpａｔhyPaｒtBDirections:ForＱuesｔiｏns41－45,choosetheｍosｔｓuitaｂlｅpaｒaｇraｐhsfｒomtheliｓｔＡ-Gaｎｄfillthemiｎtotｈenumｂeredboxestoｆoｒmacoherenttext．ParagrapｈEｈasbeenｃｏrreｃtlyplaced.Ｔhｅｒeiｓoｎeparagrａphwｈicｈdoesｎotfｉｔinwｉthｔｈｅｔexｔ.ＭaｒkyouranswersｏnANＳWERSHEET1.(１0ｐoints)［A]Thefirstaｎdmoreimpoｒtantistｈecｏnｓuｍｅｒ'sgrowｉngｐreferｅnｃeforｅaｔiｎgｏut；thｅcｏnsｕmptioｎoｆfoodaｎｄdrinkinｐlacesotherｔhanhoｍeshasrisｅnｆromaboｕt32ｐerceｎtoｆtotaｌconsumptionin19９５tｏ3５pｅｒｃeｎtiｎ20２3andisexpｅｃｔeｄtoａｐproach38peｒcｅntｂｙ２０23.Tｈisdeｖｅlopmentisｂoｏsｔingwholesａｌedemanｄfroｍthefｏodseｒvicesegmeｎtbｙ4to5ｐｅｒcｅntayearaｃｒｏssEｕrope,ｃｏmpaｒedwitｈgrowthｉnｒeｔａildeｍanｄoｆ1tｏ2peｒcｅnt.Meaｎｗhile,asｔherｅcessioniｓloominglarge,pｅoplearegettｉｎganxious．Theyteｎdtokｅepatighterｈoｌｄｏnｔheirｐｕrseaｎdｃoｎsｉderｅaｔinｇathｏmeａｒｅalｉsticａｌteｒnaｔｉvｅ.［B]ReｔailsalesoｆfｏodaｎddｒｉnkinＥｕrope＇ｓlargestmarkｅtsarｅaｔastandstill，leavｉngEuｒｏpeangroceryrｅｔａilershungryｆoroppoｒtunｉtiestoｇｒow.Mostleadｉngretailershavｅalreaｄyｔriedｅ-commerce，withｌimitedｓuccesｓ,andexpaｎsｉonaｂroad.Ｂutaｌmosｔａｌlｈａｖeignoredtｈebig,profitablｅopｐｏrtｕnｉtｙinｔheiroｗnbａｃkｙaｒｄ:thewholesalefooｄaｎｄdrｉnktraｄe,ｗhｉｃhａppｅａrstobejustthekindofmarketretailｅrsnｅeｄ.[C]Ｗｉｌlｓucｈvariationsbｒingaｂouｔachanｇeintheoverallstｒucturｅｏfｔｈefoodａnddriｎkmarket？Ｄeｆｉｎitｅｌynot.Ｔｈeｆuncｔiｏningoｆｔｈemaｒketiｓbasedonflexiｂlｅｔreｎｄsdominaｔedbypotｅnｔiaｌｂuyers.Inｏthｅｒworｄs,itｉｓuptothebｕyeｒ，rａtherｔhａntｈesｅllｅr，todｅｃｉdeｗｈattobuy．Ataｎyrate,tｈischａnｇewｉllultimateｌｙbeａcclaimedbyａnｅver-growｉｎgｎuｍｂerofbｏthdomesticandｉｎternationalcoｎsｕmers，rｅgａrdlｅssｏfｈowlｏngthecurrentｃonsumeｒｐaｔｔerｎwｉlｌtakeｈold.[Ｄ]Allｉnａlｌ，thｉsclｅａrlyｓeｅmstoｂeamarketinｗhicｈｂｉｇreｔaiｌeｒsｃouｌdpｒoｆｉtaｂlyappｌythｅiｒscａlｅ,existinginｆrａstructureandｐｒｏｖenskillsｉnthemａnaｇementoｆｐrｏducｔrａｎges,ｌogistｉcs,andmａｅｌligｅｎce.ＲetailerｓthatmasteｒtheintriｃａcieｓｏfwholesａｌinginEuｒopemaｙwellｅxpecttoｒaｋeiｎｓubsｔａntialｐrofitsｔheｒeby．Atleast,ｔhaｔｉsｈｏwitｌooksasａwｈole．Closerinspectionrｅｖｅalsimpｏrtantdiｆferencｅsamongthebｉggｅｓtnationaｌmaｒkeｔs,esｐecｉalｌyｉntｈeｉrｃuｓtｏmersｅgmeｎtsandwholesａleｓtructures,asｗellaｓtheｃoｍpｅtitivｅdｙｎamicsofindivｉdｕalfoｏdanｄdrｉnkｃatｅgoｒｉｅｓ．BigｒetaiｌersmuｓtunderstaｎｄthesedｉfｆｅｒeｎｃesbefｏreｔｈeｙcａnidentifythｅsegmentsofＥurｏpeanwｈolesalinginwｈichｔheirpａrtiｃuｌaraｂｉlｉtiesmightunｓeaｔｓmalｌeｒｂutentrenchedcompetitors.Newskilｌsａｎdunfamilｉaｒｂuｓｉnessｍｏdeｌsareneｅdｅdtoｏ.[Ｅ］Ｄesｐitｅvariaｔionｓｉｎdeｔaｉｌ,whoｌesaｌemarketsintheｃounｔriesthathavｅbｅencｌｏselyeｘaminｅd—Francｅ,Germａｎy,Iｔalｙ,aｎdＳｐain—aremａdｅoｕtｏfthesamebuｉldｉnｇbｌocks．Dｅｍａnｄcomesmａｉnlyfｒomtｗosourｃes:ｉndependｅnｔmoｍ-anｄ-pｏpgrｏcerｙstｏreswｈｉch,unｌikｅｌａrgeretailchains，areｔwoｓmaｌltoｂuystrａigｈtfｒomｐroducers，andfoｏdserviceoperaｔｏrsthatcａterｔoconsumerｓwhentheyｄｏｎ＇teaｔathome.Ｓｕchfooｄseｒｖiceｏperａｔorｓｒaｎgefromsnａｃkmａchineｓtolargeinstitutioｎalcatｅriｎgveｎｔureｓ,butmostofthｅsebusinessｅsareknowniｎtｈetrａdｅａs"horｅca"：ｈotｅls,reｓｔaurａnts,andcafes.Ovｅraｌl,Europｅ'swholｅsalemａrkeｔforfoodａnddrｉｎｋｉsgrｏwingattheｓamesｌuggiｓhpacｅastｈｅreｔaｉlmarkeｔ,ｂuｔthefiguｒeｓ,whｅnaddｅdtogｅtheｒ,maｓktwoopposingｔrｅｎds.[F］Foｒexampｌe，wｈolｅsalｅfooｄaｎｄdｒinksalｅscomｅto＄2６８bilｌioninFraｎcｅ，Germanｙ，Itaｌy，Spａiｎ,ａndthｅＵｎitedKingｄｏmin２０23—moｒethａn40percentofretailｓａｌeｓ.Moreover，avｅrageoverallmarｇinsａrehigheｒinwhoｌｅsalethaｎinｒetaiｌ；wholesaｌedemaｎdｆromtheｆoodservｉｃeseｃtoriｓgｒowingquｉcｋｌyasｍoｒeEuropeanseatoutmoreoｆteｎ;ａndchａngｅsinthecompｅtｉtivedyｎamｉcｓofthiｓfｒagmｅntedindustｒyaｒeａｔｌastmakingitfeaｓｉｂｌefｏrｗhoｌesalerstｏconsｏlidate.［G］However,ｎoneoftheserｅquiｒｅｍenｔsshｏｕldｄｅterｌarｇeretａｉlｅｒs（anｄevｅnsomelａrgeｇｏoｄｐroｄuceｒsaｎｄｅxistinｇｗhｏlｅsａｌerｓ)frｏｍｔrｙiｎgtｈeirｈaｎｄ,ｆorｔhｏsｅｔhａtmastertheintrｉｃaciesｏfwholesalinginEuroｐestanｄtｏreapconsiderａbｌｅgａｉｎs.4１→42→43→4４→E→4５ParｔＣＤｉrecｔｉons:RｅadtheｆolｌｏwinｇｔｅxtcarefｕllyａndthentransｌaｔethｅunｄerｌｉｎeｄｓeｇmｅntsiｎtoChinese.YourtrａnslａtｉonsｈoulｄbeｗｒｉtteｎｃarefulｌｙｏnＡNＳWＥRSHEET２.(１0pｏints)Onebasｉcwｅaknesｓｉｎacoｎseｒvatｉonｓｙstembasedwｈollyoneconｏｍｉｃmoｔｉｖｅsisｔhａtmｏstmeｍbeｒsoｆthｅlaｎdcommunｉtyhａｖeｎｏecｏnomicvalue.Yeｔｔhesｅｃreatuｒesareｍｅｍｂersoftheｂioticcｏmmunitｙand,iｆitsstabｉlｉtydependsonｉｔsintegriｔｙ,tｈｅyareｅｎｔitlｅdｔｏconｔｉｎuance.Whenｏneｏfthesｅnoneconomiccaｔｅｇorｉeｓiｓthreａtｅnedaｎd,ifwehａｐｐｅntolｏveiｔ.Weinｖertexcusestogiveiteｃｏnoｍiciｍporｔaｎｃe．Atthｅｂeginningofｃｅnturysongbiｒdsweｒesupposedtｏｂｅdisａpｐｅariｎg．(４6)Scientistsｊumpｅｄtoｔhｅresｃuｅｗitｈsｏmeｄistinｃｔlyshａkyevｉdeｎcｅtotheeffecｔtｈatｉnsectswoulｄeatusｕpｉfｂirdsfaｉleｄtoconｔrｏlｔｈｅm．thｅｅvｉｄeｎcehａdｔｏbeｅｃonoｍicinorｄｅrtｏｂevaliｄ.Itispainfultoreaｄtheserｏunｄaｂouｔaccouｎtsｔoday.Wehavenｏlandethicｙet，(47)butwehaveatlｅａｓtｄrａwｎnearthepｏiｎtoｆadmittinｇthatｂｉrdsshｏｕldcontｉｎuｅａsａmａtterofinｔrｉnsｉcrｉghｔ,regardlessoｆthepresenｃeoraｂｓenceofeｃｏnｏmｉcadｖaｎtagetous.Apaｒaｌｌelsｉtuａｔionｅxｉｓtｓinrespｅctｏfpredatorymａmmａlsａndｆiｓｈ-eaｔｉngbｉｒds.(48)Timewａｓｗheｎbiologistssomewhatoveｒwordeｄtheevidenｃethaｔtｈeｓecreatuｒespreservetｈehｅalthofgamebｙｋillinｇthｅphysicaｌlyｗeａk，orthaｔtheyｐreｙoｎｌyon"woｒthlesｓ"ｓpeｃies.Soｍeｓpeｃｉesoｆtreehａvebeeｎrｅadoutofthｅpaｒｔyｂyｅconomiｃs-ｍinｄｅdforｅsteｒsbecａuｓeｔheyｇroｗtoｏsｌｏｗlｙ，ｏrhavｅtoolｏｗasａｌevａletopayastｉmbeｒcrｏps.(４9)ＩnEｕｒope，ｗherｅｆoreｓｔｒyiｓecologiｃalｌymoreadvanceｄ,thｅnon-commｅrcｉａlｔrｅeｓpeciesarｅrecoｇnizeｄａsmembeｒｓｏfnaｔiveforesｔcommuniｔy,toｂepreserｖedassｕch,witｈinreasoｎ.Toｓｕmｕp:asｙstｅmofconservaｔionbasedsolｅｌyonｅcｏnomicself－interestishopelessｌｙｌopsided.（50）Ittenｄｓtoignoｒe,andｔｈｕsevenｔｕallytｏｅliminate,mａnyｅlｅｍenｔsinｔhelaｎdｃommｕniｔytｈaｔlａcｋcommｅrcialvalue,bｕtｔhatareessｅnｔiａltoitshealｔhyｆｕnctioｎing.Ｉtaｓｓｕmｅｓ,fａｌsｅｌy,Iｔｈink,ｔhattheeconｏmｉｃpaｒtsｏfthebｉｏticclockwilｌｆunｃtionwiｔhoutthｅuneconomicｐaｒts.SｅctｉonⅢﻩWritiｎgPartA5１.Directiｏns:Ｙouaｒeｓｕpposedｔｏwriteｆｏｒtｈepostgraduateasｓociaｔionanｏｔicetorｅｃruitvolunｔeeｒsｆoranintｅrnationalcｏｎｆerenceｏnglobａlizatioｎ,yｏushoｕldconcludethebasicqualifiｃationｏfapｐliｃantａndthｅotｈeｒｉnformatioｎｙoｕthinｋrelativｅ．Youｓhｏuldwriteaboｕt10０woｒｄs.Doｎｏtsigｎyourｏｗnnameattheenｄｏｆｔｈｅletteｒ．Use"postgradｕａteassｏｃiation"inｓtead.ParｔB52.Ｄｉｒectionｓ：Wriｔｅａｎｅｓsａｙof160-200ｗordsbaseｄonthefｏlｌowiｎgdｒａwinｇ.Ｉｎｙoｕresｓay,yｏushould1）describethedraｗiｎgbrｉeｆly,2）expｌａｉnitsintendｅｄmeａｎｉng,andtheｎ3）giveｙourcommentｓ．YouｓhouldｗriteneatｌyonANＳHＷERSHＥET2.（2０ｐｏints)

２０23年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题答案SectionI:UseofEｎglish(10poiｎts)1． A2．B ３．C 4. B5.ﻩC６.ﻩB7．D 8.A ９.Ｃﻩ10.Ｄ １1. C12． A13. A14．ﻩD15． B16.ﻩＡ17.D 18. C19.ﻩＢ２０． DSeｃtionII：ReaｄｉｎgCompreｈension(６0poiｎtｓ)PartA（40pointｓ)21.ﻩB2２．ﻩC23.ﻩD2４.ﻩA25.ﻩＡ２６.ﻩD27. D28. C29.ﻩB30.ﻩA31. B32． D３３.ﻩＡ34. Ｃ3５．ﻩＣ36. Ａ37. Ｄ38．C 39.ﻩＢ40. APaｒtB(1０pｏints）４1.ﻩB42. F４3. D４４. G45. APａrtC(10points)46.科学家们提出一些明显站不住脚的证据迅速来拯救，其大意是:假如鸟类无法控制害虫,那么这些害虫就会吃光我们人类。4７.但我们至少几乎也认可这样一点:不管鸟类是否给我们带来经济上的好处，但鸟类作为生物其固有的权利应当继续存在。48.曾几何时，生物学家们有点过度使用这个证据,即这些物种通过杀死体质弱者来保持猎物的正常繁衍或者这些生物捕杀的仅仅是毫无价值的物种。49.在欧洲,林业在生态方面更加发达，无商业价值的树种被看作是原生森林群落的一部分,而得到合理的保护。５０.这一系统易于忽视,因而最终会消除掉这个土地共同体里的许多要素（成员）,虽然这些要素(成员)缺少商业价值，但这些要素(成员)对这个共同体的健康运营来说是必要的。SectｉｏnIII：Wriｔing(３0pｏintｓ)ＰarｔA（10