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考研英语:翻译真题精讲(1)一、全真试题Thestandardizededucationalorpsychologicalteststhatarewidelyusedtoaidinselecting,classifying,assigning,orpromotingstudents,employees,andmilitarypersonnelhavebeenthetargetofrecentattacksinbooks,magazines,thedailypress,andeveninCongress.(71)Thetargetiswrong,forinattackingthetests,criticsdivertattentionfromthefaultthatlieswithill-informedorincompetentusers.Theteststhemselvesaremerelytools,withcharacteristicsthatcanbemeasuredwithreasonableprecisionunderspecifiedconditions.Whethertheresultswillbevaluable,meaningless,orevenmisleadingdependspartlyuponthetoolitselfbutlargelyupontheuser.Allinformedpredictionsoffutureperformancearebaseduponsomeknowledgeofrelevantpastperformance:schoolgrades,researchproductivity,salesrecords,orwhateverisappropriate.(72)Howwellthepredictionswillbevalidatedbylaterperformancedependsupontheamount,reliability,andappropriatenessoftheinformationusedandontheskillandwisdomwithwhichitisinterpreted.Anyonewhokeepscarefulscoreknowsthattheinformationavailableisalwaysincompleteandthatthepredictionsarealwayssubjecttoerror.Standardizedtestsshouldbeconsideredinthiscontext.Theyprovideaquickobjectivemethodofgettingsomekindsofinformationaboutwhatapersonlearned,theskillshehasdeveloped,orthekindofpersonheis.Theinformationsoobtainedhas,qualitatively,thesameadvantagesandshortcomingsasotherkindsofinformation.(73)Whethertousetests,otherkindsofinformation,orbothinaparticularsituationdepends,therefore,upontheevidencefromexperienceconcerningcomparativevalidityanduponsuchfactorsascostandavailability.(74)Ingeneral,thetestsworkmosteffectivelywhenthequalitiestobemeasuredcanbemostpreciselydefinedandleasteffectivelywhenwhatistobemeasuredorpredicatedcannotbewelldefined.Properlyused,theyprovidearapidmeansofgettingcomparableinformationaboutmanypeople.Sometimestheyidentifystudentswhosehighpotentialhasnotbeenpreviouslyrecognized,buttherearemanythingstheydonotdo.(75)Forexample,theydonotcompensateforgrosssocialinequality,andthusdonottellhowableanunderprivilegedyoungstermighthavebeenhadhegrownupundermorefavorablecircumstances.二、翻译题解(71)Thetargetiswrong,forinattackingthetests,criticsdivertattentionfromthefaultthatlieswithill-informedorincompetentusers.句子拆分:拆分点参考:标点符号,从属连词Thetargetiswrong,//forinattackingthetests,//criticsdivertattentionfromthefault//thatlieswithill-informedorincompetentusers.解析:(1)句子的主干为Thetargetiswrong;后面跟了个for引导的状语从句。(2)介词短语inattackingthetests作时间状语修饰divert,把for引导的状语从句分隔开了,调整下会有助于理解:forcriticsdivertattentionfromthefaultinattackingthetests(3)thetarget指前文提到的thestandardizededucationalorpsychologicaltests词的解决:thetarget“目的”,根据上下文,翻译时应将其补充完整为“把标准化测试作为抨击的目的”divertattentionfrom“把注意力从…转移开来”,引申为“没有注意到”liewith在于技巧点拨:(1)thatlieswithill-informedorincompetentusers是由that引导的定语从句,其先行词是thefault。根据定语从句的翻译方法,可以把这个定语从句组合到其先行词的后面。(2)ill-informed“不甚了解的,结识局限性的”,译文中将其转译为动词(反义词well-informed:熟悉的,见识广的,灵通的)。(3)incompetentusers字面意思“不适当的使用者”,根据句意进行词性转换,转译为动词“使用不妥”,使译文更通顺。完整译文:把标准化测试作为抨击的目的是错误的,由于在抨击这类测试时,批评者没有注意到测试的弊病在于使用测试的人对测试不甚了解或使用不妥。(72)Howwellthepredictionswillbevalidatedbylaterperformancedependsupontheamount,reliability,andappropriatenessoftheinformationusedandontheskillandwisdomwithwhichitisinterpreted.句子拆分:拆分点参考:从属连词,过去分词,并列连词Howwellthepredictionswillbevalidatedbylaterperformance//dependsupontheamount,reliability,andappropriatenessoftheinformationused//andontheskillandwisdom//withwhichitisinterpreted.解析:(1)句子的主干为Howwellthepredictionswillbevalidated...dependsupontheamount,reliability,andappropriatenessoftheinformation...andontheskillandwisdom...(2)depends后面两个介词短语作并列宾语upon...andon...,此处注意depend后可以加on或upon搭配,需要我们任何时候都要对介词搭配敏感,才不至于掉进专家设的陷阱,而漏掉ontheskillandwisdom跟动词depend的关系。(3)theinformationused中是过去分词used做定语修饰theinformation(4)介词短语oftheinformation修饰theamount,reliability,andappropriateness(5)代词it指代theinformation(6)被动语态的翻译:bevalidatedby为……所证实(借助于“为...所”表被动);isinterpreted解释(译为积极)具有被动意义的过去分词used:theinformationused所采用的信息(借助于“所”表被动)词的解决:predictions“预测,预言”,此处根据上下文可知predictions实指standardizedtests,体现英语用词的避免太反复,对同一个事物,不断变换说法bevalidatedby为……所证实dependsupon取决于reliability可靠性appropriateness适应性interpreted解释技巧点拨:(1)Howwellthepredictionswillbevalidatedbylaterperformance中具有一个被动结构。一方面howwell表限度,经常翻译为:“多么好,怎么样,在多大限度上”。由于表达限度的词在汉语中经常作状语,修饰动词,所以在组合的时候howwell应当翻译到主语thepredictions之后。Performance经常翻译为“表演”,但是根据词义选择的翻译技巧,联系上下文中的thepredictionswillbevalidatedbylaterperformance,应当翻译为“表现”。这样可以把整个主语部分直接翻译为“这些预测将在多大限度上被后来的表现所证实”。最后根据被动结构的翻译方法,可以用汉语的“为……所”来代替汉语的“被”字。(2)withwhichitisinterpreted是which引导的一个定语从句,其先行词是theskillandwisdom。在此代词it应当指代上文中的information,所以itisinterpreted假如直接翻译的话,可以翻译为“这些信息被解释”。根据被动结构的翻译方法和定语从句的翻译方法,可以把此定语从句直接放到所修饰的词前面去翻译。完整译文:这些测试在多大限度上为后来的表现所证实,这取决于所采用信息的数量、可靠性和适宜性,以及解释这些信息的技能和才智。(73)Whethertousetests,otherkindsofinformation,orbothinaparticularsituationdepends,therefore,upontheevidencefromexperienceconcerningcomparativevalidityanduponsuchfactorsascostandavailability.句子拆分:拆分点参考:从属连词,并列连词Whethertousetests,//otherkindsofinformation,//orbothinaparticularsituation//depends,therefore,upontheevidencefromexperience//concerningcomparativevalidity//anduponsuchfactorsascostandavailability.解析:(1)句子的主干是Whethertouse...,orboth...dependsupontheevidence...andupon...factors...(2)(depend)upon...andupon...为并列结构(3)介词短语inaparticularsituation作状语,修饰use(4)介词短语fromexperience和concerningcomparativevalidity作定语,分别修饰evidence和experience(5)such...as...例如,诸如。介词短语ascostandavailability作定语修饰factors词的解决:both指代前句的tests和otherkindsofinformationinaparticularsituation在某一特定情况下therefore因此theevidencefromexperience经验依据concerning与……有关的comparativevalidity相对效度suchfactorsas...诸如……等因素availability可以直译为:可获取性;在汉语习惯中,跟“信息”等搭配的,可以是“信息”的“来源”技巧点拨:(1)whether引导的主语从句,无须调整语序。而whether...or...是常考结构,常翻译为“究竟是......还是......”。(2)Depends,therefore,upontheevidence中,副词therefore是一个插入语结构,根据插入结构的翻译方法,可以把它整合到整个句子的最前面。完整译文:因此,在某一特定情况下,究竟是采用测试还是其他种类的信息,或是两者兼用,须凭有关相对效度的经验依据而定,也取决于诸如费用和有无来源等因素(74)Ingeneral,thetestsworkmosteffectivelywhenthequalitiestobemeasuredcanbemostpreciselydefinedandleasteffectivelywhenwhatistobemeasuredorpredictedcannotbewelldefined.句子拆分:拆分点参考:标点符号,从属连词,并列连词Ingeneral,//thetestsworkmosteffectively//whenthequalitiestobemeasuredcanbemostpreciselydefined//andleasteffectively//whenwhatistobemeasuredorpredictedcannotbewelldefined.解析:(1)主干是thetestsworkmosteffectively...andleasteffectively...(2)连词when引导的是状语从句,意思是“当……的时候”,从句中都是被动结构。词的解决:ingeneral一般地说,一般来说work有效,奏效workmosteffectively最为有效bemostpreciselydefined很精确界定measured测定技巧点拨:(1)不定式的被动语态的翻译:thequalitiestobemeasured“所要测定的特性”;tobemeasuredorpredicted所要测定或预测的...(翻译成汉语时,都是用汉语的词汇手段来表达被动,例如:所...的)(2)本句在翻译的时候将一个主从复合句,适当调整成了两个独立的单句(即:thetestsworkmosteffectivelywhen...,andthetestsworkleasteffectivelywhen...),更符合汉语表达习惯。完整译文:一般说来,当所要测定的特性能很精确界定期,测试最为有效;而当所要测定或预测的东西不能明确地界定期,测试的效果则最差。(75)Forexample,theydonotcompensateforgrosssocialinequality,andthusdonottellhowableanunderprivilegedyoungstermighthavebeenhadhegrownupundermorefavorablecircumstances.句子拆分:拆分点参考:标点符号,介词短语,并列连词,从属连词Forexample,//theydonotcompensate//forgrosssocialinequality,//andthusdonottell//howableanunderprivilegedyoungstermighthavebeen//hadhegrownup//undermorefavorablecircumstances.解析:(1)主干结构theydonotcompensateforinequality,and...donottellhow...(2)介词短语forgrosssocialinequality和undermorefavorablecircumstances作状语,分别修饰compensate和grownup(3)howable引导的tell的宾语从句,此宾语从句中howable是表语前置,可还原为...youngstermighthavebeenhowable,但由于how是特殊疑问词,要置于句首。(4)句子的最后一个意群是虚拟语气句的倒装结构:hadhegrownupundermorefavorablecircumstances,其正常语序为Ifhehadgrownupundermorefavorablecircumstances词的解决:they指示代词,测试compensatefor填补grosssocialinequality明显的社会不公andthus因此tell说明(熟词生义)underprivileged贫困的、物质条件差的favorable有利的,良好的(拓展:infavorof支持,有助于)undermorefavorablecircumstances在较好的环境下技巧点拨:(1)they做主语指代不清会导致译文既不通顺也不完整。回到原文,从上文中可以看出,前面两个没有划线句子的主语也是代词,所以代词they应当是指代

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