英语阅读理解主旨大意题的解题技巧

英语阅读理解主旨大意题的解题技巧高考英语阅读理解主要考查考生能够在单位时间内快速阅读英语短文，了解短文的主题思Themaintopic/subjectofthepassgeis .Whatismainlydiscussedinthetext/XWhatisthemainideaoftheThepurposeofthispassageis .Thepassagemainlyfocusedon .Whatwouldbethebesttitle/topic/headlineofthe面结合高考实例来分析主旨大意题的解题技巧。一、文章或者某段落的主旨大意——主题句定位法和首尾句〔包括每一段的首尾句开门见ft式主题句出现在文首。开门见ft，〔2005年全国高考重庆卷EInmodernsocietythereisagreatdealofargumentaboutcompetition.Somevalueithighly,believingthatitisresponsibleforsocialprogressandprosperity.Otherssaythatcompetitionisbad，thatitsetsonepersonagainstanother;thatitleadstounfriendlyrelationshipbetweenpeople.①WhatdoesthispassagemainlytalkCompetitionhelpstosetupself-respect.Opinionsaboutcompetitionaredifferentamongpeople.C.CompetitionisharmfultopersonalqualityD.Failuresarenecessaryexperienceincompetition.藏头露尾式主题句出现在文尾。即文章先阐述了细节，然后归纳要点，得出结论，概括主题，叫做归纳写作法，主题句往往位于末段。这一类文章的主题句也很明显，不难找到。OntheInternet,wecanreadnewsathomeandabroadandgetasmuchinformationaswecan.Weoftensende-mailsormaketelephonecallstoourfamiliesaswellastoourfriendsbyInternet.What’smore,wecangotoschoolonthenet,readalotofbooksandeventeachourselvesforeignlanguages.Wealsoenjoymusic,watchballmatchesonthenetandplaycomputergames.Withthehelpofthenet,wecandoshoppingevenwithoutleavingourhomes.TheInternetisplayingamoreandmoreimportantpartinourdailylife.②What’sthemainideaofthe KeepawayfromtheInternet.Surfthenet.TheInternetisplayinganimportantpartinourdailylife.WecanentertainourselvesontheInternet.首尾照应式是简单的重复，再次出现的主题句往往是前面主题句的进一步引申或发展。Lacrosse(曲棍球)isapopularsportinCanada.TheIndiansinCanadainventedit.Theyusedittotrainforwar.TheyinventedthisgamebeforeColumbusarrivedintheNewWorld.Peopleplaylacrosseoutdoors.Thelacrossefieldissevenmeterslong.Ateachendofthefieldthereisagoal.Thegoalis…TherearemanylacrosseclubsandlacrosseteamsalloverCanada.EverynightCanadianscanwatchthelacrossegamesonTVorlistentothelacrossegamesovertheradio.AtonetimelacrossewasthenationalsummersportinCanada.TodayitisstillpopularwithCanadians.③Thepassageismainlyabout .HowtoPlayLacrosseLacrosseinCanadaTheHistoryofLacrosseLacrosse—APopularGameinCanada抛砖引玉式即文章的开头只是提出一个问题或者貌似正确的观点解析和引申，或是通过责问和驳论的方式导出主题。Howcouldwepossiblythinkthatkeepinganimalsincagesinunnaturalenvironments －mostlyforentertainmentpurposes－isfairandrespectful？Zooofficialssaytheyareconcernedaboutanimals.However,mostzoosremain“collections”ofinteresting“things”ratherthanprotectivehabitats(栖息地).…Zoosclaim(声称)toeducatepeopleandsaveendangeredspecies(物种),butvisitorsleavezooswithouthavinglearnedanythingmeaningfulabouttheanimals’naturalbehavior,intelligence,orbeauty….…Actually,wewillsaveendangeredspeciesonlyifwesavetheirhabitatandputanendtothereasonspeoplekillthem.Insteadofsupportingzoos,weshouldsupportgroupsthatworktoprotectanimals’naturalhabitats.④Whatdoestheauthortrytoargueinthe A.Zoosarenotworththepublicsupport.Zoosfailintheirattempttosaveanimals.Zoosshouldtreatanimalsashumanbeings.Zoosuseanimalsasameansofentertainment.藏龙卧虎式然后加以归纳形成主题。Handshaking,thoughaEuropeanpracticeisoftenseeninbigcitiesofChina.NobodyknowsexactlywhenthepracticestartedinEurope.ItissaidthatlonglongagoinEuropewhenpeoplemet,theyshowedtheirunarmed(无武器的)handstoeachotherasasignofgoodwill.Astimewentonandtradeincitiesgrewrapidly,peopleincitiesbegantoclapeachother’shandstomakeadealortoreachanagreement.Thispracticewaslaterchangedintoshakinghandsamongfriendsonmeetingorleavingeachother.“Let’sshake(hands)onit”sometimesmeansagreementreached.⑤Thefirstparagraphmainlytellsus .wherehandshakingwasfirstpracticedhowhandshakingcameaboutabouttherelationshipbetweenhandshakingandtradeaboutthepracticeofhandshakingbothinEuropeandinChina二、选择最好的标题——选帽原则另外，标题要简洁、突出、新颖。标题是文章的点睛之笔，所以它还要具有醒目的特点，能吸引读者。例一Hewishestheholidayseasonwouldendalready.Hisbackaches,hisredsuitfeelslikeaspacesuit,hischeekshavegonetightfromsmilingfor12hours…Thequestionsfromchildrenthesedaysareharderthanever.Now,withthousandsofchildrenexpectingafatherormotherservinginIraqorAfghanistan,thequestionsareasheart-breakingastheyareunanswerable.Forexample,“CanyoupleasebringDaddyhomefromthewarintimeforChristmasmorning？”Santasalsohaveaprettygoodchanceofgettingsued)…⑥Whatwouldbethebesttitleforthe A．Christmas:NotaGoodFestivalforSantasB．IsSantaClausReallyAlive？C．AChristmasStoryD．WhatDoesSantaClausDoforChildren？例二 Isuddenlyheardanelephantcryingasthoughfrightened.Lookingdown,Iimmediatelyrecognizedthatsomethingwaswrong,andrandowntotheedgeofthenearbank.ThereIsawMaShwewithherthree-month-oldcalfstrugglinginthefast-risingwater,anditwasalife-and-deathstruggle.Hercalfwasfloatingandscreamingwithfear.……WhileIwaswonderingwhatIcoulddonext,Iheardthesoundofamother’slove.MaShwehadcrossedtheriverandgotupthebankandwasmakingherwaybackasfastasshecould,roaring(吼叫)allthetime,buttohercalfitwasmusic.⑦Whatcanbethebesttitleforthetext?AMother’sLoveABraveActDeadlyRiverAMatterofLifeandDeath一般情况下，考生在做阅读理解题时，首先要快速浏览，预测大意,然后灵活交替使用仔细解读,如文章的首尾段和首尾句，抓住大意，确定文章的主题思想，分清层次，区分主三．其他注意事项(一)特别关注结论性或者转折性的语言，文中出现的连词〔转折but/however，因果thereforeinfact,thestudyshowsthat…,forexample,in〕,(二)关注高频词(常为名词)〔三〕在选择正确答案的过程中，尽量要防止选择过于绝对的选项。例如：选项中包含有all,completely,only,almost,absolutely,definitely四．一种特殊的做题方法 假定标题写作法；Passage7 (2009年浙江英语卷E篇)FourpeopleinEngland,backin1953,staredatphoto51.Itwasn’tmuch– apictureshowingablackX.ButthreeofthesepeoplewontheNobelPrizeforfiguringoutwhatthephotoreallyshowed—theshapeofDNA.ThediscoverybroughtfameandfortunetoscientistsJamesWatson,Franciscrick,andMauriceWilkins.Thefourth,theonewhoactuallymadethepicture,wasleftout.HernamewasRosalindFranklin.“Sheshouldhavebeenupthere,”sayshistorianMaryBowden.”ifherphotohadn’tbeenthere,theotherscouldn’thavecomeupwiththestructure.”onereasonFranklinwasmissingwasthatshehaddiedofcancerfouryearsbeforetheNobeldecision.ButnowscholardoubtthatFranklinwasnotonlyrobbedofherlifebydiseasebutrobbedofcreditbyhercompetitions.……AsFranklin’scompetitors,Wilkins,WatsonandCrickhadmuchtogainbycuttingheroutofthelittlegroupofresearchers,sayshistorianPninaAbir-Am.In1962attheNobelPrizeawardingceremony,Wilkinsthanked13colleaguesbynamebeforehementionedFranklin.Watsonwrotehisbooklaughingather.Crickwrotein1974that“Franklinswasonlytwostepsawayfromthesolution.”No,Franklinwasthesolution.”ShecontributedmorethananyotherplayertosolvingthestructureofDNA.Shemustbeconsideredasays.ThiswasbackedupbyAaronKlug,whoworkedwithFranklinandlaterwonaNobelPrizehimself.Oncedescribedasthe“DarkLadyofDNA”,Franklinisfinallycomingintothelight.⑧Whatisthetextmainlyabout?ThedisagreementsamongDNAresearchers.TheunfairtreatmentofFranklin.TheprocessofdiscoveringDNA.DTheracebetweentwoteamsofscientists.五．错误选项的特点以偏概全.只是局部信息,或是一句没有展开论述的话.过于笼统.即归纳的主题太泛,与细节脱节或是没有对细节加以充分论述.把观点强加与作者.读者往往根据自己的常识对文章进行判断而无视了作者的见解.无关信息,既在文章中没有提到或找不到语言依据的信息练习一：TomstudiedfouryearsattheUniversityofParisanddecidedtoleavebeforehisgraduation.HetransferredtotheUniversityofBerlinandgraduatedwithhonors.HarvardLawSchooland,later,BostonCollegeprovidedhimwithanexcellentlegalbackground.Heispresently acorporationlawyerinMiami,Florida.Themainideaofthisparagraphisthat .Tom,whohadstudiedatParisUniversitiesforfouryears,movedtoanotheruniversity.TombecamealawyersincehisgraduationfromHarvardLawSchoolandlaterfromBostonCollege.TomwasanexcellentstudentwhenhestudiedatBerlinuniversity.Tomreceivedanexcellenteducation.练习二Ifyouwereplanningtobuyatelevisionset,thefollowingadvertisementwouldcertainlydrawyourattention:“ColorTV.Only＄79.Twodayssale.Hu--rry.”However,whenyougotothestorereadytobuy.Youmaydiscoverthattheyaresoldout.Buttheshopassistantisquicktotellyouthathehasanothermodel.Amuchbettersetwhichis“justrightforyou”Itcosts ＄395.Thissalestrickiscalled“baitandswitch”.Buyersarebaitedwithasalesadvertisement,andthentheyareswitchedtoanothermoreexpensiveone.Buyingthingsonsaleneedscarefulconsiderationofthegoodsandthereasonforthesale.Theparagraphcouldbeentitled .A.BuyerBewareB.Closeout(出清存货)SaleC.练习三CrimePaysD.BuyingaTVSetDoyouwanttolivewithastrongsenseofpeacefulness,happiness,goodness,andself-respect?Thecollectionofhappinessactionsbroadlycategorizedas"honor"helpyoucreatethislifegoodfeelings.Here'sanexampletoshowhowhonorableactionscreatehappiness.Sayastoreclerkfailstochargeusforanitem.Ifwekeepsilent,andprofitfromtheclerk'smistake,wewoulddrivehomewithasenseofsneakyexcitement.Laterwemighttellourfamilyorfriendsaboutourgoodfortune.Ontheotherhand,ifwetelltheclerkabouttheunchargeditem,theclerkwouldbegratefulandthankusforourhonesty.Wewouldleavethestorewithaquietsenseofhonorthatwemightneversharewithanothersoul.Then,whatisittodowithoursenseofhappiness?Inthefirstcase,wherewedon'ttelltheclerk,acoupleofthingswouldhappen.50.Whichofthefollowingcanbethebesttitleofthispassage?HowtoLiveTruthfullyImportanceofPeacefulnessWaysofGainingSelf-respectHappinessthroughHonorableActions练习四Aneweight-kilometerroadisunderconstructionthatlinkstheportareawithmotorwaysystem.Itisexpectedtocarry20,000trucksandcarsaday,whichgreatlyreducestheovercrowdedtrafficinthecenterofthecity.Aspartoftheproject,twofour-kilometerroadtunnelsarebeingbuiltbelow thecentralareaofthecity,onefortraffictothenorthandtheotherforthetraffictothesouth.Thetwotunnelsareabout20metersbelowthesurfaceandare12meterswide,providingfortwolanesoftrafficineachdirection.Intheupperpartofthetunneltwoair-conditioningpipesremovethewastegasoftrucksandcarsandkeepthequalityofairinsidethetunnel.Thelightingisatthetopofthetunnel,practicallyatitshighestpoint.Therewillalsobeelectricsignsatfrequentintervals.Theyshowtrafficconditionsaheadandcanbeseenclearlybydrivers.Thewallismadeupoffourmainelements,whichincludeawaterproofingcoveringand,ontheinsideofthetunnel,aconcretelining.Eachtunnelisroughlyroundandthelowerpartofthetunnelissomewhatflat.Thesurfaceoftheroadliesonthebase,whichismadeofconcreteandsteel.Thedrainagesystem,justbelowtheroadsurfaceononeside,removesanyextraliquid,particularlywater.Intheeventoffire,thefiremain,whichismadeofsteel,pipeswatertomanyfirehydrantstationsatregularintervalsalongthelengthofthetunnel.Thefiremainisatthesideofthetunnelandattheleveloftheroadsurface.Othersystemsinthetunnelwillincludeemergencyphones.Thepassageismainlyabout.theconstructionofaroadthedesignofaroadtheconstructionoftwotunnelsthedesignoftwotunnels练习五2010辽宁CToomuchcanharmchildren’sabilitytolearnandevenreducetheirchancesofgettingacollegedegree,newstudiessuggestinthelatestefforttoexaminetheeffectsoftelevisiononchildren.Oneofthestudieslookedatnearly400northernCaliforniathird-graders.ThosewithTVsintheirbedroomsscoredabouteightpointsloweronmathandlanguageartsteststhanchildrenwithoutbedroomsTVs.67.Whatwouldbethebesttitleforthistext?ComputersorTelevisionEffectsofTelevisiononChildrenStudiesonTVandCollegeEducationTelevisionandChildren’sLearningHabits练习六Theterm“multitasking”originallyreferredtopeople’sabilitytocarryoutseveraltasksonetime.Formanypeople,multitaskinghasbecomeawayoflifeandevenakeytosuccess.Infact,someexcellentmentalacrobicexercises(大量训练)involveengagingthebrainintwoormorechallengingactivitiesatatime.Althoughcheckingemailwhiletalkingonaphoneandreadingthenewspapermaybesecondnatureforsomepeople,manytimesmultitaskingcanmakeuslessproductive,ratherthanmore,Butstudiesshowthattoomuchmultitaskingcanleadtoincreasedanxietyandmemoryloss.52.Whatisthemainideaohthepassage?Multitaskinghasbecomeawayoflife.Multitaskingoftenleadstoefficiencydecline.C.Multitaskingdescribesneedtobeimproved.D.Multitaskingenablespeopletorememberthingsbetter.练习七ForgetTwitterandFacebook,GoogleandtheKindle.Televisionisstillthemostinfluentialmediumaround.Indeed,formanyofthepoorestregions( 地区)oftheworld,itremainsthenextbigthing——finallybecomesgloballyavailable.Andthatisagoodthing,becausetheTVrevolutionischanginglivesforthebetter.Acrossthedevelopingworld,around45%offamilieshadaTVin1995;by2005thenumberhadclimbedabove60%.……Television’smostpowerfuleffectwillbeonthelivesofwomen.InIndia,……ToomuchTVhasbeenassociatedwithviolence,overweightandloneliness.However,TVishavingapositiveinfluenceonthelivesofbillionsworldwide.Whatwouldbethebesttitleforthepassage?A.TVWillRuletheWorldB.TVWillDisturbtheWorldC.TVWillBettertheWorldD.TVWillRemai