社会调查与研究方法 - week 06

社会调查与研究方法

(SociologicalResearchMethods)浙江大学2016年春夏学期任课教师：曹洋AQuickReviewofLastClassConcepts,conceptions,andconceptualizationAconceptualorder:conceptualizationnominaldefinitionoperationaldefinitionmeasurementOperationalizationchoices:Rangeofvariation,variationbetweenextremes,etc.Levelsofmeasurement:nominal,ordinal,interval,&ratioCriteriaformeasurementquality:Precision,reliability&validity:Differenttypesofvalidity:face,criterion-related,construct,&contentHowthesecriteriarelatetoeachotherChapter1Chapter6:Indexes,Scales,andTypologies（指数、量表和分类法）CompositeMeasures(复合测量)Compositemeasures:CreatedonthebasisofmultipleindicatorsFormanyconcepts,weneedcompositemeasuresbecauseasingleindicatormaybe:InvalidExample:asinglemathproblemformeasuringIQUnreliableExample:“howsatisfiedareyouwithlife”forlifesatisfactionImpreciseExample:“didyouvote”forpoliticalparticipationIndexes&Scales(指数和量表)Bothindexes&scalesarecompositemeasuresSimilaritiesbetweenthem:BotharecompositemeasuresBothareordinalmeasuresthatrank-ordercasesSometimespeopletreatthemasintervalmeasuresMaindifference:IndexesareaccumulatedscoresacrossindicatorsScalesarebasedonpatternsofresponsesacrossindicatorsExample:politicalactivismindexvs.politicalactionscale(seep.155)Example:AttitudetowardAbortionFromGeneralSocialSurvey(GSS):Abortionisacceptableif:ThewomanwantsitforanyreasonSheisnotmarriedanddoesnotwanttomarrythemanThewoman'sownhealthisseriouslyendangeredbythepregnancyThereisastrongchanceofseriousdefectinthebabyThefamilyhasaverylowincomeandcannotaffordanymorechildrenShebecamepregnantasaresultofrapeExample(cont’d)Anindexcanbeconstructedbysimplyaddingupthenumberof“yes”answersThemoreyesanswers,themorepro-choicetheattitudePro-choice(尊重选择)-life(尊重生命)ItisanordinalmeasurewhichdoesnotassumeequaldistancebetweenadjacentcategoriesExample(cont’d)Ascaletakesintoaccountthefactthatsomeitemsreflectstrongerpro-choicebeliefsthanother:Strongest: ThewomanwantsitforanyreasonStrong: Sheisnotmarriedanddoesnotwantto marrythemanNotverystrong: Thefamilyhasaverylowincomeand cannotaffordanymorechildrenWeak: Thewoman'sownhealthisseriously endangeredbythepregnancyWeak: Thereisastrongchanceofserious defectinthebabyWeak: Shebecamepregnantasaresultof rapeResponsePatternsacrossThreeItemsLikelypatterns:Unlikelypatterns:AnyreasonUnmarriedHealthriskYesYesYesNoYesYesNoNoYesNoNoNoAnyreasonUnmarriedHeathriskYesYesNoYesNo

NoNoYesNoYesNoYesMoreonScalesWhethersomeitemsformascaledependsonthedataOftentimestherearecompellingreasonstoexpectpatternsintheirresponsesHowever,iftheexpectedpatternsdonotholdtrue,thenwecannotcreateascaleExample:havingTVvs.havingcellphonein1996&2016AllscalingtechniquesrequireyoutofirstdeterminethatitemsindeedformascaleIndexconstruction

(指数的建构)Chapter6:Indexes,Scales,&TypologiesItemSelection(项目选择)Facevalidity:AllitemsmusthavefacevalidityUnidimensionality:AllitemsmusttapintothesamedimensionGeneralorspecific:DependsonresearchpurposeMayfocusonaspecificaspect,orcombine“global”indicatorswithitemsreflectingdifferentaspectsStillrequiresunidimensionalityItemSelection(cont’d)Variance(方差/差异/变异):Inadequatevariance:AnitemthatgeneratesthesameanswerfromnearlyallrespondentsisnotusefulfordifferentiatingthemRedundantvariance:Iftwoitemsgeneratealmostidenticalanswersfromtherespondents,thenoneofthemisredundantEqualvs.unequalvariance:Option1:closetohalf-halfsplitforeachitemPotentialproblem:unidimensionalityredundancyOption2:unequalvariancetofacilitatedifferentiationSometimesleadstoscaleTypesofIndicatorsEffectindicators:结果指标IndicatorsaretheeffectsormanifestationsoftheunderlyingconceptExample:insomnia,feelingblue,andhavingsuicidalthoughtsaremanifestationsofdepressionIndicatorsshouldbepositivelycorrelatedUsuallyusedwhentheconceptistheDVCauseindicators:原因指标IndicatorsarethecausesoftheconceptExample:divorce,jobloss,havingveryyoungchildren,etc.forstress/hardshipIndicatorsarenotnecessarilypositivelycorrelatedUsuallyusedwhentheconceptistheIVRelationshipsamongIndicatorsExample:measuringdepression(抑郁)IoftenfeelblueYesNoIthinkofsuicidealotYesNoIoftenhavetroublefallingasleepYesNoBivariateAssociation(二元关系)Relationshipbetweenthetwoitemsjustifiestheirinclusioninanindex:Relationshipbetweenthetwoitemsdoesnotsupportanindex:Amongthosefeelingblue

AmongthosenotfeelingblueHavesuicidalthoughts20%5%Donothavesuicidalthoughts80%95%AmongthosefeelingblueAmongthosenotfeelingblueHavesuicidalthoughts20%25%Donothavesuicidalthoughts80%75%MultivariateAssociation(多元关系)Percentwithinsomniaforpeopleineachcell(goodforindex)Percentwithinsomniaforpeopleineachcell(notgoodforindex)Amongthosefeelingblue

AmongthosenotfeelingblueHavesuicidalthoughts40%(highestofallfourcells)Somewherebetween40%and5%DonothavesuicidalthoughtsSomewherebetween40%and5%5%(lowestofallfourcells)AmongthosefeelingblueAmongthosenotfeelingblueHavesuicidalthoughts10%(notthelowestofallfourcells)20%Donothavesuicidalthoughts40%30%(notthelowestofallfourcells)IndexScoring(指数赋值)Desirablerange:RememberthatindexesareordinalmeasuresIngeneral,themorecategories,thegreatertheprecisionBut:CategoriesatextremeendstendtohavefewcasesSometimesvariationsattheextremeendsarenotasmeaningfulExample:adepressionindexbasedon23itemsVeryfewcasesexceed20(hardtoanalyze)Istherereallyameaningfuldifferencebetween21and22?IndexScoring(cont’d)Scoreassignment:Default:allitemsbeweightedequallyException:unevennumbersofitemsfordifferentaspectsExample:anindexforwomen’sstatusinacountryisbasedon2itemsofpoliticalstatusand4itemsofeconomicstatus–howtoassignweight?Example:地区发展与民生指数(DLI)/tjsj./zxfb/201412/t20141231_661933.html为了客观、全面、科学反映各地区经济社会发展和民生改善情况，中国统计学会和国家统计局统计科学研究所按照《地区发展与民生指数编制方案》，继续对各地区发展与民生指数（DevelopmentandLifeIndex，简称DLI）进行监测。测算结果显示，2013年我国东、中、西部及东北地区发展与民生指数分别为73.17%、62.35%、60.08%和63.53%（见表1、表2、表3），均比上年稳步提升。

地区发展与民生指数评价指标体系包括经济发展、民生改善、社会发展、生态建设、科技创新和公众评价（另行开展）六大方面，共42项指标（见附件1）…发展与民生指数评价指标体系一级指标二级指标三级指标单位权重经济发展（20.0）经济增长人均GDP元3.0GDP指数上年=1002.0结构优化服务业增加值占GDP比重%3.0居民消费占GDP比重%3.0高技术产品产值占工业总产值比重%3.0城镇化率%3.0发展质量全社会劳动生产率元/人3.0民生改善（26.0）收入分配城乡居民收入占GDP比重%3.0城乡居民收入比农村＝13.0生活质量城镇居民人均可支配收入元2.5农村居民人均纯收入元2.5城乡居民家庭恩格尔系数%1.5人均住房使用面积平方米1.5城镇保障性住房新开工面积占住宅开发面积比重%0.5互联网普及率%1.5每万人拥有公共汽（电）车辆标台1.5平均预期寿命岁2.0农村自来水普及率%2.0每千人拥有社会服务床位数张2.0劳动就业城镇登记失业率%2.5社会发展（21.0）公共服务支出人均基本公共服务支出元2.5区域协调地区经济发展差异系数－2.5文化教育文化产业增加值占GDP比重%2.5平均受教育年限年2.5卫生健康5岁以下儿童死亡率‰2.5社会保障基本社会保险覆盖率%2.5农村最低生活保障救助标准占农村居民人均消费支出比例%1.5城镇最低生活保障救助标准占城镇居民人均消费支出比例%1.5社会安全社会安全指数%3.0生态建设（20.0）资源消耗单位GDP能耗吨标准煤/万元3.0单位GDP水耗吨/万元3.0单位GDP建设用地占用亩/万元3.0环境治理环境污染治理投资占GDP比重%2.0工业“三废”处理达标率%2.0城市生活垃圾无害化处理率%2.0城镇生活污水处理率%2.0环境质量指数%3.0科技创新（13.0）科技投入万人研究与试验发展（R&D）人员全时当量人年3.5R&D经费支出占GDP比重%3.5科技产出高技术产品出口占总出口比例%3.0万人专利授权数件3.0公众评价公众满意人民群众对发展与民生改善的满意度

注：①人均GDP、城镇居民人均可支配收入、农村居民人均纯收入、单位GDP能耗、单位GDP水耗、单位GDP建MissingData(缺失数据)Veryoften,dataaremissingforsomeoftheitemsIfthenumberofsuchpeopleisfew,thenwecanexcludethemfromtheanalysisSometimeswecan“guess”Example:arespondentcheckedseveral“yes”boxesbutleftothersblankSometimesmissingdatahavemeaningsthatcanbeinterpretedThismaywarrantaseparateanalysisthatisdifferentfromtheindexconstructionComputeproportions,ratherthanaddingscoresExample:4yesesout8(missingon2items)wouldbescoredthesameas5yesesoutof10OtherimputationmethodsValidation(鉴定):ItemAnalysisItemanalysis(项目分析):anassessmentofwhethereachitemmakesanindependentcontributionormerelyduplicatesthecontributionsofothersExample:anindexfordepressionbasedon3items:feelingblue,suicidal,&insomniaThosescoringhighontheindexshouldbemorelikelytohaveeachofthethreesymptomsthanthosescoringlowIfyoualreadycheckedbivariateassociationsearlier,thisstepwouldberedundant.ExternalValidationExternalvalidation(外在鉴定):howanindexrelatestootherindicatorsEssentiallycheckingforcriterion-relatedvalidityorconstructvalidityIfinconsistent–badindexorbadvalidator?BemorecriticalontheindexExaminetherelationshipbetweenvalidator&eachindividualitemsscalesChapter6:Indexes,Scales,&TypologiesScalesBogardussocialdistancescale鲍嘎德社会距离量表Thurstonescales瑟斯东量表Likertscaling李克特量表Semanticdifferential–notreallyascale语义差异Guttmanscaling哥特曼量表BogardusSocialDistanceScaleTowhatextenttherespondentacceptorwelcomemembersofacertaingroup:Therespondent’sperceptionofbeingacceptedandwelcomedbyanothergroup:Areyouwillingtoletmembersofthisgroupliveinyourcountry?Areyouwillingtoletmembersofthisgroupliveinyourcommunity?Areyouwillingtoletmembersofthisgroupliveinyourneighborhood?Areyouwillingtoletmembersofthisgrouplivenextdoor?Areyouwillingtoletyourchildmarryamemberofthegroup?Dotheymindyoubeingacitizeninthiscountry?Dotheymindyoulivinginthesameneighborhood?Dotheymindyoulivingnextdoor?Dotheymindyoubecomingaclosefriend?Dotheymindyoubecomingkindbymarriage?-ReversesocialdistancescaleThurstoneScaleHowtocreate:DevelopalargenumberofitemsAskagroupofjudgestoevaluatehowstronglyeachitemreflectstheunderlyingconceptAssignascorefrom1to13toeachitemRetainitemsthatjudgeshaveagreementonSelect1or2itemsforeachscorefrom1to13EachrespondentwillbeassignedasinglescorebasedontheresponsesThurstoneScale(cont’d)Pros:BasedonagreementamongexpertsandlesssubjectiveIfitworks,asinglenumbercansummarizeallresponsesCons:CostlytodevelopDoesnotalwaysworkIntensitymaychangeovertimeandrequiresfrequentupdateLikertScale:TheREALOneIncludemultipleitemswithyes-noanswersAddupthe#ofyesestocreateapreliminaryindexCalculatetheaveragescoreforthosewhoansweryestoeachitem,i.e.,theitemscoreRecalculatethesumbyaddinguptheitemscoresforyesanswersTheMisnamedLikertScaleIncludemultipleitemswithstronglyagree,agree,disagree,andstronglydisagreeAssignscoresfrom0to4orfrom1to5Addupthesco