2022年硕士研究生考试学科英语(二)真题及参考答案

2022年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语(二)试题真题+参考答案Directions:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmark,A.B.CorDonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)HarlonCobenbelievesthatifyouareawriter,you’llfindthetime;andthatifcan’tfindthetime,thenwritingisn’tanpriorityandyou’renotawriter.Forhim,writingisa1job-ajoblikeanyother.Hehas2itwithplumbing.Pointingoutthataplumberdoesn’twakeupandsaythathecan’tworkwithpipestoday.3,likemostwritersthesedays,youareholdingdownajobtopaythebills,it’snot4tofindthetimetowrite.Butit’snotimpossible.Itrequiresdeterminationandsingle-mindedness.5thatmostbestsellingauthorsbeganwritingwhentheyweredoingotherthingstoearnaliving.Andtoday,evenwriterswhoarefairly6oftenhavetodootherworkto7theirwritingincome.AsHarlonCobenhassuggested,it’sa8ofpriorities.Tomakewritingapriority,you’llhaveto9someofyourday-to-dayactivitiesandsomethingsyoureallyenjoy.Dependingonyour10andyourlifestyle,thatmightmeanspendinglesstimewatchingtelevisionorlisteningtomusic,thoughsomepeoplecanwrite11theylistentomusic.Youmighthaveto12theamountofexerciseorsportyoudo.You’llhavetomakesocialmediaan13activityratherthanadaily,time-consuming14.There’llprobablyhavetobelesssocialisingwithyourfriendsandlesstimewithyourfamily.It’sa15learningcurve,anditwon’talwaysmakeyoupopular.There’sjustonethingyoushouldtrytokeepatleastsometimefor,16yourwriting-andthat’sreading.Anywriteneedstoreadasmuchandaswidelyastheycan;1it’stheone17supporter-somethingyoucannotdowithout.Timeisfinite.Theolderyoumet,the18itseemstogo.Weneedtouseitascarefullyandas19aswecanthatmeansthatprioritisingoutactivitiessothatwespendmosttimeonthethingswereallywanttodo.Ifyou’reawriter,thatmeans-20-writing.1.A.difficult2.A.combined3.A.IfB.normalB.comparedB.ThoughB.strangeC.steadyD.pleasantD.confrontedD.UnlessC.confusedC.Once4.A.Enough5.A.AcceptC.wrongD.easyB.ExplainB.well-advisedB.generateB.purposeB.sacrificeB.interestsB.becauseB.makeupforB.occasionalB.testC.RememberC.well-informedC.supplementC.questionC.continueC.memoriesC.whileD.SupposeD.well-choseD.calculateD.conditionD.exploreD.skills6.A.Well-known7.A.donate8.A.cause9.A.highlight10.A.relations11.A.untilD.before12.A.putupwith13.A.intelligent14.A.habitC.hangontoC.intensiveC.decisionC.rapidD.cutdownonD.emotionalD.plan15.A.toughB.gentleD.funny16.A.inplaceof17.A.indispensable18.A.dullerB.inchargeofB.innovativeB.harderC.inresponsetoC.invisibleC.quieterD.inadditiontoD.instantD.quickerD.gratefullyD.aboveall19.A.peacefully20.A.atmostB.generouslyB.inturnC.productivelyC.onaverage22:PartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(40points)Text1Onarecentsunnyday13000chickensroamoverLarryBrown’s40windsweptacresinShiner,Texas.Somerestintheshadeofaparkedcar.Othersdrinkwaterwiththecows.Thisallseemsrandom,butit’sbydesign,partofwhatthe$6.1billionUS.eggindustrybetswillbeitsnextbigthing:climate-friendlyeggs.Theseeggs,whicharemakingtheirdebutnowonshelvesforasmuchas$8adozen,arestilllabeledorganicandanimal-friendly,butthey’realsofrombirdsthatliveonfarmsusingregenerativeagriculture-specialhousegases.Sucheggscouldbemarketedashelpingtofightclimatechange.“I’mexcitedaboutourprogress,”saysBrown,whoisaddingmorecovercropsthatdrawwormsandcricketsforthechickenstoeat.Thebirdswastethenfertilizesfields.Suchimprovements“allowourhenstoforageforhigher-qualitynaturalfeedthatwillbegoodfortheland,thehens,andtheeggsthatwesupplytoourcustomers.”Theeggindustry’spushisthefirstmajortestofwhetheranimalproductsfromregenerativefarmscanbecomethenextpremiumoffering.InbarelymorethananicheproductinnaturalfoodsstorestobeingsoldatWalmart.Morerecentlythereweresimilardoubtsaboutprobioticsandplant-basedmeats,butbothhaveexplodedintomajorsupermarketcategories.Ifthesustainable-eggrolloutissuccessful.Itcouldopenthefloodgatesforregenerativebeef,broccoli,andbeyond.RegenerativeproductscouldbeahardsellbecausetheconceptistoughtodefinequicklysaysJulieStanton,associateprofessorofagriculturaleconomicsatPennsylvaniaStateUniversityBrandywine.Suchfarmingalsobringsminimal,ifany,improvementtothefoodproducts(thoughsomeproducerssaytheireggshavemoreprotein).Theindustryisbettingthatthesameconsumerspayingmoreforpremium3attributessuchasfree-range,non-GMO,andpasture-raisedeggswillembracesustainability.Surveysshowthatyoungergenerationsaremoreconcernedaboutclimatechange,andsomeofthesuccessofplant-basedmeatcanbechalkeduptoshopperswantingtosignaltheirdesiretoprotecttheenvironment.Youngadults“reallycareabouttheplanet,”saysJohnBrunnquell,presidentofEggInnovations.“TheyareabsolutelyalteringthefoodchainbeyondwhatIthinkeventheyunderstandwhatthey’redoing.”Theclimate-friendlyeggsareproduced.ataconsiderablylowcostatthedemandofregularshoppersasareplacementfororganiceggsonspeciallydesignedfarmsLarryBrawnisexcitedaboutitsprogressin.reducingthedamageofwormsacceleratingthedisposalofwastecreatingasustainablesystemattractingcustomerstohisproductTheexampleoforganiceggsisusedinParagraph4tosuggest.thedoubtsovernaturalfoodsthesetbacksintheeggindustrythepotentialofregenerativeproductsthepromotionalsuccessofsupermarketsItcanbeleanedfromthelastparagraphthatyoungpeople.arereluctanttochangetheirdietarelikelytobuyclimate-friendlyeggs4arecuriousaboutnewfoodsareamazedatagriculturaladvancesJohnBrunnquellwoulddisagreewithJulieStantoneverregenerativeproduct’smarketprospectsnutritionalvaluestandarddefinitionmoralimplicationText2MoreAmericansareoptingtoworkwellintoretirement,agrowingtrendthatthreatenstoupendtheoldworkforcemodel.OneinthreeAmericanswhoareatleast40have,orplantohaveajobinretirementtoprepareforalongerlife,accordingtoasurveyconductedbyHarrisPollforTDAmeritrade.Evenmoresurprisingisthatmorethanhalfofunretirees-thosewhoplantoworkinretirementorwentbacktoworkafterretiring-saidtheywouldbeemployedintheirlateryearseveniftheyhadenoughmoneytosettledown,thesurveyshowed.Financialneedsaren'ttheonlyculpritforthe“unretirement”trend.Otherreasons,accordingtothestudy,includepersonalfulfillmentsuchasstayingmentallyfit,preventingboredomoravoidingdepression.“Theconceptofretirementisevolving,”saidChristineRussell,seniormanagerofretirementatTDAmeritrade.“It’snotjustaboutfinances.Thevalueofworkisalsodrivingfolkstocontinueworkingpastretirement.”Onereasonforthechangeinretirementpatterns:Americansarelivinglonger.OlderAmericansarealsopercentageofretirement-agepeopleinthelaborforcehasdoubledoverthepastthreedecades.About20%ofpeople65andolderwereintheworkforceinFebruary2019,upfromanall-timelowof10%inJanuary1985accordingtomoneymanagerUnitedIncome.5Becauseoflongerlifespans,Americansarealsoboostingtheirsavingstopreservetheirnesteggs,theTDAmeritradestudyshowed,whichsurveyed2,000adultsbetween40to79.Sixin10“unretirees”areincreasingtheirsavingsinanticipationofalongerlife.Amongthemostpopularwaystheyaredoingthis,thecompanysaid,isbyreducingtheiroverallexpenses,securinglifeinsuranceormaximizingtheircontributionstoretirementaccounts.Unfortunately,manypeoplewhoareoptingtoworkinretirementarepreparingtodosobecausetheyareworriedaboutmakingendsmeetintheirlateryears,saidBrentWeiss,aco-founderatBaltimore-basedfinancial-planningfirmFacetWealth.Hesuggestedthatpre-retireesshouldspeakwithafinancialadvisortosetlong-termfinancialgoals.“Themostchallengingmomentsinlifearegettingmarried,startingafamilyandultimatelyretiring,”Weisssaid.“It’snotjustafinancialdecision,butanemotionalone.Manypeoplebelievetheycan’tretire.”ThesurveyconductedbyHarrisPollindicatesthat.overhalfoftheretireesarephysicallyfitforworktheoldworkforceisasactiveastheyoungeroneoneinthreeAmericansenjoyearlierretirementmoreAmericansarewillingtoworkinretirementItcanbeinferredfromParagraph3thatAmericanstendtothinkthat.retirementmaycauseproblemsforthemboredomcanberelievedafterretirementthementalhealthofretireesisoverlooked“unretirement”contributestotheeconomyRetirementpatternsarechangingpartlydueto.laborshortagespopulationgrowth6longerlifeexpectancyrisinglivingcostsMany“unretirees”areincreasingtheirsavingsby.investingmoreinstockstakingupoddjobsgettingwell-paidworkspendinglessWithregardtoretirement,BrentWeissthinksthatmanypeopleare.unpreparedunafraiddisappointedenthusiasticText3Wehaveallencounteredthem,inbothourpersonalandprofessionallives.Thinkaboutthetimesyoufelttrickedorfrustratedbyamembershiporsubscriptionthathadaseamlesssign-upprocessbutwaslaterdifficulttocancel.Somethingthatshouldbesimpleandtransparentcanbecomplicated,intentionallyorunintentionally,inwaysthatimpairconsumerchoice.Theseareexamplesofdarkpatterns.Firstcoinedin2010byuserexperienceexpertHarryBrignull,“darkpatterns”isacatch-alltermforpracticesthatmanipulateuserinterfacestoinfluencethedecision-makingabilityofusers.Brignullidentifies12typesofcommondarkpatterns,rangingfrommisdirectionandhiddencoststoroachmotel,whereauserexperienceseemseasyandintuitiveatthestart,butturnsdifficultwhentheusertriestogetout.Ina2019studyof53,000productpagesand11000websites,researchersfoundthataboutonein10employsthesedesignpractices.Thoughwidelyprevalent,theconceptofdarkpatternsisstillnotwellunderstood.Businessandnonprofitleaders7shouldbeawareofdarkpatternsandtrytoavoidthegrayareastheyengender.Whereisthelinebetweenethical,persuasivedesignanddarkpatterns?Businessesshouldengageinconversationswithll,compliance,risk,andlegalteamstoreviewtheirprivacypolicy,andincludeinthediscussthecustomer/userexperiencedesignersandcodersresponsibleforthecompany’suserinterface,aswellasthemarketersandadvertisersresponsibleforsign-ups,checkoutbaskets,pricing,andpromotions.Anyoralltheseteamscanplayaroleincreatingoravoidingdigitaldeception.Lawmakersandregulatorsareslowlystartingtoaddresstheambiguityarounddarkpatterns,mostrecentatthestatelevel.InMarch,theCaliforniaAttorneyGeneralannouncedtheapprovalofadditionalregulationsundertheCaliforniaConsumerPrivacyAct(CCPA)that“ensurethatcustomerwillnotbeconfusedormisledwhenseekingtoexercisetheirdataprivacyrights.”Theregulationsaimtobandarkpatterns-thismeansprohibitingcompaniesfromusing“confusinglanguageorunnecessarystepssuchasforcingthemtoclickthroughmultiplescreensorlistentoreasonswhytheyshouldn’toptout.”Asmorestatesconsiderpromulgatingadditionalregulations,thereisaneedforgreateraccountabilityfromwithinthebusinesscommunity.Darkpatternsalsobeaddressedonaselfregulatorybasis,butonlyiforganizationsholdthemselvesaccountable,notjusttolegalrequirements,butalsotoindustrybestpracticesandstandard.Itcanbelearnedfromthefirsttwoparagraphstatdarkpatterns.improveuserexperienceleakuserinformationforprofitundermineusers’decision-makingremindusersofhiddencostsThe2019studyondarkpatternsismentionedtoshow.theirmajorflaws8theircomplexdesignstheirseveredamagetheirstrongpresenceTohandledigitaldeception,businessesshould.listentocustomerfeedbacktalkwithrelevantteamsturntoindependentagenciesrelyonprofessionaltrainingTheadditionalregulationsundertheCCPAareintendedto.guideusersthroughopt-outprocessesprotectconsumersfrombeingtrickedgrantcompaniesdataprivacyrightsrestrictaccesstoproblematiccontentAccordingtothelastparagraph,akeytocopingwithdarkpatternsis.newlegalrequirementsbusinesses’self-disciplinestrictregulatorystandsconsumers’safetyawareness.Text4Althoughethicsclassesarecommonaroundtheworld,scientistsareunsureiftheirlessonscanactuallychangebehavior;evidenceeitherwayisweak,relyingoncontrivedlaboratorytestsorsometimesunreliableself-reports.ButanewstudypublishedinCognitionfoundthat,inatleastonereal-worldsituationasingleethicslessonmayhavehadlastingeffects.9Theresearchersinvestigatedoneclasssessionsimpactoneatingmeat.Theychosethisparticularbehaviorforthreereasons,accordingtostudyco-authorEncSchwitzgebel,aphilosopherattheUniversityofCalifornia,Riverside:Studentsattitudesonthetopicarevariableandunstable,behavioriseasilymeasurable,andethicsliteraturelargelyagreesthateatinglessmeatisgoodbecauseitreducesenvironmentalharmandanimalsuffering.Halfofthestudentsinfourlargephilosophyclassesreadanarticleontheethicsoffactory-farmedmeat,optionallywatchedan11-minutevideoonthetopicandjoineda50-minutediscussion.Theotherhalffocusedoncharitablegivinginstead.Then,unknowntothestudents,theresearchersstudiedtheiranonymizedmeal-cardpurchasesforthatsemesternearly14,000receiptsforalmost500students.Schwitzgebelpredictedtheinterventionwouldhavenoeffect;hehadpreviouslyfoundthatethicsprofessorsdonotdifferfromotherprofessorsonarangeofbehaviors,includingvotingrates,blooddonationandreturninglibrarybooks.Butamongstudentsubjectswhodiscussedmeatethics,mealpurchasescontainingmeatdecreasedfrom52to45percent-andthiseffectheldsteadyforthestudy’sdurationofseveralweeks.Purchasesfromtheothergroupremainedat52percent.“That’sactuallyaprettylargeeffectforaprettysmallintervention,”SchwitzgebelsaysPsychologistNinaStrohmingerattheUniversityofPennsylvania,whowasnotinvolvedinthestudy,saysshewantstheeffecttobecannotruleoutsomeunknownconfoundingvariable.Andifreal,shenotes,itmightbereversiblebyanothernudge:“Easycome,easygo”.Schwitzgebelsuspectsthegreatestimpactcamefromsocialinfluenceclassmatesorteachingassistantsleadingthediscussionsmayhavesharedtheirownvegetarianism,showingitasachievableormorecommon.Second,theVideomayhavehadanemotionalimpact.Leastrousing,hethinks,wasrationalargument,althoughhisco-authorssayreasonmightplayabiggerrole.Nowtheresearchersareprobingthespecificeffectsofteachingstyle,teachingassistantseatinghabitsandstudentsvideoexposure.MeanwhileSchwitzgebel-whohadpredictednoeffect-willbeeatinghiswords.Scientistsgenerallybelievethattheeffectsofethicsclassesare.hardtodeterminenarrowlyinterpreteddifficulttoignorepoorlysummarizedWhichofthefollowingisareasonfortheresearcherstostudymeat-eating?Itiscommonamongstudents.Itisabehavioreasytomeasure.Itisimportanttostult.’itisahottopicinethicsclasses.EricSchwitzgebelspreviousfindingssuggestthatethicsprofessors.areseldomcriticaloftheirstudentsarelesssociablethanotherprofessorsarenotsensitivetopoliticalissuesarenotnecessarilyethicallybetterNinaStrohmingerthinksthattheeffectoftheinterventionis.permanentpredictableuncertainunrepeatableEricSchwitzgebelsuspectsthatthestudentschangeinbehavior.canbringpsychologicalbenefitscanbeanalyzedstatisticallyisaresultofmultiplefactorsisasignofself-developmentPartBDirections:Readthefollowingtextandanswerthequestionsbyfindinginformationfromtherightcolumnthatcorrespondstoeachofthemarkeddetailsgivenintheleftcolumn,therearetwoextrachoicesintherightcolumn.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)MakeitahabitDon’tgoitaloneStartlow,goslowTalkwithyourdoctorListentoyourbodyGothroughthemotionsRoundoutyourroutineGettingbackintoexercisecanbeachallengeinthebestoftimes,butwithgymsandin-personexerciseclassesoff-limitstomanypeoplethesedaysbecauseofCOVID-19concerns,itcanbetrickytoknowwheretostart.Andit’simportanttogettherightdoseofactivity.“Toomuchtoosooneitherresultsininjuryorburnout,”saysMaryYoke,PhD,afacultymemberinthekinesiologydepartmentatIndianaUniversityinBloomington.Followthisadvicetoreturntoexercisesafely.41.Don’ttrytogobacktowhatyouweredoingbeforeyourbreak.Ifyouwerewalking3milesaday,playing18holesofgolfthreetimesaweek,orlifting10-pounddumbbellsforthreesetsof10reps,reduceactivityto½mileeveryotherday,ornineholesofgolfonceaweekwithshortwalksonotherdays,oruse5-pounddumbbellsforonesetof10reps.Increasetime,distance,andintensitygradually.“Thisisn’tsomethingyoucandoovernight,”Denaysays.Butyou’llreapbenefitssuchaslessanxietyandimprovedsleeprightaway.42.Ifyou’rebreathingtoohardtotalkincompletesentences,backoff.Ifyoufeelgood,goalittlelongerorfaster.Feelingwipedoutafterasession?Goeasiernexttime.Andstayalerttoserioussymptoms,suchaschestpainorpressure,severeshortnessofbreathordizziness,orfaintness,andseekmedicalattentionimmediately.43.Consistencyisthekeytogettingstrongerandbuildingenduranceandstamina.Tenminutesofactivityperdayisagoodstart,saysMarcusJackovitz,DPT,aphysicaltherapistattheUniversityofMiamiHospital.Alltheexpertswespokewithhighlyrecommendwalkingbecauseit’stheeasiest,mostaccessibleformofexercise.Althoughitcanbeaworkoutonitsown,ifyourgoalistogetbacktoZumbaclasses,tennis,cycling,oranyotheractivity,walkingisalsoagreatfirststep.44.Evenifyoucan’tyetdoafavoriteactivity,youcanpracticethemoves.Withorwithoutacluborracket,swinglikeyou’rehittingtheball.Paddlelikeyou’reinakayakorcanoe.Mimicyourfavoriteswimmingstrokes.Theactionwillremindyouofthejoytheactivitybroughtyouandprimeyourmusclesforwhenyoucangetoutthereagain.45.Exercisingwithothers“cankeepyouaccountableandmakeitmorefun,soyou’remorelikelytodoitagain,”Jackovitzsays.Youcandoactivitiessuchasgolfandtennisortakeawalkwithothersandstillbesociallydistant.Butwhenyoucan’tconnectinperson,considerusingtechnology.Chatonthephonewithafriendwhileyouwalkaroundyourneighborhood.FaceTimeorZoomwitharelativeasyoustrengthtrainorstretchathome.Youcanalsojoinalivestreamoron-demandexerciseclass.3:Direction:InthissectionthereisatestinEnglish.TranslateitintoChinese.Write46.yourtranslationonANSWERSHEET2.(15points)Althoughwetryoutbest,sometimesourpaintingsrarelyturnoutasoriginallyplanned.Changesinthelight,thelimitationsofyourpaintingmaterials,andthelackofexperienceandtechniquemeanthatwhatyoustartouttryingtoachievemaynotcometolifethewaythatyouexpected.Althoughthiscanbefrustratinganddisappointing,itturnsoutthatthiscanactuallybegoodforyou.Unexpectedresulthavetwobenefits:youprettyquicklylearntodealwithdisappointmentandrealizethatwhenonedoorcloses,antheropens.Youalsoquicklylearntoadaptandcomeupwithcreativesolutionstotheproblemsthepaintingpresentsandthinkingoutsidetheboxwillbecomeyoursecondnature.Infact,creativeproblem-solvingskillsareincrediblyusefulindailylife,withwhichyouaremorelikelytobeabletofindasolutionwhenaproblemarises.4:PartADirection:Supposeyouareplanningacampusfoodfestival.Writeanemailtotheinternationalstudentsinyouruniversityroducethefoodfestival；1)invitethemtoparticipate.2)Youshouldwriteabout100wordsontheANSWERSHEET.Donotuseyourownname.Use“LiMing”instead.(10points)PartBDirections:Writeaneasybasedonthechartbelow.Inyourwriting,youshould48.1interpretthechartand2giveyourcommentsYourshouldwriteabout150wordsontheANSSWERSHEET(15points)（内容简述：一个柱状图，展示从2018年-2020年我国快递业务总量的变化情况，包含整体快递量和农村快递量的变化对比柱状图，整体表现农村快递业务量的快速变化）英语（二）参考答案Section1：UseofEnglish1-5BBADCACCBB6-1011-15CDBAA16-20DADCDSection：ReadingComprehension21-25DCCBA26-30DACDA31-35CDBBB36-40ABDCC41-45CEAFBSection3：Translation46.参考译文：虽然我们会试着竭尽全力，但有时我们的画作还是会和我们原本设想的不太一样。光线的变化、绘画材料的限制，以及经验和技巧的匮乏，都意味着你一开始想要达到的效果可能不会以你预期的形式呈现出来。虽然这有点让人感到挫败和失望，但最后你终究会发现，这其实对你是有很大好处的。出人意料的结果会有两大益处：你很快会学会如何面对失落，并领悟到当有一扇门关闭的时候，另一扇门同时也会为你打开。同样你也会很快学会适应，并思考出很多有创意的解决方案，来应对你画作上所呈现的问题。同时，跳出思维的定式将会成为你的第二习惯本能。事实上，富有创意的应对技巧在日常生活中极其有用。有了这些技巧，当你遇到问题时，你将更有把握能够解决它。Section4：Writing47.参考范文1：DearInternationalStudents,Howareyoudoingthesedays!Iamwritingthisletterforthepurposeoftellingallofyouexcitingnews.Acampusfoodfestivalisgoingtobeh